U形弯头单元内气液两相流型及压降波动特性

对空气-水两相流在内径16 mm、弯曲半径100 mm的横向U形弯头单元内向上流动时的流型进行了实验研究。利用流动可视化技术及其相应压降波动规律实现了流型的客观识别。总结了不同流型的压降波动特性并据此提出了定量识别流型的新方法。实验范围内发现了分层-搅拌流、塞状-泡状流、段塞-波形流、环状-波形流和环状弥散流等5种与水平直管和垂直直管不同的流型。相比标准偏差,压降波动的功率谱(PSD)分布能更好地反映U形弯头单元内不同流型的流态演变特征与动力学特性。PSD分布的偏度或峰度与气液表观流速比的结合可以定量客观地识别U形弯头单元内的流型,流型转变时的气液表观流速比为1和13。     

大流量下倾斜管气液两相流实验研究

在较高的气液范围内,以水和空气为实验介质,在多相流实验平台上进行了倾斜向上的高产量气液两相流模拟实验研究。实验采用内径为40 mm、长8 m的透明有机玻璃管,并利用高速摄像仪记录实验过程中的流型。对实验流型进行分析,发现了倾斜管中低气流速下的一种新的流型-振荡冲击流,并研究了表观气、液流速和倾斜角对气液两相流动中压降的影响,建立气/液膜流动模型来分析表观气、液流速对压降梯度的影响作用,实验研究结果表明:在高气液量范围内,倾斜管中观察到的气液两相流型主要为振荡冲击流、过渡流和环状流,并且倾角对流型转变边界的影响不显著;振荡冲击流压降随气流速的增加而降低,环状流压降随气流速的增加而增加,过渡流压降梯度最小;倾斜管压降梯度随着倾斜角度的增加而增大。     

工业级水平管粉煤气力输送的最小压降速度和稳定性

采用压缩空气作为输送介质,在工业级水平管(内径50 mm)上开展了粉煤密相气力输送实验研究。在实验获得最小压降速度基础上,通过电容层析成像系统观察到,随着表观气速降低而存在分层流、沙丘流、移动床流以及栓塞流4种流型。不同流型压力信号的概率密度分布和功率谱密度分析表明,压力信号的波动特征与流型紧密联系;由于流动形态的变化,存在由稳定输送过渡到不稳定输送的临界气速,且该速度小于最小压降速度。     

气液螺旋环状流压降特性研究

考虑旋流衰减的影响,对气液螺旋环状流的压降特性进行研究并推导出了螺旋环状流压降预测模型。定义压降旋-直比系数为气液两相螺旋环状流和气液两相直流的压降之比,以此来表征旋流衰减对压降的影响。基于量纲分析的方法对压降旋-直比系数进行分析,推导出其表达式,压降旋-直比系数依赖于Lockhart-Martinelli 参数和气相Froude数变化。最终,得出了气液两相螺旋环状流的压降预测模型。在50 mm内径的水平管内对螺旋环状流的压降特性进行了实验研究,其中气相表观流速变化范围为10~16 m/s,体积含液率（LVF）变化范围为0.6%~4.8%。通过与实验数据进行对比,压降预测模型的相对误差在±15%以内,为工程应用提供了参考。     

绝热状态下板壳式换热器壳侧的流型与压降

实验研究了板壳式换热器波纹通道内垂直向上气-液两相流动的流型和压降特性,讨论了圆形波纹通道内流型特征及转变机理,根据相界面形态特征将流型划分为泡状流、弹状流、膜状流和搅混流;同时分析了流型与压降之间的关系,发现泡状流中的压降波动幅值最小,弹状流与膜状流次之,搅混流中压降波动幅值最大;获得了波纹通道内单相以及气-液两相压降的分布规律,拟合了单相压降关联式,并基于Lockhart-Martinelli理论,通过分析两相摩阻系数与Martinelli参数的关系拟合了波纹通道内两相流动压降关联式,发现Chisholm参数C的值与Chisholm最初建议的光滑管内层流-层流的值接近。     

