舞动的液滴:界面现象与过程调控

液滴动态行为的调控在包括微化工、相变传热、喷雾冷却、农药喷洒、微流控芯片等领域都具有广泛的应用。液滴润湿过程包含着复杂的固液界面现象,借助界面效应对液滴动态行为进行调控是液滴调控领域的热点方向。将围绕多尺度润湿、界面结构驱动的液滴动态行为等过程中的若干科学问题进行综述。首先介绍了多尺度表面润湿基本理论,讨论了核化过程、液滴多尺度润湿、液滴弹跳和液滴多向迁移过程及液滴撞击固体表面过程中的固液界面作用机理,并展现了液滴动态调控在相变传热、喷墨打印、农药喷洒和微流控等工业过程的调控作用、应用以及主要发展趋势和方向。     

微流控乳液模板法构建功能微颗粒过程中介尺度结构定向调控的研究进展

功能微颗粒材料因其微型化和多功能化等优点而在诸多领域具有广泛的应用。微流控技术可控制备的多样化乳液液滴体系为功能微颗粒材料的创新设计与可控制备提供了优良而独特的模板。深入研究乳液模板法构建功能微颗粒材料过程中介尺度结构的形成与演变规律，以及液滴界面介尺度结构与乳液动力学行为、界面传质与反应耦合对微颗粒介尺度结构的影响规律等，对于实现乳液模板结构调控与新型功能微颗粒材料创新制备具有重要意义。本文主要综述了微流控乳液模板法构建功能微颗粒过程中介尺度结构定向调控的研究进展，着重涵盖了两方面内容：（1）微流控法可控制备乳液模板的过程中，液滴界面两亲分子聚集态介尺度结构的调控与液滴运动、吞并、融合、相界面定向演变等动力学行为之间的相互影响关系和调控机制，以及上述调控对液滴形貌、结构和组成的影响规律；（2）乳液模板制备功能微颗粒的过程中，界面传质、反应，及两者耦合对微颗粒介尺度结构的定向调控，以期为新型功能微颗粒材料的高效制备与性能强化提供科学指导。     

液液微分散及其用于标准颗粒制备的研究进展

液液分散与液滴生成是化工生产最典型的多尺度动态过程之一，针对该类过程的精准控制是化工研究的难点与重点。近年来，伴随机械微加工与流体微量输运技术的快速兴起，基于微米尺度作用的微化工技术在液液分散与液滴生成的调控中展现出了显著优势，成为化工研究的前沿方向。本文针对近年来在微分散基本规律、微分散动态界面现象与微分散标准颗粒材料等领域的研究进展进行综述：围绕微分散基本规律，介绍了微尺度液滴破碎的主导作用力、液液微分散流型及微分散数值模拟方法；围绕微分散动态界面现象，分析了动态界面张力的变化规律及其影响因素；围绕微分散标准颗粒制备，简述了微分散颗粒制备的主流技术及其适用范围。同时，针对相关领域的发展方向进行了展望。     

CFD数值模拟技术在液滴微流控多相流特性研究的应用进展

高集成化的微流控系统具有界面面积大、传递距离短、混合速度快等优势,已被广泛应用于许多科学领域。然而,微通道内多相流间的相互作用及动力学行为受多方面的影响,仅依靠试验观测技术和理论预测方法难以全面了解多相流传质传热过程、获取流场特性参数、揭示多相流相互作用规律。当下CFD数值模拟技术的快速发展为预测和分析微流控通道内的多相流问题提供了更为直观、有效、准确的帮助。本文对数值模拟技术在液滴微流控多相流特性研究的应用进展进行全面综述,涵盖液滴微流控装置结构及演变、液滴微流控模拟方法及优化以及微通道内多相流作用过程及原理。     

微流控法构建微尺度相界面及制备新型功能材料研究进展

微流控技术由于具有优异的流体微尺度相界面调控能力,是实现微结构精确可控的新型功能材料的设计制备与性能调控的重要新兴手段。本文介绍了微流控技术可控构建稳定相界面结构的两大体系：一是具有封闭液-液相界面的乳液液滴体系;二是具有非封闭层状和环状液-液相界面的层流体系。回顾了利用微流控技术构建的这两类稳定相界面结构体系制备三大类功能材料的研究进展：一是利用乳液液滴体系制备微球微囊材料;二是利用层状层流体系制备微通道膜材料;三是利用环状层流体系制备超细纤维材料。指出微流控技术为实现功能材料的小尺度化、薄膜化、纤维化、多功能化、材料元件一体化等带来了新的机遇,提出应进一步深入系统地认识液-液相界面设计与调控以及功能材料合成过程的基本规律和机理。     

