蚕沙基多孔炭表面氧化改性对农药噻虫嗪吸附及缓控释影响

选用桑蚕废弃物蚕沙为炭源,通过炭化活化的方式获得了一种高比表面的中微双孔道生物炭材料SCSE,并采用不同氧化剂对其表面氧化处理以调控材料孔径和表面积对农药噻虫嗪分子的吸附作用力,以实现SCSE材料对农药噻虫嗪的缓控释,并系统研究了氧化改性后材料的比表面积、孔径和表面基团性质的变化对材料吸附噻虫嗪的热力学和动力学平衡以及噻虫嗪的释放动力学等性能的影响。结果表明:SCSE孔隙结构发达,其BET比表面和孔容分别为1290.95 m~2/g和0.690 cm~3/g;在室温下,该材料对噻虫嗪分子的吸附容量达到560 mg/g。噻虫嗪在四种SCSE上的释放动力学可分为快速持续释放过程和慢速释放过程两个过程,其中快速持续释放过程的释放动力学常数约是慢速释放过程的29~34倍;其中硝酸改性后的SCSE-HN对噻虫嗪的释放比例最大,释放速度最快。本实验所获得的四种SCSE材料对噻虫嗪的释放均表现出长效释放效力。按照一般农作物的需药量,该吸附剂只要按照0.5 g/(d·m~2)的投入量便能很好地对农作物进行长效的虫害防治(40 d)。     

0.25%噻虫嗪·虫螨腈控释颗粒剂防治甘蓝蚜虫的田间药效评价

[目的]明确0.25%噻虫嗪·虫螨腈控释颗粒剂对甘蓝蚜虫的田间防效、最适药剂用量以及对非靶标生物的安全性和甘蓝的增产效果。[方法] 0.25%噻虫嗪·虫螨腈控释颗粒剂在试验地耕地后耙平前进行均匀撒施处理。[结果]药后30 d,562.5、750、937.5 g a.i./hm2的0.25%噻虫嗪·虫螨腈控释颗粒剂对甘蓝蚜虫防治率达到89%以上,增产率达11%以上,对生物安全。[结论]0.25%噻虫嗪·虫螨腈控释颗粒剂防治效果显著,兼有增产效果,可推广使用。     

第二代新烟碱类农药噻虫嗪研究及应用进展

本文对第二代新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪的化学名称、理化性质、作用机理等内容做了介绍,对噻虫嗪在合成工艺、代谢及环境行为、抗性及治理、国内加工登记情况、应用技术、专利情况等方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

不同生物炭对水中吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、呋虫胺的吸附研究

为探究不同生物炭对新烟碱类农药的吸附性能,寻求最佳的新烟碱类农药吸附材料,选取玉米芯、玉米秸秆、杨树枝、小麦秸秆、梧桐枝、花生壳6种生物质为原料,在300、500和700℃下制备得到18种生物炭。通过比较不同生物炭对吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、呋虫胺3种新烟碱类农药的吸附能力,筛选出了吸附效果较佳的生物炭,分别为700℃制备的玉米秸秆生物炭、小麦秸秆生物炭、杨树枝生物炭;吸附动力学和等温吸附研究表明,3种筛选生物炭对吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、呋虫胺的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型、Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型。     

钙改性花生壳生物炭对废水中四环素的吸附研究

生物质废弃物的处理和四环素污染物的去除是环境修复的重要问题。以花生壳为原料,通过浸渍-焙烧的方法制备了钙改性花生壳生物炭（CaBC）。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）和氮气吸附-脱附仪对所制备的生物炭进行了表征,考察了溶液pH、共存离子等因素对生物炭去除废水中四环素（TC）性能的影响,并研究了该过程的吸附动力学和吸附等温线。结果表明,所制备的生物炭具有丰富的介孔结构,有利于对四环素的吸附。在pH为7.0条件下,CaBC-800对TC具有最好的吸附效果。共存离子的存在对生物炭的吸附能力影响不显著。动力学研究表明CaBC-800对TC的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,二级动力学常数为0.001 3 g/（mg·min）。吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,且最大理论吸附量为72.251 mg/g。该研究为四环素的去除提供了一种新型吸附剂,显示了CaBC-800在废水修复中的应用潜力。     

磁化改性污泥基生物炭对水中磷的吸附

为提高市政污泥生物炭对水中磷的吸附,将市政污泥在700℃下制备的热解生物炭(BC700)用FeCl3溶液进行磁化改性,制备磁性生物炭(MBC700),表征改性生物炭的组成、官能团分布和表面性质,考察其对典型水中磷的吸附效果和脱附后重复利用性.结果 表明,改性后铁氧化物已成功负载在生物炭的表面和孔隙中.在温度25℃、pH...     

