河道底泥中重金属的EDTA淋洗研究

以城市河道底泥为研究对象,用EDTA淋洗进行底泥无害化处理研究。分别探讨了EDTA浓度、淋洗时间、液固比等因素对底泥淋洗效果的影响。目的是为了给底泥中重金属的淋洗实际应用提供技术参数。实验结果表明:淋洗条件如EDTA浓度、淋洗时间和液固比都对淋洗效果有显著影响。本实验中所用底泥0.1 mol/L的EDTA在液固比10∶1的条件下,淋洗效果最好,淋洗30 min就能去除掉70%~80%的Cu和Cd。研究中还比较了淋洗前后底泥中重金属形态分布的变化,详细探讨了底泥与重金属的结合方式对淋洗效果的影响。从形态分析可以得出,原底泥中重金属的分布形态可以用来预测淋洗效果。EDTA淋洗主要针对的是离子态和碳酸盐结合态的重金属,对结合力较强的铁锰氧化物、有机物结合态和残渣态重金属效果较差。因此,可预先进行重金属形态分析来确定底泥是否可用EDTA进行淋洗。     

外源腐殖酸对黏质农田土壤Cd活性的影响

为探讨外源腐殖酸对黏质农田土壤Cd活性的影响,选取2种典型腐殖酸,采用淋洗技术,通过测定农田土壤总Cd、DTPA-Cd、MgCl₂-Cd的含量,研究了2种腐殖酸及其淋洗时间对土壤Cd活性的影响。研究结果表明:2种腐殖酸处理后,土壤总Cd含量基本不变,土壤DTPA-Cd含量从0.421 mg/kg降低到0.313 mg/kg,MgCl₂-Cd含量从0.2 mg/kg降低到0.169 mg/kg;淋洗时间从1 d增加到5 d,土壤总Cd含量基本不变,土壤DTPA-Cd含量从0.325 mg/kg降低到0.265 mg/kg,MgCl₂-Cd含量从0.196 mg/kg降低到0.165 mg/kg。因此,2种腐殖酸均对黏质农田土壤镉有一定的去除效果。     

荷兰污泥农田利用的重金属标准

1980年荷兰有关当局对污水厂净化污泥,用于农田利用的重金属含量最大值规定为: 锌(Zn)2000mg/kg 铜(Cu)600mg/kg 铅(Pb)SO0mg/kg 铬(Cr)500mg/kg镍(Ni)福(Cd)汞(Hg)砷(As)100mg/kg10mg/kg10mg厂kg10mg/kg (原载西德《KA》1981 .N6P385张姜贞摘译)荷兰污泥农田利用的重金属标准@     

镉污染底泥电动修复影响因素研究

以镉(Cd)含量为2mg/kg污染底泥为研究对象,使用电动修复技术对污染底泥中的Cd进行脱除。研究了不同电极板间电压、化学增强剂种类以及电极材料对体系电流、温度、电导率、底泥含水率以及重金属含量的变化,试验结果表明:使用阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)作为化学增强剂,使用多孔碳作为电极,极板间电压30V,同时在0.05MPa的压力下进行抽滤,底泥含水率在5h内由75%下降到34.17%,重金属镉含量由2mg/kg下降到0.178mg/kg,脱除率达到91.12%,修复后的底泥中镉的含量满足《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)中对镉含量的一级标准要求,达到了对污染底泥脱水过程中脱除重金属的目的。     

石臼湖表层沉积物营养盐与重金属分布及污染评价

为揭示石臼湖表层沉积物营养盐和重金属的污染特征,于2018年2月采集表层沉积物,分析了石臼湖营养盐和重金属的含量、空间分布特征。结果表明:全湖有机质、TP和TN的平均质量比分别为30.25 mg/kg、585 mg/kg和776 mg/kg,TP为无污染风险级别,有机质和TN处于低污染风险级别;重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb平均质量比分别为94.92 mg/kg、41.25 mg/kg、38.42 mg/kg、124.33 mg/kg、16.48 mg/kg、0.17 mg/kg、0.05 mg/kg和35.92 mg/kg,均超过了江苏省的土壤重金属背景值,Hg和Cd污染相对较重,全湖为中等危害等级;在空间分布上,东部区域的采样点8、9营养盐质量比较高,重金属污染较重。     

