纤维水膜极板表面颗粒沉积脱落特性

以极板表面荷电颗粒电子传递及离子定向迁移为基础,对纤维极板表面沉积颗粒粒径分布、粉尘层堆积形貌、颗粒沉积脱落过程及关键影响因素等进行了研究,并与金属极板进行对比。结果表明:静电场同一位置处(取样点15),纤维极板表面沉积颗粒物的粒度(6.900μm)小于金属极板(9.018μm),纤维水膜极板对颗粒物的捕集效率更高;与金属极板不同,纤维水膜极板表面粉尘层堆积形貌与电晕电流密度分布无明显关联性。荷电颗粒是以纤维束凸出处为沉积中心,沉积并聚集成球或链珠状,粉尘层厚薄随机且分布松散;纤维极板液体表面浸润和内部扩散,减小了纤维极板表面与粉尘层间静电力,增大了粉尘层内颗粒间黏结力;流动曳力、液桥力、静电力、重力是纤维极板控制粉尘层脱落的关键因素。     

亲水改性碳钢极板用于PM2.5脱除

火电厂大气污染物排放标准日趋严格,湿式静电除尘器作为终端治理设备逐渐得到广泛应用。以亲水改性刚性极板为研究对象,建立了卧式湿式静电除尘器中试实验台,开展了PM_2.5脱除特性的实验研究,研究了改性极板表面水膜增强颗粒物脱除效率的机制,考察了气体温度、停留时间、工作电压、初始浓度、冲洗水流量等主要运行参数对颗粒物脱除效率的影响规律。结果表明：改性刚性极板表面的纤维层可以减少反冲气流,减少颗粒的电迁移阻力;表面在小水量情况下亦可维持均匀稳定的水膜,水膜的存在抑制了反电晕和二次扬尘的发生,使得电晕电流高且水膜蒸发使烟气湿度提高,颗粒荷电量和电迁移速度提高,这两方面均提高了颗粒脱除效率。停留时间延长、工作电压提高均会引起颗粒脱除效率的增加,但颗粒物入口浓度、冲洗水流量对颗粒脱除效率影响不大。使用改性刚性极板的湿式静电除尘器可减少阳极冲洗水量,对粒径0.04～0.48 μm的颗粒有较高脱除效率,可在低电压下达到较高的颗粒物总脱除效率,具有较好的应用前景。     

亲水改性碳钢极板用于PM_(2.5)脱除

火电厂大气污染物排放标准日趋严格,湿式静电除尘器作为终端治理设备逐渐得到广泛应用。以亲水改性刚性极板为研究对象,建立了卧式湿式静电除尘器中试实验台,开展了PM2.5脱除特性的实验研究,研究了改性极板表面水膜增强颗粒物脱除效率的机制,考察了气体温度、停留时间、工作电压、初始浓度、冲洗水流量等主要运行参数对颗粒物脱除效率的影响规律。结果表明:改性刚性极板表面的纤维层可以减少反冲气流,减少颗粒的电迁移阻力;表面在小水量情况下亦可维持均匀稳定的水膜,水膜的存在抑制了反电晕和二次扬尘的发生,使得电晕电流高且水膜蒸发使烟气湿度提高,颗粒荷电量和电迁移速度提高,这两方面均提高了颗粒脱除效率。停留时间延长、工作电压提高均会引起颗粒脱除效率的增加,但颗粒物入口浓度、冲洗水流量对颗粒脱除效率影响不大。使用改性刚性极板的湿式静电除尘器可减少阳极冲洗水量,对粒径0.04~0.48μm的颗粒有较高脱除效率,可在低电压下达到较高的颗粒物总脱除效率,具有较好的应用前景。     

高湿黏性颗粒在PTFE滤料表面的沉积规律研究

过滤过程中颗粒物在滤料上的沉积形貌对除尘器过滤性能及清灰频率的确定至关重要。为深入了解颗粒物在聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)滤料表面的沉积规律，搭建了一套过滤实验系统，基于该实验系统对比了过滤时间、粉尘浓度、过滤风速和含水率对颗粒单位面积沉积质量及粉尘层平均厚度的影响，探究了两种沉积速率的适用性及高湿黏性颗粒的黏附效率，并推导了不同含水率粉尘层的厚度分布模型。通过建立沉积粉尘层内部颗粒间的受力模型，对颗粒的受力运动情况进行分析，后续沉积颗粒自身重力对先前沉积颗粒的压缩作用不可忽略，颗粒的运动趋势由上层粉尘层重力、气流对颗粒的曳力及颗粒间黏附力共同决定。实验结果表明，高湿粉尘较干燥粉尘单位面积沉积质量有所降低，随着粉尘含水率增大，粉尘层平均厚度和单位面积沉积质量呈先减小后增大的趋势；高湿粉尘的沉积受颗粒间黏附力大小的影响，粉尘含水率为10%时质量沉积速率和黏附效率最小；粉尘含水率为9%和13%时粉尘层均匀性较干燥粉尘层下降，当高湿颗粒间的黏附力可以抵抗上层重力的压缩作用时颗粒滑动减少，粉尘层结构均匀。含水率为10%～12%时粉尘层均匀性稳定，且含水率为10%时最佳。     

