豆薯多孔淀粉的制备、理化性质及吸附性能的研究

该文以豆薯淀粉为原料,以吸水率和得率为指标,通过单因素试验优化超声辅助复合酶法（α-淀粉酶∶淀粉葡萄糖苷酶=1∶5,质量比）制备豆薯多孔淀粉的工艺条件。最终确定多孔淀粉的制备条件为淀粉乳浓度0.3 g/mL、加酶量0.10%（质量分数）、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间4.0 h。采用扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射分析、差示扫描量热法和比表面积及孔隙分析仪对豆薯多孔淀粉进行理化性质表征。结果表明,多孔淀粉表面出现相对均一的孔隙,且比表面积及孔隙参数均增大。相对于原淀粉,多孔淀粉的结晶度提高了6.05%,但是淀粉晶型仍为A-型。多孔淀粉的吸水率、吸油率和亚甲基蓝吸附量相对于原淀粉分别提高了41.9%、24.1%和93.8%。     

多孔淀粉研究进展

多孔淀粉是指淀粉经物理、机械及生物方法处理后形成一种中空变性淀粉,其作为一种新型有机吸附剂和包埋材料,可广泛用于医药、农药、印刷、日用化工、化妆品及食品等行业。     

微孔淀粉理化性质的研究

通过考察不同搽解程度微孔淀粉的黏度特性、吸附特性及稳定性，探讨了微孔淀粉的相关理化性质。结果表明，微孔淀粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、热黏度稳定性相比于原淀粉显著降低。随着水解率的提高，微孔淀粉吸附能力快速上升，但达到最高点后略有下降。微孔淀粉具有更高的吸附稳定性。     

复合酶法改性淀粉的研究进展

酶法改性特异性强、反应副产物和副反应少,酶分子可以通过改变淀粉分子的结构或直链淀粉含量、链长、分支数量等,使其物化特性发生改变。淀粉酶种类不同,作用于淀粉分子的作用效果也不同,该文重点综述几种常见的淀粉酶作用于淀粉分子改变其结构、淀粉分子链长或直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值,进而对其结构、理化性质产生的影响,讨论几种淀粉酶复合改性淀粉的作用机理及改性淀粉在工业上的应用,以期为研究复合酶改性淀粉提供理论参考。     

木薯羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的制备及性质研究

以木薯淀粉为原料,研究羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的制备及其理化性质.利用糖化酶和α-淀粉酶复合处理制备微孔淀粉,然后采用乙醇溶剂法对微孔淀粉进行羧甲基化处理,确定了制备羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的最佳工艺条件;通过X射线衍射、红外光谱和黏度检测研究木薯羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的理化性质,结果表明羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的结晶度提高,羧甲基基团被引入微孔淀粉分子中;对比原淀粉,羧甲基微孔改性淀粉的黏度明显提高,吸水率和吸油率均高于原淀粉.     

微孔淀粉研究进展

微孔淀粉是应用具有生淀粉酶活力的酶在低于淀粉糊化温度下水解生淀粉形成一种新型变性淀粉。微孔淀粉经交联、表面活性处理后,能改善其机械性能和表面性质。目前微孔淀粉主要用作微胶囊芯材、吸附剂和脂肪替代物等。     

交联微孔淀粉的制备及其性能研究

以木薯淀粉为原材料,三氯氧磷（POCl3）为交联剂,糖化酶与α-淀粉酶为复合酶,采用一次法和两次法制备了交联微孔淀粉.测定了交联微孔淀粉的吸水率和吸油率,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）对交联微孔淀粉进行了性能表征.结果表明：与一次法相比,两次法制备的交联微孔淀粉吸附能力提高了很大的提升,当POC13用量为0.4μL/g时,吸水率和吸油率分别增加了9.22％和10.43％.SEM观察到交联微孔淀粉表面有较多孔洞,微孔化程度高;XRD结果发现交联微孔淀粉的结晶度降低.     

羧甲基玉米多孔淀粉的制备及性能研究

以多孔淀粉为原料，采用一氯乙酸和乙醇溶剂来制取羧甲基多孔复合变性淀粉，并探讨了反应温度、反应时间、氢氧化钠用量、一氯乙酸用量、乙醇浓度等对羧甲基多孔淀粉的取代度的影响。以取代度为指标，通过单冈素和正交实验方法确定最佳工艺条件为：反应温度45℃、反应时间6h、氢氧化钠4．0g、一氯乙酸4．5g、乙醇浓度95％。同时对羧甲基多孔淀粉、原玉米淀粉和多孔淀粉的理化性质和糊的流变学性质进行了分析比较，结果表明羧甲基多孔淀粉的理化性质和糊的流变学性质均有所改善。     