EM微生物制剂在河湖淤泥无害资源化处理上的应用研究

验证EM微生物制剂对淤泥的处理效果,提高淤泥的利用效率,寻求EM处理淤泥的最佳处理方法,为淤泥的无害资源化利用提供一种可行的技术途径。试验证明,添加30% EM波卡西处理效果最好:汞含量由0.21 mg/kg降至0.14 mg/kg,降幅约35%;砷含量由4.8 mg/kg 降至2.9 mg/kg,降幅达40%;铜含量由40.6 mg/kg 降至28.7 mg/kg,降幅达29%;铅含量由28.6 mg/kg降至17.3 mg/kg,降幅达40%;镉含量由0.18 mg/kg 降至0.07 mg/kg,降幅达60%;粪大肠菌群值由0.000 9升至0.042 0,约升高400%。研究结果表明,EM有益微生物在河湖淤泥处理上具有良好的应用效果,提高淤泥的资源化利用效率,值得推广应用。     

污水污泥中重金属形态分析研究

采用stover连续提取方法对沈阳市北部污水处理厂的压缩污泥进行重金属提取,并对污泥中Cu、Zn、Cd、Mn、Ni和Pb等重金属之类的形态分布进行分析。结果表明:Cu主要以金属硫化物的形态存在,约占总含量的90.46%;Zn和Mn的形态分布主要为碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和金属硫化物,Zn的以上三种形态约占总含量的99.11%,而Mn有机结合态约占总含量的52.89%;Cd和Ni主要以碳酸盐结合态、金属硫化物和可交换态形态存在,其中Cd的碳酸盐结合态约占总量的46.77%,Ni的以上三种形态约占其总量的95.02%;Pb以碳酸盐结合态为主要形态,约占总量的99.90%。     

沙颍河表层沉积物中氮与重金属的分布特征及污染评价

为揭示沙颍河沉积物中氮及重金属的分布和污染特征,于2015年6—9月采集了沙颍河干支流主要站点的表层沉积物及上覆水样品,分析了其中氮的赋存形态和重金属的分布,探讨了水体-沉积物氮的转化机制及重金属的来源。结果表明:沙颍河表层沉积物中NO-3-N、NH+4-N、ON(有机氮)和TN的质量比分别为21.47~53.60 mg/kg、1.702 3~3.066 1 mg/kg、1 050~2 390 mg/kg和1 071~2 488 mg/kg,ON占TN的97.17%以上;表层沉积物中Cd、Cu、Zn和As质量比分别为1.583~3.533 mg/kg、21.98~64.60 mg/kg、148.5~165.5 mg/kg和1.527~2.416 mg/kg。Pearson相关性分析表明:表层沉积物中氮主要存在于有机物中,表层沉积物释放NH+4-N已经成为影响沙颍河水体NH+4-N浓度的一个重要因素;沙颍河大部分站点的表层沉积物有机指数和ON分别处于Ⅱ、Ⅳ级,有机碳污染较轻,ON污染严重;潜在生态评价中重金属Cd已经达到了很强-极强的污染程度,其余重金属则处于轻微污染水平;重金属潜在生态风险指数IR显示沙颍河表层沉积物重金属潜在风险已经到了很强-极强的水平,其中Cd对IR的贡献达97.22%。     

不同pH调控方法对电助淋洗去除农田土壤Cd的影响

淋洗是修复土壤的一种简单高效的方法,但是对于渗透性系数低的土壤效果不佳。因此,采用电动修复技术强化农田重金属Cd的淋洗(简称电助淋洗),探讨了不同电解液pH控制方法对电助淋洗去除重金属Cd的影响。研究结果表明在电压梯度为1.5 V/cm、间歇通电5 d,每天连续通电8 h条件下,电助淋洗试验Ex1中重金属Cd的去除率为50.87%,比单一淋洗试验组Ex0中重金属Cd的去除率高10%;电动修复技术能强化土壤中孔隙水的流动,加速重金属离子的迁出,提高重金属去除率,有效促进农田土壤重金属Cd的淋洗效果。对比不控制电解液pH的试验Ex1和控制电解液pH的试验Ex2,Ex3,Ex4可知,控制电解液pH能控制土壤pH值,提高重金属Cd的迁移率。综合考虑现场操作等因素,建议采用电极极性切换控制土壤pH值。     

北京市中心城河流表层沉积物重金属污染评价

为了解北京市中心城河流表层沉积物中重金属污染现状,采用地累积指数法、主成分分析法、潜在生态风险指数法评价和分析了沉积物中汞、砷、铅、铬、镉、锰、铜7种重金属的污染程度、污染来源及潜在生态风险。结果表明,重金属平均含量为Hg 0.670 mg/kg,As 6.01 mg/kg,Pb 31.1 mg/kg,Cr 63 mg/kg,Cd 0.29 mg/kg,Mn 277mg/kg,Cu 45mg/kg;平均地累积指数排序为Hg(1.49)Cr(0.34)Cu(0.24)Cd(0.14)Pb(-0.77)As(-1.41)Mn(-2.30),沉积物主要受Hg、Cr、Cu、Cd的污染,Hg处于中等污染程度,Cr、Cu、Cd处于轻度-中等污染程度,污染主要来源于三方面:交通、汽配(修)及供暖燃煤。重金属平均潜在生态风险系数排序为Hg(357)Cd(80)Cu(13)As(9)Pb(7)Cr(4)Mn(2),中心城沉积物潜在生态风险指数平均值为472,总体上具有较强生态危害。     