电收尘器发展的新趋向

一、电收尘器的基本原理静电收尘以下列三个基本步骤为基础: 1.粉尘颗粒荷电; 2.在电场内捕集荷电的尘粒; 3.从收尘极板上清除沉积的粉尘。电收尘器效率的古老公式为多伊奇(Deut-sch)方程式,该式为     

聚丙烯中空纤维膜气体除尘性能

以气体除尘为研究背景,采用平均孔径为0.22 μm的聚丙烯（PP）中空纤维膜为过滤介质,考察了粉尘浓度、过滤气体流速、膜组件装填率、膜壁厚对膜组件除尘性能的影响。结果表明,气体通量随粉尘浓度变化较小,除尘率随粉尘浓度增大而提高、随过滤气体流速增加而减小;气体通量和除尘率均随膜壁厚增大有所增加,并随装填率增加而减小。PP中空纤维膜用于气体除尘其除尘率高达99.9%以上,其中对0.3 μm以上粉尘的截留率均可达到100%,对0.3 μm以下粉尘的除尘率可达99%。     

静电除尘器数值模拟

针对静电除尘器建立了其流场、电晕电场、颗粒荷电与运动的三维数值模型,流场采用时均Navier-Stokes方程和雷诺应力标准湍流模型,电晕电场采用非结构有限容积法,颗粒运动采用拉格朗日方法,颗粒荷电采用对荷电率方程进行积分的方法,颗粒湍流扩散采用随机轨道模型,颗粒的粒径分布采用Rosin-Rammler分布描述,模拟计算了实验电除尘器电场分布、流场分布以及颗粒运动,极板上的电流密度分布计算值与实验值符合良好,颗粒向极板运动的速度在距离极板面5 mm处的实验值与计算值也符合良好,在模型验证基础上,进一步分析了电除尘器内部流场的分布、颗粒的荷电特性与运动轨迹以及各个粒径的除尘效率。     

烟气轮机动叶表面颗粒冷态沉积实验

烟气轮机作为催化裂化装置能量回收系统的核心设备,为保证其长周期安全运行,需解决动叶上催化剂颗粒沉积结垢问题。本文设计加工了模型烟气轮机,研究了入口风量、入口加料浓度以及入口颗粒粒度等因素对动叶表面上颗粒沉积的影响规律。结果表明,沉积质量随着风量的增加而不断减小,颗粒粒径越小,沉积质量减小的速度越快;沉积质量随加料浓度的变化曲线呈“厂”字形分布,浓度较低时,沉积质量随浓度的增加逐渐增大,当浓度增加到一定程度（实验条件下为10g/m³）时,沉积质量随浓度的变化不大。在浓度、风量等工况相同时,入口颗粒粒度越小,沉积质量越大;小于40μm的颗粒较容易发生沉积,大于40μm的颗粒很难在模型烟气轮机动叶的表面发生沉积。实验结果为控制颗粒沉积结垢提供了可靠依据。     

析湿工况下翅片管式换热器表面粉尘沉积过程的数值模型

空调器采用翅片管式换热器作为蒸发器,在制冷工况下换热器表面发生析湿及粉尘沉积,导致性能衰减。建立湿翅片表面粉尘颗粒物沉积过程的数学模型,模拟冷凝水捕集颗粒物以及湿积灰层黏附颗粒物的过程。被冷凝水捕集的颗粒物数量等于运动轨迹与水表面轮廓会出现相交的入射颗粒物的数量;后续的入射颗粒物与湿积灰层碰撞时,部分入射颗粒物会发生沉积且部分被碰撞的已沉积湿颗粒物会发生移除,这两部分的颗粒物数量相减即为被湿积灰层黏附的颗粒物数量。模拟与实验结果的对比表明,预测的湿积灰层形状与实验照片的吻合度较好,预测的单位面积颗粒物沉积质量与91%的实验数据之间的误差在±20%之间,平均误差为11.8%。     