气液两相流水平绕流柱体的动态压降特性

压降是气液两相流绕流柱体时包含丰富流动信息的重要参数,对于压降的研究密切关系到两相流动系统的设计和运行.以空气和水为实验介质在泡状流、塞状流、弹状流和环状流四种流型下,研究了气液两相流水平绕流梯形柱体的动态压降特性.结果表明:泡状流和塞状流的动态压降有较稳定的波动,其时均值主要取决于液相流量;弹状流的动态压降变化剧烈,其时均值随两相雷诺数的分布比较均匀;环状流的动态压降变化比较平缓,其时均值随两相雷诺数的增加呈近似线性递增;在四种不同流型下,时均动态压降系数随两相雷诺数的增加都呈线性递减.这一结果为分析气液两相流绕流柱体的流动特性提供了有益的借鉴.     

基于流场-电场耦合的典型流型条件下双环形电极响应特性仿真研究

针对管道内气液两相流动过程中出现的不同流型,建立了耦合两相流流场与双环形电极电场的仿真模型,模拟了分层流、波浪流、段塞流、泡状流和环状流5种典型流型,获得了典型流型条件下双环形电极间轴向电流密度空间分布特性和混合电导率动态变化特性,结合理论模型和仿真数据讨论了气液两相混合电导率与液相含率之间的定量关系。研究结果表明:双环形电极之间轴向电流密度的空间分布能够刻画气液两相流的流型特征;当利用无量纲电导率计算平均液相含率时,BegovichWatson模型适用于分层流、波浪流和环状流,而Maxwell模型适用于泡状流。     

周期性扩缩微通道内气液两相流型及其演变特性

以空气和水为实验工质,利用IDT高速摄像仪和Nikon生物显微镜组成的可视化系统对水平放置的PDMS周期性扩缩微通道内的气液两相流型及其演变特性进行实验研究。观察到的主要流型为间歇流和分离流。对于间歇流,气体以离散形式分布在液相中或者是液体以分散形式分布在气相中,而且气相分散跟液相分散交替存在。对于分离流,气体主要沿气体进口壁侧流动,液体主要沿液体进口壁侧流动。两相中存在明显的分界面,沿流动方向界面产生波动。通过改变气液两相表观流速,得到气液两相流型分布,进而提出间歇流与分离流流型转换的准则关系式。结果表明,同一液相表观流速下,三角凹穴型微通道间歇流向分离流转变所需的气相表观流速略小于扇形凹穴微通道。     

微通道内伴有化学吸收的气液二相流型

采用高速摄像仪对T型进口的矩形微通道内气液二相流型进行了实验研究,实验物系采用单乙醇胺(MEA)水溶液-N2和单乙醇胺水溶液-CO2。对于无相间传质的单乙醇胺水溶液-N2二相流动过程,观测到了泡状流、弹状流、弹状-环状流和液环流;对于伴有化学吸收的单乙醇胺水溶液-CO2二相流动过程,未观测到泡状流,而观测到弹状-泡状流。在实验范围内,随着深宽比减小,无论是否伴有化学吸收,弹状流区域均减小;对伴有化学吸收的气液二相流,随化学反应速率的增大,流型转换线向右移动。以化学反应速率为控制参数,分别给出流型转换判别式,预测结果与实验数据吻合良好。在弹状-泡状流型中,随着气相表观流速的下降和液相表观流速、深宽比以及化学反应速率的上升,微通道内临界泡状距离减小。     

气液固三相并流系统流型的混沌识别

运用确定性混沌分析技术，研究了气液固三相并流系统散式鼓泡流、聚式鼓泡流、柱塞流、泡沫流及环状流压力波动信号的混沌动力学行为。结果表明，吸引子可以用来表征气液固三相并流系统的动力学行为，混沌特征参数相关维D2和K熵可以用来定量识别以上五种流型。以混沌定量识别为基础，给出了三相并流系统的流型图。     