微生物吸附低温水体中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究

利用从活性污泥中分离、纯化、筛选得到的霉菌,进行吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究。结果表明:在Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)质量浓度分别为300mg/L时,菌种生长良好。吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的最佳条件:pH值5.0,时间1h,温度10℃。吸附规律符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,由回归方程得到Cr(Ⅵ)的表观最大吸附量为14mg/g;Cd(Ⅱ)的表观最大吸附量为52mg/g。对菌种吸附低温水体中两种重金属离子时pH值变化影响及其吸附动力学进行了研究。证明该菌可以有效地去除低温水体中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子。     

基于EKG电动脱水去除稻田土壤 重金属Cd的试验研究

为研究基于EKG电动脱水去除稻田土壤重金属镉(Cd)的效果,进行了土壤淋洗-电动脱水室内模拟试验,重点考察了FeCl₃淋洗后在不同电压梯度(1,2,3,4,5 V/cm)和不同电极间距(20, 30, 40, 50 cm)下,土壤各截面pH值的变化特点和电动脱水去除土壤Cd的效果。结果表明:电动脱水前后土壤各截面pH值均在2.2~2.5之间波动;土壤Cd的电动脱除率随电压梯度增大而增大,随电极间距增大而减小,脱除率最大可达47%;单位电动脱除率的能耗均与电压梯度和电极间距的大小呈正相关。试验结果说明以EKG为电极材料进行电动脱水,能有效地控制土壤各截面pH值,促进土壤孔隙水中可移动态Cd的高效脱除。     

生活污水对蚕豆的氧化损伤实验研究

研究了某污水处理厂不同取样点的污水对蚕豆根部和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:各取样点的污水引起蚕豆根部和叶片SOD活性增加和叶片中POD和CAT活性的增加;随着各取样点CODCr增加,根部的CAT和POD的活性均表现为先升后降。且除了B沉外,各取样点的污水均使得根部和叶片的MDA含量显著增高。由于加氯消毒,出水的毒性高于B沉池污水。     

Automatic load-frequency control of the united power system of Siberia

A centralized system for automatic load-frequency control (ALFC) has been developed by the Siberian Division of the Central Computing Center of the Power Industry and realized on the basis of a commercial OMRON controller that performs all control functions. The algorithmic and software support of ALFC performs several new functions, i.e., helps to produce control actions on regulating stations with allowance for the specified daily output, perform second-after-second (cumulative sum) accounting for the power produced by a power station due to participation in the control, initiate combined regulation of power flow and frequency (APFR), ensure maintenance of a 1-sec archive with a depth of over 30 days for any telemetry (TM) used in the ALFC, etc. The software has been developed with the help of special language based on the IEC 1131-3 standard.Translated from Élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2004, pp. 17 – 20.     

城市河道溢流堰对水体溶解氧及氮和磷的影响

研究了河道溢流堰对水体DO及氮、磷的影响,结果表明:经溢流堰后,水体DO平均增加1.75 mg/L。当水温超过15℃,堰下DO低于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN低于堰上,堰下DO高于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN低于堰上。当水温低于15℃,堰下DO高于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN高于堰上,TN升高。当DO增加较少时,堰下TP高于堰上,DO增加较多时,堰下TP低于堰上,TP得到一定降低。     

黑龙江省西部地区玉米需水量与灌溉制度制定

黑龙江省西部地区频发的干旱情况影响该地区农业水循环与粮食安全,研究玉米水分供需关系对于理解该地区干旱机理有重要意义。根据FAO-56单作物系数法,计算玉米生育期参考作物蒸散量(ET0)、作物需水量(ETc)和灌溉需水量(Ir),依托CROPWAT模型制定灌溉制度,并通过计算作物水分盈亏指数(CW)分析玉米水分盈余情况。结果表明：1960—2015年黑龙江省西部玉米生育期ET0和ETc呈下降趋势,有效降水量(Pe)、Ir和CW呈上升趋势;平均ET0、ETc、Pe和Ir分别为639.64、438.13、224.40和273.87 mm;由于不同水文年干旱条件不同,Pe并不能在所有年份满足玉米水分需求,丰水年、平水年、枯水年和特枯水年的平均净灌溉定额分别为152.43、236.33、276.53和353.47 mm。黑龙江省西部玉米生育期水分供需关系的研究和灌溉制度的制定有助于区域水资源调控和农业发展     