马铃薯淀粉的研究进展

本文综述了近年来有关马铃薯淀粉的研究概况,着重就马铃薯淀粉理化性质、生产工艺以及不同处理方法对马铃薯淀粉理化性质的影响等内容作了阐述。     

冷水可溶淀粉的物理法制备及应用研究进展

淀粉作为一种资源丰富的可降解生物原料,在食品、药品、纺织等行业都有着广泛的应用,而未经改性的原淀粉冷水溶解度和冷糊黏度较低,常需加热成糊才能使用,降低了使用的便捷性.冷水可溶淀粉是一种冷水溶解度和冷糊黏度均有大幅度提高的改性淀粉,根据改性后淀粉是否可以保留颗粒形态,可将冷水可溶淀粉分为预糊化淀粉和颗粒状冷水可溶淀粉两大...     

淀粉酯的制备及其对面团特性与面制品品质影响的研究进展

作为可循环再生的天然物质,淀粉是目前食品工业的重要原料。通过酯化对淀粉改性可以改善原淀粉性能的不足,从而扩大其应用范围。本文综述了目前应用较多的柠檬酸淀粉酯、辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯、醋酸淀粉酯、中长链脂肪酸淀粉酯、磷酸淀粉酯、硫酸淀粉酯的合成制备工艺以及酯化淀粉对面团特性和面制品品质的影响,并展望了今后淀粉酯的研究趋势和应用前景。     

甘薯抗性淀粉研究进展

甘薯是重要的淀粉作物,其块根中抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）含量较高,具备良好的产品开发潜力。要进一步促进甘薯RS的应用和推广,不仅需要筛选或培育出RS含量更高的甘薯品种,还需要加大开发甘薯深加工淀粉产品。除调控淀粉合成相关基因的表达外,生产实际中还可通过调整栽培措施等方式提高甘薯RS的含量。通过化学修饰法、物理法和酶解法等方法可制备甘薯RS产品,也能提高产品中RS的含量。本文系统综述了近年来甘薯淀粉的保健效果、RS含量的测定方法、影响甘薯淀粉中RS含量的因素、RS的制备方法及其特性等方面的进展,为未来甘薯中RS的制备、产量提高、产品开发和推广提供理论依据和技术指导。     

酶法改性淀粉颗粒的研究进展

酶法改性淀粉颗粒是在淀粉糊化温度以下修饰淀粉的一种改性方法.淀粉改性后,其颗粒形态、分子结构、晶型、结晶度、溶解度、糊化特性以及流变学性质等发生改变,可达到改善淀粉的加工特性并提高其应用价值的目的.本文通过综述淀粉颗粒酶法改性前后结构与性质的变化,以及改性所需的淀粉酶种类、方法等,以期为酶法改性淀粉颗粒的应用提供参考.     

Preparation and Properties of Octenyl Succinic Anhydride Modified Early Indica Rice Starch

Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified early indica rice starch was prepared in aqueous slurry systems and the major factors affecting the esterification were investigated systematically. The physicochemical properties of the products were determined by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction and Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The results indicated that the suitable parameters for the preparation of OSA starch from early indica rice starch in aqueous slurry systems were as follows: concentration of starch slurry 35% (in proportion to water, w/w), reaction period 4 h, pH of reaction system 8.5, reaction temperature 35°C, amount of OSA 3% (in proportion to starch, w/w). The degree of substitution (DS) was 0 018 and the reaction efficiency (RE) was 78%. FT‐IR spectroscopy showed characteristic absorption of the ester carbonyl groups in the OSA starch at 1724 cm^‐1. SEM and X‐ray diffraction revealed that OSA groups acted by first attacking the surface and some pores formed, but OSA modification caused no change in the crystalline pattern of rice starch up to DS 0.046. RVA results indicated that the starch derivatives gelatinized at shorter time to achieve higher viscosities with increased OSA modification.     

Pea Starch: Composition,Structure and Properties — A Review

Recently, pea has developed into a major protein crop in Western Canada. In the search for new food protein resources, small commercial facilities in Canada have engaged in manufacturing protein concentrates from pea by air classification or wet milling techniques. However, the major products from these processes are either crude or refined pea starches. Pea starch has been utilized almost exclusively for industrial application. A major factor, which has an adverse effect on the widespread utilization of pea starch in food industry, it its high extent of retrogradation. This review summarizes the present knowledge on composition, structure and physiochemical properties of smooth and wrinkled seeded pea starches with a view to providing suggestions for needed research to improve the utilization of pea starches in the food industry.     