Pressure Drop in Liquid‐liquid Two Phase Horizontal Flow: Experiment and Prediction

The present study is aimed at an investigation of the pressure drop characteristics during the simultaneous flow of a kerosene‐water mixture through a horizontal pipe of 0.025 m diameter. Measurements of pressure gradient were made for different combinations of phase superficial velocities ranging from 0.03–2 m/s such that the regimes encountered were smooth stratified, wavy stratified, three layer flow, plug flow and oil dispersed in water, and water flow patterns. A model was developed, which considered the energy minimization and pressure equalization of both phases.     

Nature and characteristics of gas–liquid flow regimes in a micro-packed bed reactor

Micro-packed bed reactors (μPBRs) have the advantages of high heat and mass transfer efficiency and excellent safety, and they have been successfully applied to hydrogenation and oxidation reactions. However, the study of gas–liquid flow regimes in the μPBR, which is essential for the mass transfer modeling and reactor scale-up, is still insufficient due to the limitation of micro-scale and complexity of capillary force. In this work, the flow regimes in the two-dimensional μPBR were systematically studied by visual method utilizing a high-performance camera. Four typical flow regimes and characteristics were captured, and flow regime transition was revealed. Effects of gas and liquid superficial velocities, liquid physical properties, and particle sizes on liquid spreading areal fraction and pressure drop were investigated. Flow regime transition correlation of churn flow and pseudo-static flow in the μPBR was provided for the first time based on the summary of the current and previous published results.     

水平管内水环输送模拟稠油减阻特性

基于自主设计加工并搭建的水环输送稠油减阻模拟管路系统,采用500^#白油模拟稠油,试验研究了稠油在水环作用下的水平管流阻力特性,分析了油相表观流速（0.3～1.0m/s）、水相表观流速（0.11～0.72m/s）及入口含水率（0.13～0.49）对水润滑管流流型特征及减阻效果的影响。结果表明：环状水膜可有效隔离并润滑油壁界面,油-水两相流流型总体上呈稳定的偏心环状流结构;水环输送可大幅降低管道输送过程中的压降,其压降值仅为相同油流量下纯油输送压降的1/55～1/27;当入口含水率为0.13～0.27时,水环输送的效能显著,输油效率均高于40;油相表观流速和入口含水率的增加会增大单位管长压降,降低水环输送的减阻效果和输油效能。     

Hydrodynamics and liquid phase axial mixing in orifice pipe reactor

Two phase flow in a horizontal pipe, with orifice plates placed at regular intervals as obstructions, was studied for the effect of phase velocities on flow patterns, fractional phase hold-ups, pressure drop and liquid phase axial dispersion. Radioactive technetium-99m (as an aqueous solution of sodium pertechnatate) was used as tracer. A pulse injection technique with two point measurements was employed. Three different orifice diameters were used (8 mm, 16 mm, and 20 mm) in a pipe diameter of 32 mm. The orifice spacing was 500 mm in all cases. Superficial gas (air) velocity was varied over a range from 0.02 m/s to 1.0 m/s and superficial liquid (water) velocity from 0.03 m/s to 0.85 m/s. Different flow patterns under different flow conditions were identified and a generalised flow map is presented. Variations in hold-ups and pressure drop with flow patterns have been explained. Rational correlations have been developed for fractional phase hold-ups and pressure drop. A preliminary comparison of two phase gas-liquid flow in a horizontal pipe with orifice obstructions (to be called orifice pipe reactor), as a gas-liquid contacting device, is made with a conventional bubble column reactor. Recommendations have been made for future work.     

