回用水系统实际运行中出现的问题及其对策

针对郑州市五龙口污水处理厂回用水系统实际运行过程中存在的加药装置堵塞、沉淀池浮泥较多、反冲洗水泵容易进气、表面扫洗作用失效、漂浮物富集、藻类大量繁殖等问题,分析了其各自产生的原因,并提出了相应的对策.通过简化投药方式、连续排泥、堵塞连通孔、抬高表面扫洗管嘴、排出浮渣、调整消毒剂量等措施使问题得到了有效的解决.     

高效纤维束滤池用于污水深度处理并回用

在唐山市丰南区污水厂深度处理的回用工程中,采用以高效纤维束滤池为主体的处理工艺处理污水厂二级出水,出水水质达到了<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)的一级A标准,回用作钢厂循环冷却水和厂区、市政杂用水,创造了良好的经济效益及环境效益.     

城市污水再生回用的生态毒理问题

介绍和分析了国内外城市污水再生回用的方向、污水厂出水中可能含有的有害物质及其可能造成的生态危害，提出了减少城市污水再生回用生态风险的方法。     

移动床生物膜反应器处理高温聚氯乙烯母液废水

采用工业化规模的移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理高温聚氯乙烯(PVC)母液废水,试验结果表明,在反应器进水温度为44～55℃、设计流量为80m3/h、水力停留时间为32h、气水比为(10～15):1的条件下,处理后出水COD≤30mg/L,NH4 -N≤5mg/L,浊度≤10 NTU.对反应器进行了1年的考察发现,反应器运行稳定,抗冲击负荷能力强,且温度对COD处理效果的影响不明显.     

城市污水的深度处理和综合利用

为了改变临淄城区水环境不断恶化及缓解水资源匮乏的状况,根据当地的发展规划和排水管网的现状,在对城市污水进行截流处理的同时,对旧河道进行了整治,分三段依次建成渗滤型湿地、平流型湿地和人工湖,将城市污水经深度处理后引入湿地和人工湖进行生态处理,其中部分水通过垂直渗漏过滤补充了地下水源,同时大面积水面的存在也极大地改善了周围的生态环境,起到了变废为宝和综合治理的效果。     

一体式膜——生物反应器处理洗浴污水

采用规模为 10m3/d的一体式膜—生物反应器对洗浴污水的处理进行了中试研究 ,整个系统在没有进行任何化学清洗的条件下连续运行了 2 16d。试验结果表明 :出水稳定 ,水质良好 (COD <4 0mg/L、NH3-N <0 .5mg/L、LAS <0 .2mg/L ,且无色无味、无SS) ,符合建设部颁布的生活杂用水回用水质标准。在一体式膜—生物反应器中 ,活性污泥对污染物的去除起主要作用 ,而膜分离对维持稳定的系统出水起重要作用。整个系统具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力 ,容积负荷为0 .50～ 1.85kgCOD/ (m3·d) ,污泥负荷为 0 .33～ 2 .0 2kgCOD/ (kgVSS·d)。膜外表面污泥层的沉积、凝胶层的增厚 (0～ 5μm之间 )和膜内表面微生物的滋生是膜污染的主要原因。     

浸没式膜—生物反应器处理市政废水试验研究

通过浸没式膜—生物反应器处理市政废水的小试试验,考察了系统的处理效果、污泥特性、膜污染特性及清洗效果,结果表明:SMBR的高效截留作用可弥补生物处理单元的不稳定性,相比CAS工艺对市政废水有更好的处理效果。     