荷尘状态单纤维过滤压降数值计算与分析

采用Monte Carlo法和Kuwabara单元模型,模拟了单纤维表面粉尘树枝结构的生长过程。在此基础上,考虑邻近粒子对粉尘树枝中单粒子阻力的影响,给出了荷尘状态单纤维过滤压降模拟模型。结果指出,对所有过滤情形,荷尘单纤维过滤压降随沉积量变化呈现两个阶段性特征;过滤风速、粒子大小和粉尘树枝形态结构对荷尘单纤维过滤压降影响显著;而纤维直径对荷尘单纤维过滤压降影响不明显。在获得单纤维过滤压降随沉积量变化关系后,求解了粒子在模型过滤器中的质量分布,建立了荷尘纤维过滤器过滤压降预测模型,并将模型计算结果与实验结果作了对比。结果表明,过滤风速在0.01~0.3 m·s^-1范围内时,计算值与实验结果吻合较好,模型可适用于荷尘纤维过滤器的压降预测。     

A study on the characteristics of improvement in filtration performance by dust precharging

A hybrid dust-collector combining electrostatic charging with fabric filtration was developed and its performance characteristics were evaluated. Charged particles build porous dendritic structure on the filter surface by electrostatic attraction, increasing the collection efficiency of dust particles and reducing the pressure drop through the deposited dust layer and filter media. The cleaning performance of the dust layer is improved because the dendritic structured dust layer may be removed more easily by pulse jet cleaning flow. The results of the experiment showed a reduction of fine particle emission by 37% and 13% energy saving by precharging dust particles before filtration.     

Pretreatment of silk fabric surface with amino compounds for ink jet printing

This research studied pretreatments of silk fabric with amino compounds for ink jet printing. The pre-treating solutions were serine, glycine, aspartic acid, sericin, chitosan, and a commercial pre-treating chemical called Sanfix 555. Both untreated and treated fabrics were printed with in-house formulated pigmented inks and later steamed to fix the ink on the fabric surface. The pretreatments containing the amino compounds improved hydrophilicity of the silk fabric with the exception of chitosan. The color gamut from sericin, chitosan, and Sanfix 555 pretreatments was wider than that from the amino acid pretreatments. The chroma of the cyan color was most improved. The fabric, after pretreatment with sericin, showed a significant improvement in dry crock fastness while wet crock fastness was improved by serine and glycine. The chitosan slightly improved both dry and wet crock fastness. Wash fastness of all pretreated and printed fabrics including untreated and the printed fabrics was excellent because the pigmented ink was formulated with pigment and binder. Bending stiffness of the silk fabrics after chitosan pretreatment was significantly higher than those with other pretreatments. The ink penetration in sericin and chitosan padded layers was shallower than those for amino acids, enhancing ink deposition on the fabric surface. The amino compound pretreatments held and fixed additional ink on the fabric surfaces resulting in a wider color gamut of the inks.     

Removal of sulfuric acid aerosol in a wet electrostatic precipitator with single terylene or polypropylene collection electrodes

Wet electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are good options for effective control of sulfuric acid aerosol emission. However, various problems caused by materials and non-uniform distribution of water film limited the applicability of typical wet ESPs. Research on ESP technology has tried to find more suitable and anti-corrosive methods to solve these imperfections. This research was inspired by the requirement to replace rigid collection electrode by single terylene or polypropylene fabrics. A patented system was designed, and the capillary difference between terylene and polypropylene fabrics was illustrated. Contrastive V–I curves of different collection electrodes were investigated under same conditions. The effects of several important parameters on the removal of sulfuric acid aerosol were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the variations of absorbed mass were significantly influenced by physical properties of the liquids and the structure of fabrics. The behavior of the new ESP was consistent with the typical ESP using a thimbleful of water penetrating terylene or polypropylene collection electrode via capillary flow. The collection efficiencies by terylene and polypropylene fabrics were higher than those by fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP) under certain conditions. The collection efficiency had linear relationship with specific surface area (SCA) and mass concentration. The collection efficiency increased with increasing electric field strength, average diameter of particles and with decreasing gas temperature. As long as there was any water on the collector surface, any particle would exhibit similar collection efficiencies, whether of high resistivity or not. Experimental and theoretical investigations indicated that single terylene or polypropylene collection electrode had significant advancement which could improve wet ESP applications, such as superior performance and continuous operation ability compared with typical materials.     

Particle separation performance by use of electrical hydro-cyclone

A special electrical hydro-cyclone is developed and tested. In the underflow collection box of the hydro-cyclone, it has a central metal rod electrode and a cylindrical metal wall between which the desired DC electrical potential or no potential is applied. Effect of central rod diameter and length on separation cut size was examined. The aqueous suspensions of silica particles with a median diameter of 754 nm were tested using a 20 mm-diameter hydro-cyclone without underflow.

It was found that the zeta potential of particles increased proportionally with the value of pH. The electrical potential exhibits a stronger effect when the suspension indicates high pH value. The cut size decreases with the increase of initial pH values. This result is due to the increased negative zeta potential under high pH condition and negatively charged particles are easily collected by electrostatic force.

The cut size decreases with the increase of electrode diameter. The cut size becomes smallest under high pH, large electrode diameter and long electrode length conditions. For the negatively charged particles, the center electrode should be negative polarity and outer cylindrical wall should be positive. By use of the electrostatic force, the cut size decreases about 9.2% smaller compared to the standard case without electrostatic force.     