肺部给药用高分子多孔微球的制备及改性研究进展

肺部给药作为一种非入侵式的给药方式,在蛋白质、多肽类药物的给药研究中具有很大的发展潜力。高分子多孔微球是最适合肺部给药的药物载体之一,本文首先阐述了高分子多孔微球的几种传统制备方法,分析了这些制备方法在不同的条件下存在的优点及缺点。随后本文针对传统的高分子多孔微球制备条件难以单独控制,药物不能有效包封等问题,对近年来研究者们为了提高多孔微球的性能对其进行的物理化学改性进行了综述并提出了观点。最后对肺部给药用高分子多孔微球不同的制备方法的相互结合以及在生物医学领域的应用价值进行了展望。     

基于改性PBS载体的噻虫嗪微胶囊的制备及性能测试

[目的]制备基于改性聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为载体的噻虫嗪微胶囊。[方法]采用乳化-溶剂挥发法以聚乙烯醇-1788为乳化分散剂制备微胶囊,通过激光粒度分析仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜对微胶囊进行形貌表征,用紫外分光光度计研究微胶囊的缓释行为。[结果]经聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)共混改性后的PBS载体微胶囊的包封率为80.53%、载药量为54.47%,平均粒径为4.83μm,缓释期为25 d。[结论]改性后的PBS载体微胶囊具有较好的形貌,载药量和包封率比纯PBS载体微胶囊高,药物缓释期限更长。     

25%吡蚜·噻虫嗪悬浮剂对环境生物的毒性与安全性评价

采用《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》规定的方法,对25%吡蚜·噻虫嗪悬浮剂进行环境生物—鱼、蜂、鸟、蚕的急性毒性测定。结果表明,25%吡蚜·噻虫嗪悬浮剂对鱼96h的LC50值为60.2mg/L,对蜂48h的LC50值为2.16mg/L,对鸟7d的LD50值>1000mg/(kgav.),对二龄期家蚕96h的LC50值为28.6mg/L。提示25%吡蚜·噻虫嗪悬浮剂对鱼类、鸟类的毒性为低毒,对家蚕的毒性为中毒,对蜜蜂的毒性为高毒。     

噻虫嗪亚致死剂量对月季长管蚜解毒酶活性的影响

[目的]为明确噻虫嗪对月季长管蚜的活性和其代谢解毒机制,为深入研究月季长管蚜的抗药性机制及农药的合理使用提供理论依据。[方法]采用带虫浸叶法测定噻虫嗪农药对月季长管蚜亚致死浓度LC_(10)、LC_(20)、LC_(30)值;采用生化方法测定噻虫嗪3种亚致死浓度处理0(用药后_(30) min内)、6、12、24、48 h后月季长管蚜体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)、羧酸酯酶(Car E)的活性变化。[结果]噻虫嗪亚致死浓度LC_(10)、LC_(20)、LC_(30)值分别为0.184、0.446、0.843 mg/L;噻虫嗪对月季长管蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、羧酸酯酶在5个时间段酶活力表现出一定的时间效应和剂量效应。其中LC_(10)组AChE的活力变化表现为升高→降低趋势,LC_(20)和LC_(30)处理组则表现为降低→升高→降低趋势;3种亚致死剂量下GSTs活力整体表现趋势一致,均随处理时间延长先升高后降低,在0～24 h内都显著高于对照;3种亚致死浓度对Car E活力影响有一定诱导作用,在6～24 h处理时间内显著高于对照。[结论]噻虫嗪对月季长管蚜有较强的生物活性,GSTs、Car E活性的升高、AChE的活力变化是月季长管蚜对噻虫嗪的代谢解毒机制,这可能是月季长管蚜对噻虫嗪产生抗药性的原因之一。     

苯乙醇和茴香醚在含Fe蚕沙基生物碳材料的储香与释放性能研究

选用桑蚕废弃物蚕沙为碳源,利用ZnCl₂和FeCl₂作为活化剂,通过一步合成法获得一种Fe掺杂高石墨化多孔生物炭材料Fe/Z-ASE,并测定香精化合物分子苯乙醇和茴香醚在Fe/Z-ASE上的吸附和缓释动力学行为,然后再通过量子化学计算分析苯乙醇、茴香醚与Fe/Z-ASE的作用关系以及苯乙醇、茴香醚分子间作用力。结果发现:蚕沙多孔炭Fe/Z-ASE孔隙结构发达,表面石墨化碳含量高,Fe元素分布均匀,其BET比表面积为950.9 m²/g且中孔占60%以上,是一种表面疏水并呈现弱极性的多级孔生物炭材料;在苯乙醇和茴香醚的扩散和控释过程中,茴香醚具有比苯乙醇更高的吸附量(510 mg/g)和扩散动力学常数(1.7×10^-2min^-1),而且在不同初始茴香醚吸附量下(150～500 mg/g)其都能获得较好的控释效果。随后通过密度泛函DFT模拟计算可知,茴香醚和苯乙醇都是弱碱,能与Fe/Z-ASE材料上的弱酸性吸附位(Fe-C)产生相互作用,而且由于茴香醚的碱性更弱,所以与Fe/Z-A...     