Greywater reuse for irrigation: Effect on soil properties

A controlled study of the effect of greywater (GW) irrigation on soil properties was conducted. Containers of sand, loam and loess soils were planted with lettuce, and irrigated with fresh water, raw artificial GW or treated artificial GW. Greywater was treated using a recirculating vertical-flow constructed wetland. Soil samples were collected every 10 days for the 40-day duration of the study, and plant growth was measured. Soils were analysed for physicochemical and biological parameters to determine changes caused by the different treatments. It was demonstrated that raw artificial GW significantly increased the development of hydrophobicity in the sand and loam soils, as determined by water droplet penetration time. No significant changes were observed for the loess soil under all treatments. Observed hydrophobicity was correlated with increased oil and grease and surfactant concentrations in the soil. Zeta (ζ) potential of the soils was measured to determine changes in the soil particle surface properties as a result of GW irrigation. A significant change in ζ-potential (less negative) was observed in the raw artificial GW-irrigated sand, whereas no difference was observed in the loam or loess. Soils irrigated with fresh water or treated GW exhibited no increase in hydrophobicity. Fecal coliform bacteria were absent or < 10 CFU g^− 1 in soils irrigated with fresh water or treated GW, but at least 1 order of magnitude higher in raw artificial GW irrigated soils. Only in the last sampling event and only for the loess soil was plant growth significantly higher for fresh water irrigated vs. raw or treated GW irrigated soils. This study demonstrates that treated GW can be effectively irrigated without detrimental effects on soil or plant growth; however, raw GW may significantly change soil properties that can impact the movement of water in soil and the transport of contaminants in the vadose zone.     

生物接触氧化工艺用于分散型污水处理的中试

为解决珠江三角洲地区农村高速城市化带来的污水分散处理问题，采用软性填料的两段式生物接触氧化反应器进行了处理生活污水的中试研究。在设计流速下启动反应器，采用连续培养的方式进行挂膜，并在设计水力负荷和曝气强度下考察了反应器的除污性能，结果表明，两段式生物接触氧化反应器对SS、COD、TP、NH3-N和BOD5的平均去除率分别为92．5％、81％、25．7％、76．8％、90．3％，出水水质达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB／T18920-2002）的要求．可回用于浇洒绿地。     

O3/BAC工艺应用于城市污水深度处理

为使再生水适合不同用途,对经过混凝沉淀和砂滤处理的再生水进行了臭氧-生物活性炭的深度处理.在臭氧消耗量和反应时间分别为5 mg/L和10 min,BAC空床停留时间(EBCT)为10 min的条件下,臭氧-生物活性炭工艺对CODMn、DOC、UV254和色度平均去除率为32.4%、29.2%、48.6%和80.1%,出水CODMn、DOC、UV254和色度的平均值分别为3.3 mg/L、4.0mg/L、0.05 cm-1和2.0倍;臭氧生物活性炭工艺出水SDI《4,从而满足了反渗透系统的进水要求.     

生物氧化塔/过滤/RO工艺处理二级出水并回用

大连北海热电厂以某污水厂二级处理出水为水源,采用生物氧化塔/纤维束和砂滤二级过滤/RO组合工艺,建设了污水深度处理与回用工程(主要用作循环冷却水和锅炉补水处理系统的原水).运行结果表明,采用单膜法进行污水深度处理是可行的,具有处理效果好、运行稳定、工程投资省、运行费用低等优点.     

污水再生利用水质标准和处理工艺探讨

城镇污水处理厂处理出水具有水量、水质稳定可靠的特点,对其进行再生回用可以减少污染物的排放,缓解水资源紧缺.简述了我国污水再生利用的现状,从农田灌溉、城市杂用、工业用水、环境用水和地下水回灌等五方面介绍了我国城市污水再生利用的相关标准,分析了再生水处理的各种技术,并提出了实施污水再生利用的措施和建议.     

Wastewater for agriculture: A reuse-oriented planning model and its application in peri-urban China

The benefits of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) are widely known but its recommendations remain thinly implemented. Designing wastewater treatment plants for reuse in irrigation is a particularly underutilized IWRM opportunity that could potentially increase agricultural yields, conserve surface water, offset chemical fertilizer demand, and reduce the costs of wastewater treatment by eliminating nutrient removal processes. This paper presents a novel planning model, consisting of a reuse-centric performance assessment and optimization model to help design wastewater treatment plants for reuse in agriculture. The performance assessment and optimization model are described, and their coupled application is demonstrated in the peri-urban district of Pixian, China. Based on the results of the performance assessment, two reuse scenarios are evaluated: wastewater to supplement business as usual (BAU) irrigation, and wastewater to replace BAU irrigation. The results indicate that wastewater supplementation could increase profits by $20 million (M) annually; alternatively, wastewater replacement could conserve 35 Mm³ of water in local rivers each year.     