A parallel plate flow cell for the investigation of the role of surfactants in the codeposition of polymer particles in nickel electroplating

A parallel plate flow cell was designed for the study of particle codeposition in metal electrodeposition. Particle deposition was visualized and recorded with a microscope/video assembly. The effects of two surfactants (anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate and cationic cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) on the adhesion of anionic polystyrene particles to a nickel substrate were examined. The deposition rate in laminar flow was measured as a function of the main parameters, that is, electrode potential, Ni(ii) concentration, surfactant concentration and pH. The hydrodynamic drag force applies uniformly and tangentially to the collector under laminar flow in contrast with rotating disc or impinging jet cells. No deposition is observed unless specific attractive forces carry the particles through the boundary layer. Particle attachment takes place over a limited range of surfactant/Ni(II) composition and correlates with the formation of a surface film visible under the microscope. Results discussed are based on the adsorption of SDS and CTAB on to both the electrode and the particles, an adsorption which significantly alters the interaction potential at a short distance. The cell gives interesting evidence for the occurrence of specific interactions in electrolytic codeposition. It also proves useful for observing other phenomena, such as hydrogen bubbling.     

Flame resistant cotton fabrics prepared by radiation-initiated polymerization with vinyl phosphonate oligomer and N-methylolacrylamide

Radiation-initiated polymerization of vinyl phosphonate oligomer (molecular weight 500–1000) and N-methylolacrylamide from aqueous solutions was investigated with cotton printcloth, flanelette, and sateen fabrics and with cotton (50%)–polyester (50%) flannelette fabrics. Determinations were made of the effects of radiation dosage, mole ratio of vinyl phosphonate in the oligomer to N-methylolacrylamide in aqueous solution, concentration of reactants, wet pickup of solutions on fabrics, and irradiation of both dry and wet fabrics on efficiency of conversion of oligomer and monomer in solution to polymer add-on. The effects of vinyl phosphonate oligomer and N-methylolacrylamide radiation-initiated polymerization on some of the textile properties of cotton printcloth and on flame resistances of cotton and cotton–polyester fabrics were evaluated. The breaking strength of modified cotton printcloth was about the same as that of unmodified fabric; however, the tearing strength and flex abrasion resistance of modified fabric were reduced. The textile hand of the modified printcloth fabrics that had flame resistance indicated: interaction between cellulose and vinyl phosphonate oligomer–poly(N-methylolacrylamide) and uniform deposition in the fibrous cross section (transmission electron microscopy); surface areas of heavy deposits of oligomer–polymer (scanning electron microscopy); and phosphorus located throughout the fibrous cross section (energy dispersive x-ray analysis). Polymerization of vinyl phosphonate oligomer and N-methylolacrylamide was radiation initiated with cotton–polyester fabric; however, this modified fabric did not have flame-resistant properties.     

The study of colour fastness of commercial microencapsulated photoresponsive dye applied on cotton,cotton/polyester and polyester fabric using a pad‐dry‐cure process

Commercial microencapsulated photoresponsive dye was applied on cotton, polyester/cotton and polyester fabric using a pad‐dry‐cure process. Colour fastness of the photoresponsive fabrics to washing, wet cleaning, dry cleaning, rubbing and light was investigated. The CIELAB colour values of the fabrics before and after testing were measured using a reflectance spectrophotometer, and the colour differences were calculated to evaluate the fastness properties. The fabrics had better colour fastness to wet cleaning and washing than to dry cleaning. The fabrics showed higher colour fastness to wet than to dry rubbing. The photoresponsiveness of the fabrics decreased with prolonged exposure time to artificial light due to low photostability of the microcapsules.     

错流旋转填料床脱除细颗粒物研究

细颗粒物对环境和人体都会产生较大危害, 传统除尘设备无法高效脱除。超重力旋转填料床复合了多种除尘机制, 除尘效率高, 能耗低。本文采用平均粒径为2.25μm的粉煤灰模拟细颗粒物, 错流旋转填料床为湿式除尘设备, 搭建了中试规模的实验系统。提出了使用激光粒度分析仪测量粉尘粒度分布并计算分级效率的方法, 通过实验考察了转速、液气比和气量对错流旋转填料床分级效率的影响。研究表明, 分级效率随转速、液气比、气量的增大而增大, PM_2.5的脱除效率可达到96%, 为超重力湿法除尘的工业化推广提供有力的数据支撑。对分级效率曲线进行拟合, 相关系数R=0.9808。对比发现, 错流旋转填料床的分级效率高于一般湿式除尘器, 对微米级粉尘也有很高的脱除率, 可以高效脱除气体中的细颗粒物, 应用前景广阔。