Storage and release properties of pheneylethanol and anisole flavor on Fe-based silkworm excrement biocarbon

The silkworm waste from the silkworm was selected as the carbon source, and ZnCl₂ and FeCl₂ were used as activators to obtain a Fe-doped highly graphitized porous biochar material Fe/Z-ASE through a one-step synthesis method. The fabricated Fe/Z-ASE was tested for the adsorption and sustained-release kinetics of pheneylethanol and anisole while their mutual interaction and intermolecular interactions were evaluated by quantum chemical calculation. The silkworm feces exhibited a well-developed pore structure, high surface graphitized carbon content, high BET surface area (950.9 m²/g), more than 60% mesopores and uniform distribution of Fe. Fe/Z-ASE exhibited hydrophobic surface and weak polarity, while anisole realized higher adsorption capacity (510 mg/g) and diffusion rate of 1.7×10^-2 min^-1 than that of phenylethanol under variable anisole adsorption amounts (150—510 mg/g). Density functional simulations suggested anisole and phenylethanol as weak bases and hence interacted with the weakly acidic adsorption sites (Fe-C) on the Fe/Z-ASE, while the relatively higher basicity of anisole endorsed it stronger interaction with Fe/Z-ASE. Molecular dynamics analysis showed strong hydrogen bonding between pheneylethanol molecules while no such interaction existed among anisole molecules, which hindered the desorption of pheneylethanol molecules under high initial adsorption capacity as compared to those of anisole.     

Design and development of temperature sensitive porous poly(NIPAAm‐AMPS) hydrogels for drug release of doxorubicin‐a cancer chemotherapy drug

Temperature sensitive polymer network porous hydrogels were developed with N‐Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and AMPS (2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonicacid), as well as with sucrose as porogen by crosslinking with hydrophilic crosslinker N,N¹‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). The temperature responsive behaviour, the swelling/deswelling kinetics of the hydrogels were investigated. The structural and morphological characterizations of the developed hydrogels were obtained from FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The increment in the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of NIPAAm hydrogels can be done with the help of AMPS and it is confirmed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as temperature dependent swelling curves. The model cancer chemotherapy drug Doxorubicin (Dox) was loaded into theses hydrogels and the release studies as well as the released profiles of the drug showed that more than 8–54% of the loaded drug was released in the first half‐an‐hour at a buffer solution of 7.4 and the rest of the drug was released slowly. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Bamboo charcoal modified with Cu2+ and 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane for the adsorption of acid fuchsin dye: Optimization by response surface methodology and the adsorption mechanism

The bamboo charcoal modified with Cu²⁺ and 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (BC-Cu/Si-NH₂) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and surface acid–base potentiometric titration. The adsorption for acid fuchsin (AF) dyes onto BC-Cu/Si-NH₂ was investigated. Moreover, response surface methodology was performed to optimize the process parameters including pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The results presented that the adsorption process was mainly influenced by initial AF concentration and adsorbent dosage. Isotherm studies revealed that the adsorption data fitted well with the Sips model and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) model, which indicated the monolayer, homogeneous, and physical nature of the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from D–R model could approach approximately to 14.91 mg g⁻¹ at 40 °C, and the maximum adsorption capacity of Sips reached to 10.77 mg g⁻¹ at 40 °C. The kinetic experimental data matched well with Spahn and Schlunder model as well as pseudo-second-order model. In addition, intraparticle diffusion was not the only rate-controlling step of adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters revealed the feasibility, spontaneity, and endothermic nature of adsorption. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47728.     

Multifactorial design of poly(d,l‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) capsules with various release properties for differently sized filling agents

The hydrolytic degradation and corresponding content release of capsules made of poly(d,l ‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) strongly depends on the composition and material properties of the initially applied copolymer. Consecutive or simultaneous release from capsule batches of combinable material compositions, therefore, offers high control over the bioavailability of an encapsulated drug. The keynote of this study was the creation of a superordinated database that addressed the correlation between the release kinetics of filling agents with different molecular weights from PLGA capsules of alternating composition. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran (with molecular weights of 4, 40, and 2000 kDa) was chosen as a model analyte, whereas the copolymers were taken from various 50:50 PLGA, 75:25 PLGA, and polylactide blends. With reference to recent publications, the capsule properties, such as the size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency, were further modified during production. Hence, uniform microdisperse and polydisperse submicrometer nanocapsules were prepared by two different water‐in‐oil‐in‐water emulsification techniques, and additional effects on the size and morphology were achieved by capsule solidification in two different sodium salt buffers. The qualitative and quantitative examination of the physical capsule properties was performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Coulter counting techniques to evaluate the capsule size distribution and the morphological appearance of the different batches. The corresponding agent release was quantified by fluorescence measurement of the FITC–dextran in the incubation media and by the direct measurement of the capsule brightness via fluorescence microscopy. In summary, the observed agent release showed a highly controllable flexibility depending on the PLGA blends, preparation methods, and molecular weight of the used filling substances. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4219–4228, 2013