电场对液滴界面张力及动力学特征影响的研究进展

电场是改变液滴界面张力的重要因素,施加不同类型的电场对驱动微流体运动、变形、分裂及合并等行为起着至关重要的作用,该技术广泛用于微液滴操控、电子显示和原油脱水等领域,并具有潜在的应用前景。文中综述了电场作用下微液滴气-液、气-固与液-液交界面张力的变化,分析了与界面张力对微液滴运动学行为影响相关的实验现象及模拟成果;指出电场作用下气-液交界面处表面张力的变化趋势,因实验及模拟方法不同目前仍存在较大争议;探讨了直流电和交流电对电润湿过程液滴铺展的不同影响和液滴形态振荡特征;分析了直流电、交流电及电脉冲对电破乳过程中液滴运动行为的重要作用。总结了电场对液滴界面张力影响研究中存在的问题,并提出了值得进一步深入研究的可能方向。     

液滴流微反应器的基础研究及其应用

综述了近些年来快速发展的液滴微流控技术, 回顾了微流控系统中液滴的基本行为, 如液滴的生成、运动、聚并和分裂等研究进展, 重点探讨微液滴作为反应器其内部的流动、传质和反应过程, 以及液滴流微反应器已有的和潜在的重要应用价值。通过精确调控液滴在微尺度上的行为(产生、聚并与分裂、内部的混合与反应等), 使单个液滴成为新型受限空间内的微型间歇反应器, 而微通道内的液滴流进而形成了若干间歇反应器构成的连续流反应器新型式。除了微流控技术普遍具有的微小尺寸效应带来传质传热强化、易于放大等优势外, 液滴流微反应器还具有诸如避免试剂交叉污染、液滴内部可控混合、易于独立调控、便于高通量筛选或者制备等独特特点, 使得其在功能材料制备、化学合成以及生物化工方面有着广泛的应用。     

双液滴碰撞行为及调控机制的研究进展

双液滴碰撞行为广泛存在于雨滴形成、燃油喷雾、喷雾冷却、喷墨印刷、农药喷洒等自然现象与工业应用过程中,其碰撞结果会受到液滴参数及气相环境等因素的综合影响,研究双液滴的碰撞行为规律及调控机制一直是该领域的热点。结合目前双液滴碰撞的实验进展和数值模型,将围绕着碰撞行为的主控因素与调控机制展开综述,具体介绍了碰撞参数、液滴理化性质、气相环境等因素对液滴碰撞行为的影响规律与调控结果,并展望了液滴碰撞理论及应用的发展趋势和方向。     

液滴微流控的集成化放大方法研究进展

相比于传统乳化方法,液滴微流控技术可以在微通道内可控制备单分散液滴模板用于合成各种功能微球,被广泛应用于生物、医疗、制药、环境等领域。由于单个液滴制备微流控单元的产量低,液滴微流控的集成化放大成为了液滴微流控技术面向工业应用的技术难点。本文综述了近年来液滴微流控集成化放大方法的研究进展,重点介绍了不同类型液滴制备微流控单元集成化放大的研究进展,包括基于剪切力形成液滴、基于界面张力形成液滴和基于被动分裂形成液滴的液滴制备微流控单元的集成化放大方法。     

气液相变换热过程中界面腐蚀的基础研究进展

由于两相之间会不断转换,相变换热被称为复杂的传热传质过程,其过程中会引起相变腐蚀,如冷凝液滴腐蚀、气泡腐蚀以及多相流流动腐蚀等。目前对于气液相变腐蚀的研究集中在对腐蚀产物的表征、分析,忽略了相变过程中由于能量传递引起的界面变化对腐蚀的影响。本文从相变腐蚀机理、腐蚀防护两方面出发,系统地总结管道内外冷凝液滴腐蚀、气泡腐蚀与多相流流动腐蚀等气液相变腐蚀领域的研究进展,并对其中存在的问题进行总结,同时归纳了用于研究相变腐蚀过程的腐蚀预测模型,分析其应用场合以及各种模型的优势与不足,以期为研究气液相变腐蚀监测与控制的学者提供参考,并指出气液相变换热过程中的气液两相界面腐蚀问题是未来相变腐蚀研究的重要方向。     

汽-液-液三相垂直管内充分发展流传热性能

研究了垂直管内连续相水和分散相戊烷泡滴之间的流动和传热性能 .在全面考虑了汽体的膨胀、水蒸气的蒸发、界面张力的作用、汽液两相的相互作用和滑移、泡滴的破碎等影响因素的基础上 ,建立了与实验结果吻合较好的一维流体力学模型和传热模型     

CFD modelling of liquid–liquid multiphase microstructured reactor: Slug flow generation