宾馆污水多目标回用与零排放处理工艺

采用微氧、好氧与富氧生物处理一体化集成工艺及后续气浮、过滤、活性炭吸附与UV消毒优化组合工艺处理宾馆污水。在进水COD为428mg／L、pH值为7．1、氨氮为22．8mg／L、总磷为5．9mg/L、SS为125mg／L、色度为120倍、LAS为1．46mg／L的条件下,处理系统气浮工艺的出水COD、pH、浊度和色度等各项水质指标均满足绿化用水要求,过滤工艺的出水水质指标满足洗车用水要求,活性炭X-艺的出水水质指标满足景观用水要求,从而实现了零排放与多目标回用。     

北京市分散式污水再生利用设施的现状

对北京市已投产的分散式污水再生利用设施的建设、运行及管理现状进行了调研分析.调研对象包括商业楼宇、高等院校、居住小区.结合工程实例分析了分散式污水再生利用设施在实际工程应用中面临的困难和问题,并对今后的设施建设提出了几点建议,以促进分散式污水再生利用设施在我国的环境保护和水资源可持续利用方面发挥应有的作用.     

天脊集团废水利用工程的建设

介绍了天脊集团废水利用工程概况，对水资源环境、工程控制范围进行了详细说明。经分析，工业废水处理后用于农业灌溉，提高了水的重复利用率，缓解了长治市资源紧张的现状。     

CMF/RO工艺的自动控制与运行

天津开发区污水处理厂地处盐碱区域，二级出水的含盐量较高，加上某些工业企业对中水的含盐量有一定的要求，故结合天津泰达新水源一厂的工艺和运行经验，详述了其连续流微滤(CMF)／反渗透(RO)工艺的特点、运行方式及控制参数。经过一年的连续运行，该系统出水水质良好且稳定。     

The potential for decentralized reclamation and reuse of household greywater in peri‐urban areas of Bangkok

A survey was conducted of 400 households in the peri‐urban area of Bangkok to investigate typical household water consumption, daily water use activities, public perception towards wastewater reuse and detergent consumption. Four categories of greywater, including cooking, dish washing, bathing and laundry washing wastewater, their properties and potential application for reuse were examined. Average water consumption was estimated to be 208 L/person/day. The wastewater was already reused in 42% of households, and that laundry wastewater was widely used for plant watering and floor washing. More than 80% of households accepted the use of treated greywater, while 50% of households did not accept the use of treated blackwater. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solid (SS) were high in cooking, dish washing and laundry, and lower in bathing wastewater, while anionic surfactant were high in laundry and dish washing wastewater. The finding results clearly demonstrate the possibility of greywater reclamation and reuse in the area.     

一体式MBR处理洗浴污水的长期运行效果

建立了规模为240 m3/d的一体式膜—生物反应器(SMBR)处理洗浴污水的示范工程,并进行了约450 d的跟踪监测。结果表明,当系统容积负荷为1.04~2.80 kgCOD/(m3.d)时,SMBR的出水水质稳定,且达到《城市杂用水水质标准》(GB/T 18920—2002)的要求。出水COD<35 mg/L、NH3-N<2.0 mg/L、LAS<0.3 mg/L,生物作用对上述3指标的去除率分别为46.9%~93.5%、68.1%~99.4%和94.5%~99.4%。膜的高效截留作用弥补了生物处理的不稳定性,强化了系统对COD的去除效果,但对NH3-N和LAS的进一步去除作用较小。膜表面的滤饼层和凝胶层是造成膜污染的主要因素,定期进行在线化学清洗可以有效恢复膜的过滤性能。