Ecological Water Requirement (EWR) Analysis of High Mountain and Steep Gorge (HMSG) River—Application to Upper Lancang–Mekong River

As “corridor” in the south–north and “barrier” in the west–east direction, Lancang River, the upstream of Lancang–Mekong River, has an obvious spatial–temporal characteristic and unique regional attributes. Recently, the hydropower development of the mainstream along Lancang River has disturbed the regional ecosystem to have unstable factors, and threatened the ecosystem health. This paper used the couple model of Grading Coefficient of ecological water requirement (GCEWR) and the ecological runoff (ER) to simulate the ecological water requirement (EWR) of Lancang River, in a broad sense, this method belongs to hydrology–ecology methodology. In the GCEWR–ER, We adopted ecological characteristic indexes (ECI) and hydrological characteristic variables (e.g. variance index) to calculate the GCEWR, and used three methods to calculate the basic variable (e.g. ER) of EWR: the first method directly used annual average runoff as ER; the second method was used frequency method and took year as basic time unit, and the third method took season (e.g. flood season, non-flood season) as the basic time unit to evaluate ER. Finally, in order to demonstrate applicability of this developed methodology, this paper adopted GCEWR–ER method to calculate the EWR of Lancang River in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region. By the systematic analysis of the results, we could get the minimum, satisfying and optimal EWR for the Lancang River, which were 142.53 × 10⁸, 286.46 × 10⁸ and 385.96 × 10⁸ m³. The three EWR respectively occupied 25.10%, 50.46% and 67.98% of the average measured run-off (567.75 × 10⁸ m³) of the Lancang River, and respectively occupied 18.63%, 37.45% and 50.45% of the natural run-off (765 × 10⁸ m³) of the Lancang River.     

Regionalization of natural flow regime: application to environmental flow optimization at ungauged sites

In this work we use the regionalization approach (RA) to derive the natural flow regime at an ungauged site. The derived natural flow regime, expressed by the regional cdf models of 32 indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) is used in the histogram matching approach (HMA) to seek the optimal environmental flows for a proposed multiobjective diversion weir in Taiwan. The results reveal that the outcomes associated with the planning constant scheme are significantly improved by the optimal time‐varying scheme. The histogram dissimilarities of 32 IHA associated with the planning scheme are consistently greater than those associated with the optimal scheme, especially for low‐flow IHA. Despite the inherent discrepancy between different approaches to generating flow data at the ungauged site, the optimal outcomes resulting from the RA‐based natural flow regime appear to be plausible and consistent with those reported in the previous work, thus validating the RA used in this work. We also explore the effect of weighting factors on the optimal outcomes. The results reveal that the weighting factor of the ecosystem needs objective dominates all optimal outcomes, while those of the agricultural demands and interbasin transfers objectives have minor effects on the optimal outcomes. The global optimal solution is obtained with a full or null weighting assigned to the ecosystem needs objective, while the least optimal solution is obtained as the interbasin transfers objective is given a null weighting and the agricultural demands objective is weighted more than the ecosystem needs objective. River managers and decision makers may select more balanced weir operation strategies based on the results presented in this work. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEOs)在净水厂中的监测

低浓度内分泌干扰物长期作用会对人体健康产生不可忽视的负面影响.较详细地研究了北方某给水厂现有净水处理工艺对低浓度NPEOs的控制特性,结果表明,该厂常规工艺单元(无预氯化)对NPEOs(聚合度n＝4～15)基本上没有去除作用,后续活性炭单元对NPEOs的去除作用也不是很明显,有待进一步研究.由于氯的强氧化作用的存在,加氯能明显降低水中的NPEOs浓度.     

Connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating first one under the conditions of flow circuits of combined-cycle plants with two gas-turbine units and one steam turbine

Problems arising with connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the first exhaust-heat boiler under load in the case of flow circuits of combined-cycle plants of type PGU-450 are considered. Similar problems exist for two-boiler single-turbine units of type PGU-325 and for two-boiler single-turbine units of traditional steampower plants with an output of 200–300 MW upon connection of the second furnace of a two-furnace boiler to the operating first furnace. Analysis of the temperature-induced stressed state and of the cyclic strength of thick-walled elements of the steam-water conduit of PGU-450 and of two-furnace boilers of two-boiler single-turbine units with an output of 200–300 MW (the check valve, the inlet header of the water economizer) is used for determining the steam temperature differences in the high-pressure conduits to the steam turbine and the order of connection of the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating fist one. Modes of enabling a two-boiler single-turbine unit of a combined-cycle plant, which are most “rigid” from the standpoint of thermal strength, are determined. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, February 2006, pp. 11–17.