Microreactor technology, an important method of process intensification, offers numerous potential benefits for the process industries. Fluid–fluid reactions with mass transfer limitations have already been advantageously carried out in small-scale geometries. In liquid–liquid microstructured reactors (MSR), alternating uniform slugs of the two-phase reaction mixture exhibit well-defined interfacial mass transfer areas and flow patterns. The improved control of highly exothermic and hazardous reactions is also of technical relevance for large-scale production reactors. Two basic mass transfer mechanisms arise: convection within the individual liquid slugs and diffusion between adjacent slugs. The slug size in liquid–liquid MSR defines the interfacial area available for mass transfer and thus the performance of the reactor. There are two possibilities in a slug flow MSR depending on the interaction of the liquids with the solid wall material: a dispersed phase flow in the form of an enclosed slug in the continuous phase (with film—complete wetting of the continuous phase) and an alternate flow of two liquids (without film—partial wetting of the continuous phase). In the present work, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology is developed to simulate the slug flow in the MSR for both types of flow systems. The results were validated with the experimental results of Tice et al. (J.D. Tice, A.D. Lyon and R.F. Ismagilov, Effects of viscosity on droplet formation and mixing in microfluidic channels, Analytica Chimica Acta507 (1) (2004), pp. 73–77.).     

Effect of transfer on droplet size in liquid-liquid dispersions

Mean droplet diameter of the dispersed phase in pulsed plate extraction columns was measured for binary and ternary systems. A change in the droplet size in the presence of solute, dependent on such factors as the direction of mass transfer, droplet size in the binary system, radio of diffusion coefficients, viscosity of the continuous phase, interfacial tension and driving force for extraction was observed. Two new empirical correlations of mean droplet sizes in mass transfer conditions are proposed. These correlations have been successfully applied to other extraction columns.     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

微通道内卫星液滴生成机理与惯性分离机制

由于非线性动态特征,液液界面破裂过程常伴随卫星液滴的产生,对基于液滴的微流体技术生产液滴的均一性和精准化目标提出了挑战。阐释了微流体界面失稳的复杂动力学特征,剖析了界面失稳的影响因素,并分析了伴随界面失稳而产生的卫星液滴的现象与原理。结合惯性微流体新概念,总结了卫星液滴的惯性分离机制。展望了卫星液滴生成-惯性微流体分离一体化及其并行化数目放大的构想。相关工作的开展,有利于实现微流体技术生产单分散性液滴的精准化目标,为微流体与复杂流体相关的界面动力学行为与调控夯实基础。     

振动诱导微结构粗糙表面水滴Wenzel-Cassie状态转变特性

以聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）基底采用光刻蚀技术制备了微方柱结构粗糙表面。采用高速摄影对液滴在垂直振动作用下的动态浸润状态进行了图像采集。通过对水滴振动过程中的动态浸润特性分析,研究了粗糙表面水滴的Wenzel-Cassie浸润状态转变特征。结果表明,对于一定尺寸的Wenzel状态水滴,只有当施加的振动能量超过某一阈值时,微方柱粗糙表面Wenzel状态液滴才可以发生向Cassie状态的完全转变,且存在发生Wenzel-Cassie浸润转变的阈值范围;此外,当外加振动频率和液滴固有频率一致时,即在共振频率时,液滴发生Wenzel-Cassie状态转变需要的能量最小。外加振动频率偏离液滴固有频率越远,发生Wenzel-Cassie状态转变需要的能量最大。基于表面化学和振动力学理论,建立了液滴发生Wenzel-Cassie转变时的物理模型。     

Study of dynamic multi-dimensional temperature and concentration distributions in liquid-sprayed fluidized beds

A physically based model was developed for heat and mass transfer processes in liquid-sprayed fluidized beds. Such fluidized beds are used for granulation, coating and agglomeration. The complex correlations of a number of microprocesses, spraying, wetting, drop deposition, heat transfer, drying and mass transfer were studied, and transient three-dimensional distributions of air humidity, air temperature, particle wetting efficiency, liquid film temperature, particle temperature, local liquid loading and local evaporation rate were calculated. For the evaluation of the model, the stationary spatial air temperature distributions were measured at a fluidized bed pilot plant of the institute. The fluidized bed of monodisperse wood- or glass beads was sprayed with clear water. Conclusions are drawn on the relevance of particle dispersion, spraying and drying to simulating temperature and concentrations distributions.     

Effects of oil phase viscosity on interfacial tension behaviour of oil/alkaline systems as measured by the spinning drop tensiometer

This note examines the effects of oil phase viscosity on the interfacial tension of reacting systems (acidic crude oils in contact with alkaline solutions) as measured by the Spinning Drop Tensiometer. Surfactants are produced by chemical reactions at the interface, thereby causing the shape of the oil droplet in the tensiometer to change continuously. The rates of droplet elongation/contraction are necessarily influenced by the oil phase viscosity, thereby affecting directly the measured interfacial tension. The principal conclusion of this work is that although oil phase viscosity exerts a significant effect on the dynamic interfacial tension after attainment of the minimum value, it makes for only a small absolute change in the magnitude of the minimum interfacial tension itself.