Hydrodynamics and flow regimes in turbulent bed contactor with non‐Newtonian liquids

The flow regimes normally encountered in a turbulent bed contactor (TBC) are static, partially fluidised, completely fluidised and flooding regimes. Experiments were conducted in a TBC operating in Type I mode to identify the flow regimes with non‐Newtonian liquid. Flow regime transition velocities were obtained from the pressure drop and bed expansion measurements at various operating and geometric variables. The variables include apparent viscosity of the liquid, gas and liquid velocities, size and density of the particles, and static bed height. The effect of the above variables on delineation of flow regime transition was studied. Based on the experimental data, correlations were proposed for predicting the transition velocity from one regime to the other. The influence of the variables on regime transition velocities is more or less similar to that observed for Newtonian liquids. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

上倾管高黏油气两相流型及压降特性

利用室内实验装置,对上倾管内高黏油气两相流的流型和压降特性进行了实验研究。实验中观测到7种流型,得到了不同工况下的压力波动信号及压降值。实验结果表明,由于液相黏度的影响,上倾管内大部分流型的过渡边界向流型图的左侧偏移,且黏度越大偏移程度越大。将流型数据与Barnea流型判断模型进行对比,发现在高黏度时两者误差较大。根据压降数据得出,由于高黏度时液滴的附着作用增强,在气液表观速度均较小时,会出现黏度增加而压降却减小的现象。验证了OLGA模型和Zhang模型对于压降的计算精度,发现高黏度时模型的计算误差远大于低黏度情况。通过高黏度闭合关系式对Zhang模型进行修正,结果表明可以显著地提高其计算精度。     

液相介质对水平气液间歇流动的压降影响

研究了水平管内不同液相介质(水、油和不同浓度的CMC溶液)对气液两相间歇流动压降的影响. 实验管道为内径50 mm的透明有机玻璃管,从入口到分离器长约30 m,实验段由2个长3 m的水平管组成. 共记录了320组不同表观流速下的压降信号：油相0.17~1.85 m/s,水相0.17~2.48 m/s,CMC溶液0.17~1.42 m/s,气相0.06~3.40 m/s. 结果表明,液相为牛顿流体(油或水)的气液流动,随着表观气相流速的增大,压降呈增加趋势;非牛顿幂率流体(不同浓度的CMC溶液)的管道流动,当流动指数低于一定值时,压降随气相流量的增加呈降低趋势,并且低于单液相流动的压降. Lockhart-Martinelli模型过高地预测了气-非牛顿幂率流体两相的压降.     

Experimental research of flow patterns and pressure signals in horizontal dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal

Understanding flow patterns and their variability is important for optimal design and trouble free dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal in a horizontal tube. Employing the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), six flow patterns were identified and utilized for quantitative analysis based on the value and distribution of cross-sectional solid concentration. The dense-phase flow patterns in the horizontal tube of the pneumatic conveying system were somehow variable even when the operating conditions were unchanged. The probability calculation results suggest changing multiple flow patterns with one or two dominant flow for each of the seven sets of experimental conveying conditions and that a finite change in the dominant flow pattern would occur with an increasing superficial gas velocity. The power spectral density (PSD) function and the Hurst exponent of the pressure signals of the pulverized coal were well correlated with its flow patterns in a horizontal tube. The PSD functions and probability density functions (PDFs) of the void fraction signals from ECT are found to be related with flow patterns and can be used to quantitatively identify flow regimes. The ECT data may therefore be utilized for monitoring the flow patterns in a horizontal tube employed for pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal.     

水平管内油水两相流流型转换特性

以高黏度的油和水为工质,在内径为25.7 mm,长52 m的水平不锈钢油水两相流实验环道内对油水两相流流型及其转换特性进行了实验研究.根据实验结果定义了不同流动条件下出现的流型,绘制了流型图.对影响油水两相管流流型转换的各种因素进行了综合分析,利用量纲分析的方法得出了流型转换的准则关系式,并提出了一个较为准确的有关油水两相管流中反相临界含水率的计算相关式.