Thermal and Pasting Properties of Microwaved Corn Starch

Corn starch with 15–40% moisture was irradiated at 0.17 or 0.5 W/g for 1 h using the sophisticated Ethos 1600 microwave apparatus that accurately controls temperature and wattage. Temperature of irradiated starch was measured during microwaving. Thermal and pasting properties were studied on dehydrated starch after microwave irradiation. Temperature increases were greatest during the first 10 min for starch at all moisture contents at both microwave power levels. Starch irradiated at 0.17 W/g had a temperature below onset gelatinization temperature (T_o) after 1 h. Higher temperatures were observed for starch with higher moisture content and microwaved at 0.5 W/g. Compared to native starch, starch with 15–40% moisture had higher T_o (measured using differential scanning calorimetry) and with 35–40% moisture had higher peak gelatinization temperature and lower enthalpy change of gelatinization. All paste viscosity parameters measured by the Rapid Visco Analyser were reduced and pasting temperature was elevated for starch irradiated at 0.5 W/g compared to native starch.     

山西不同品种高粱淀粉特性

为探究不同品种间高粱物化特性和品质特性的差异,并探究两者之间的内在联系。本研究选取6个品种高粱,研究不同品种高粱淀粉的直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量、粒度、X-射线衍射图谱、核磁共振图谱、糊化特性、热特性,分析不同品种的高粱淀粉在微观结构和理化性质方面的差异以及导致这些差异的可能原因。研究结果表明,6个不同品种的高粱淀粉直链淀粉含量范围在4.42%～43.63%之间,不同品种的高粱淀粉的颗粒形状整体呈不规则状,大多数为多面体,少数为球体,淀粉颗粒表面有凹痕和孔隙,高粱淀粉的平均粒径在15～20 μm。X射线衍射图谱和核磁共振波谱均表明高粱淀粉属于A-型淀粉。6个品种高粱淀粉糊化温度在67.94～69.96℃之间,晋夏2842糊化温度最低,晋杂38号糊化温度最高,回生值范围在240.14～1666.78 cP之间,其中金糯梁6号回生值最大,较易老化,晋杂22号回生值最小,不易老化。6个品种高粱淀粉糊化温度的峰值温度在68.88～71.74℃范围内。     

The Role of Reaction Parameters on the Preparation and Properties of Carboxymethyl Cassava Starch

The role of reaction variables on carboxymethylation of cassava starch was investigated using a statistically experimental design approach. The reaction was carried out in an isopropanol‐water mixture at 40°C for 3 h. The reaction parameters under investigation included water fraction in the reaction medium, the ratio of sodium hydroxide to anhydroglucose unit (AGU) and the ratio of sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) to AGU. The dependent responses were degree of substitution (DS) of CMS and the reaction efficiency (RE) of the carboxymethylation. Carboxymethyl cassava starches with DS in the range of 0.01 to 0.86 were prepared. The result from regression analysis indicated that the most important factors in controlling the DS of CMS were sodium hydroxide and SMCA contents followed by water content. Response surface plots suggested that the optimal levels of sodium hydroxide and water content to achieve CMS with high DS were at the intermediate values. Similar effects of sodium hydroxide and water content were also observed on the RE while SMCA content had a negative effect; increasing SMCA content resulted in lower RE. The optimal conditions to achieve the highest DS and RE were found to be at a water content of 17–19% with a molar ratio of sodium hydroxide to AGU of 1.8–1.9 and a molar ratio of SMCA to AGU between 1.1–1.5. Carboxymethyl cassava starch with various DS was also prepared. The properties of CMS as affected by the degree of modification were also discussed.     

Physicochemical and Functional Characterization of Baby Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus) Starch

One potential source of starch is the tropical legume baby lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) that contains around 56—60% of starch. The objectives of this work were to evaluate this starch's physicochemical and functional properties and compare it with the properties of other starches. The chemical composition of lima bean starch was: 10.16% moisture, 0.20% protein, 0.67% fiber, 0.14% ash, 0.54% fat, 98.43% starch and 0.013% phosphorus. The amylose content was higher (32.7%) than that of other cereal and tuber starches but similar to other legume starches. The average granule size (diameter 17.9 μm) was comparable to that of corn starch and of other legume starches. The granule was heterogeneous, presenting an oval shape. The gelatinization temperature was 80.16 °C (range 75—87 °CC), which is similar to other legume starches but higher than that of corn starch. The molecular size (alkali number 3.22), was smaller than that of potato starch but similar to that of corn starch. Compared to corn starch, the gels were firmer and presented a higher degree of retrogradation even at high concentrations. The water solubility was positively correlated with the temperature: i.e., 1.8, 3.4, 8.5 and 12.3% at 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C, respectively. The swelling power had the same behaviour: 2.6, 3.3,12.8 and 19.9 g of water/per gram of starch at 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C, respectively. The amylogram showed that the viscosity (680 Brabender units) and stability were higher than those of commercial corn starch (252 Brabender units). The use of this starch in the preparation of syrups with high glucose contents, as well as in baked and canned products that require heating, is suggested.