热处理过程中W-80Cu板材组织及性能演变（英文）

研究了热处理对W-80Cu板材组织演变和性能的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察了W-80Cu板材的微观结构和断口形貌,并对其电导率和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,热处理后试样的电导率和延伸率均高于未热处理试样,而硬度和抗拉强度均低于未热处理的试样。在600℃下热处理1.0 h,W-80Cu板材的电导率和延伸率最大,韧窝深而密,且分布均匀。W-80Cu板材的室温拉伸断裂方式主要是沿晶断裂和韧窝断裂的混合断裂。当热处理温度在800℃左右及以上,断裂韧窝变得深浅不一,大小也不均匀,局部出现断裂台阶和准解理断裂。当时间超过1.0 h时,出现局部韧窝变大,铜的撕裂脊变长,这与铜晶粒的再结晶长大有关。在热处理过程中W-80Cu板材中的钨相没有明显变化,但试样中钨颗粒周围大量位错及材料中的晶界明显减少。纳米钨颗粒与铜基体之间存在良好的界面关系,这有利于材料强度的提高。     

球磨和液相烧结制备W-Ni-Fe合金的组织和力学性能

为了制备出优异、经济友好的钨重合金,在1450~1510 ℃的烧结温度范围内,通过球磨和液相烧结制备了93W-4.6Ni-2.4Fe（质量分数）合金。进一步研究了试样的微观结构和断裂模式。结果表明,在不同烧结温度下,烧结的试样表现出相似的两相显微结构和韧性断裂模式。随着烧结温度的升高,钨颗粒尺寸也逐渐增大。当烧结温度达到或超过1480 ℃时,合金相对密度达到99.0%以上。1480 ℃烧结时可获得具有最佳抗拉伸强度（940 MPa）和延伸率（32.6%）组合的试样。在1480 ℃下烧结的试样具有优异的延展性,这与γ相的网络结构、韧窝的均匀分布以及两相的协同作用有关。试样的高强度归因于细化的钨颗粒尺寸和球形的钨颗粒。     

水热-共还原法制备电气用W/Cu复合粉末的组织和侵蚀性能研究

由水热-共还原法制备得到电气用W-20Cu复合粉末,并分析其微观组织、电弧侵蚀性能以及侵蚀后形态。结果表明:W-20Cu复合粉末呈现均匀、细小的颗粒分布状态。W颗粒外径在500 nm左右,尺寸较大的W颗粒是由许多团聚的小颗粒构成的。压坯断口区域表现出了明显的韧窝断裂特征。电弧侵蚀处理后,W-20Cu复合粉末表面物相基本是由W、Cu这两相所构成,未出现明显孔洞与裂纹结构。在分断闭合过程中,材料的转移形式主要以熔桥转移、电弧转移和喷溅蒸发为主。     

真空烧结制备90W-Ni-Fe高密度钨合金的性能与显微结构

采用真空烧结法制备90W-7Ni-3Fe高密度钨合金,通过材料试验机、SEM、XRD等表征了材料的性能与显微结构。结果表明:钨合金的相对密度、强度、塑性均随烧结温度升高先上升后下降,1 440℃烧结试样的性能最佳,其相对密度、抗弯强度、抗拉强度、伸长率和断面收缩率分别为99.2%、1 920.5 MPa、1 086.7 MPa、22.8%和24.4%。钨合金单纯由体心立方的钨相和面心立方的Fe3Ni2固溶体相组成,未出现其他杂质相。在1 360~1 460℃的烧结温度范围内,随温度的升高,钨合金断裂形态依次发生以下转变:沿晶脆性断裂、穿晶脆性断裂、韧窝韧性断裂、粘接相撕裂韧性断裂和穿晶脆性断裂。     

氢对高比重合金(95%W-3.5%Ni-1.5?)力学性能的影响

研究了液相烧结钨基高比重合金(95W-3.5Nj-1.5Fe)烧结后热处理对力学性能的影响.经过1200℃真空热处理,合金中氢含量降低了70%,强度提高约30%,延性显著增加,同时断裂韧性值也有提高。通过扫描电镜断口金相观察,发现氢含量高的试样显示了基体-钨颗粒相界面断裂,对氢含量低的试样,断口微观形态由沿相界面断裂方式过渡到相界面断裂和部分钨颗粒解理断裂方式,说明削弱了氢脆,加强了相界面结合力,从而改善了合金的力学性能。对氢含量高的试样,作了离子探针分析,其结果指出钨颗粒周围含氢最较高,相界面有氢的富集,它是导致相界面断裂的根源。     

EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A HIGH DENSITY W-Ni-Fe ALLOY

研究了液相烧结钨基高比重合金(95W-3.5Nj-1.5Fe)烧结后热处理对力学性能的影响.经过1200℃真空热处理,合金中氢含量降低了70％,强度提高约30％,延性显著增加,同时断裂韧性值也有提高。通过扫描电镜断口金相观察,发现氢含量高的试样显示了基体-钨颗粒相界面断裂,对氢含量低的试样,断口微观形态由沿相界面断裂方式过渡到相界面断裂和部分钨颗粒解理断裂方式,说明削弱了氢脆,加强了相界面结合力,从而改善了合金的力学性能。对氢含量高的试样,作了离子探针分析,其结果指出钨颗粒周围含氢最较高,相界面有氢的富集,它是导致相界面断裂的根源。     

热处理对Cu-Cr(-Zr)合金力学性能和导电性能的影响

制备了Cu Cr和Cu Cr Zr二种合金板材 ,研究了不同热处理工艺对合金的显微组织、力学性能和导电性能的影响。结果表明 ,在本实验条件下 ,Cu 0 .5Cr合金经 960℃ ,1h固溶和 450℃ ,2 0h时效后 ,抗拉强度为363MPa,屈服强度为 2 74MPa ,延伸率为 2 2 % ,电导率达 81 %IACS ;添加微量Zr到Cu 0 .5Cr合金中 ,在不降低合金延伸率情况下 ,合金强度可提高 50MPa,但电导率降低约 1 0 %IACS。     

形变热处理对Cu-15Ni-8Sn系合金组织结构与性能的影响

利用力学、电学性能测试,金相显微分析、扫描和透射电镜观察等手段研究均匀化退火和形变热处理工艺对Cu-15Ni-8Sn-1.0Zn-0.8Al-0.2Si合金组织结构与性能的影响。合金铸锭经830℃,2 h+850℃,2 h双级均匀化退火处理,热轧变形后合金板材经850℃,1 h固溶处理,冷轧变形60%后,分别在400和450℃时效处理。当450℃时效时间为30 min时,合金硬度为3780 MPa,电导率8.0%IACS,抗拉强度1144 MPa,屈服强度1098 MPa,延伸率3.29%;在400℃时效1 h时,合金硬度为3900 MPa,电导率7.4%IACS,抗拉强度1164 MPa,屈服强度1112 MPa,延伸率3.05%。合金的强化效应主要来源于调幅分解强化、析出强化和亚结构强化的共同作用,同时,溶质原子的析出使基体固溶度降低,合金电导率提高。合金经双级均匀化退火处理后为均匀的等轴晶组织,在400℃,1 h时效过程中发生调幅分解,同时析出具有L1_2结构的β-Ni_3Sn析出相,其与Cu基体的晶体取向关系为:(002)_(Cu)‖(00 1)_β,[110]_(Cu)‖[110]_β;(220)_(Cu)‖(110)_b,[112]_(Cu)‖[112]_β。     

STRAIN AND FRACTURE OF LIQUID PHASE SINTERED ALLOY 90W-TNi-3Fe

研究了液相烧结的90W-7Ni-3Fe合金的形变和断裂特征。试样由基体相首先开始屈服,承受塑性变形。当界面结合强度较低时,试样首先沿界面裂开,而当界面结合强度增高到高于钨的解理断裂应力时,试样同时发生钨球的穿晶解理开裂和基体相的塑性撕裂。 氢是造成烧结试样界面脆化的重要原因之一。真空热处理能去除界面孔隙中的氢以及钨颗粒和基体相界面之中的氢,从而提高界面的结合强度,使试样的断裂强度和塑性同时得到提高。     

液相烧结的90W-7Ni-3Fe合金的形变与断裂

研究了液相烧结的90W-7Ni-3Fe合金的形变和断裂特征。试样由基体相首先开始屈服,承受塑性变形。当界面结合强度较低时,试样首先沿界面裂开,而当界面结合强度增高到高于钨的解理断裂应力时,试样同时发生钨球的穿晶解理开裂和基体相的塑性撕裂。氢是造成烧结试样界面脆化的重要原因之一。真空热处理能去除界面孔隙中的氢以及钨颗粒和基体相界面之中的氢,从而提高界面的结合强度,使试样的断裂强度和塑性同时得到提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。