活化气氛对CO_2加氢制取低碳烯烃Fe-K催化剂构-效关系

CO_2加氢直接制取低碳烯烃是实现其资源化利用的重要途径。通过热分解法制备了5种不同K含量(1%、3%、5%、7%、9%)的Fe-K催化剂用于CO_2加氢反应,结果表明Fe95-K5(95%Fe-5%K,质量分数)催化剂具有最优的活性及C2~C4烯烃选择性;随后对Fe95-K5催化剂进行了10%H2/Ar、10%CO/Ar及5%CO/5%H2/Ar3种不同气氛活化处理以及CO_2加氢反应。结果发现,10%CO/Ar活化的催化剂具有最高的C2~C4烯烃选择性(38.1%)及链增长能力(α=0.644)。此外,还通过X射线衍射、Raman、程序升温等表征技术揭示了催化剂在不同活化气氛下的结构演变历程。研究发现,10%CO/Ar与5%CO/5%H2/Ar活化的催化剂会生成γ1型碳化铁结构,而10%H2/Ar活化的催化剂则会在反应过程中生成γ2型碳化铁结构,两种碳化铁结构对CO_2解离均有促进作用。     

载体对铁基催化剂结构及CO2加氢制烯烃反应性能的影响特性

铁基催化剂CO₂加氢直接合成烯烃是实现CO₂减排及CO₂转化与利用的最佳途径之一。目前铁基催化剂的CO₂加氢活性及反应过程中铁基催化剂结构强度仍然较低,成为CO₂加氢制烯烃产业化生产的重要挑战。通过浸渍法制备一系列负载型铁基催化剂,研究载体材料性质对铁基催化剂结构及CO₂加氢直接合成烯烃的影响特性。研究发现,载体可诱导铁基催化剂在CO₂加氢反应过程中形成的铁物种,同时影响铁基催化剂表面碳物种的有序度,调变对CO₂吸附及活化能力;研究结果表明ZrO₂负载的Fe催化剂展现出最佳的CO₂加氢合成烯烃催化性能,在温度320℃和反应压力2.0 MPa时,CO₂转化率>30%,C₂~C₇烃类产物中烯烃选择性高达85%以上,烯烷比为8.2,且CO选择性较低为17.1%。     

焦炉煤气常量含碳气氛对加氢脱硫催化剂活性、选择性和积炭的影响

利用微型固定床反应装置对工业Fe-Mo预加氢脱硫催化剂进行加氢脱硫(HDS)评价，研究焦炉煤气中不同常量含碳原料组分(CH₄、C₂H₄、C₂H₆、CO、CO₂)对催化剂加氢活性、选择性以及积炭的影响，并采用红外碳硫分析仪、N₂吸附-脱附、Raman以及TPRS-MS对催化剂进行表征。结果表明：在N₂气氛下，COS、CS₂和C₄H₄S加氢转化由易到难顺序为：COS>CS₂>C₄H₄S，但COS加氢转化受含碳气氛影响最明显，致使焦炉煤气加氢脱硫中COS难以完全脱除；不同气氛对硫化物加氢选择性都会产生影响，其中C₂H₄气氛对选择性影响最明显，而对H₂S收率影响最明显的是CO₂和CO；不同含碳...     

Al、K和Ca助剂对FeSi催化剂的CO2加氢反应性能影响

对于CO₂合成烃,采用SiO₂作Fe基催化剂强度增强剂,利用Al、K和Ca促进催化剂的CO₂加氢反应性能。Al可以增加Fe基催化剂的强酸性位,提高C₅⁺烃选择性,K能增加Fe基催化剂表面碱性,增强CO₂吸附和加氢反应,Ca助剂可以提高Fe基催化剂碱性,采用共沉淀法制备FeSi催化剂母体,利用浸渍法添加Al、K和Ca助剂,考察Al、K和Ca助剂对FeSi 催化剂的CO₂加氢性能影响。结果表明,3种助剂被单独添加时,均引起催化剂比表面积减小和CO₂转化率降低,Ca助剂具有扩孔作用;同时添加3种助剂时,每种助剂的含量变化均引起催化剂性能改变,Al、K和Ca助剂添加质量分数分别为7%、5%和0.25%时,催化剂合成烃的性能较佳,通过配合调整Al和K的添加量,可以进一步提高催化剂的CO₂加氢性能。在提高烃收率方面,Ca的促进作用优于K。     

碱金属和稀土金属对CuFe8-LDO催化剂的CO2加氢反应性能的影响

研究了碱金属元素Na、K和稀土金属元素La、Ce、Y对铜铁层状双金属氧化物催化剂(CuFe₈-LDO)的CO₂加氢反应性能影响,采用XRD、SEM-EDS、低温N₂吸附-脱附、H₂-TPR、CO₂-TPD等方法表征了催化剂的结构和物化性质,在此基础上结合其CO₂加氢反应性能,研究了构效关系。实验结果表明,碱金属元素Na、K改性能够促进催化剂的还原,改变其对CO₂的吸附强度,从而提高了CO₂加氢反应活性。其中,Na/CuFe₈-LDO催化剂更有利于C₅₊烃类的生成,K/CuFe₈-LDO催化剂更有利于C₂～C₄烃类的生成。稀土金属元素La、Ce、Y的加入不利于提高催化剂的C₂₊烃类选择性,Y/CuFe₈-LDO催化剂的CO₂加氢反应活性略有增...     

CO/CO2加氢高选择性合成化学品和液体燃料

一氧化碳/二氧化碳（CO/CO₂）转化利用是碳一化学与CO₂捕集利用中的重要环节,也是当今碳资源的非石油路线利用最具挑战性的方向之一。CO₂的高效活化与定向转化是CO₂利用过程中的关键问题,而CO加氢转化最大的瓶颈问题为如何有效控制C-O键的活化、C—C键的形成、碳链增长及终止。本文主要综述 CO/CO₂加氢高选择性合成重要化工原料低碳烯烃（C₂ ⁼～C₄ ⁼）以及一步高效合成汽油馏分（C₅～C₁₁）等方面取得的突破性进展。目前,CO/CO₂加氢主要经过费托合成与氧化物/分子筛双功能两条路线合成低碳烯烃与汽油燃料。针对费托合成C₂ ⁼～C₄ ⁼,分析表明棱柱状碳化钴得到的烃类产物分布可以显著突破Anderson-Schulz-Flory（ASF）分布的限制,而分子筛已被广泛用于构建双功能费托催化剂,由于酸性分子筛具有加氢裂化、低聚与异构化等功能,使得CO/CO₂还可以直接高选择性地转化为C₅～C₁₁烃类。另一方面,将可以活化CO或CO₂到甲醇的可还原型氧化物与具有C—C偶联功能的SAPO-34或HZSM-5分子筛进行耦合,也可以实现CO/CO₂加氢一步合成低碳烯烃或汽油且具有非常优异的选择性和高转化率。今后,借鉴纳米合成领域新方法,使产物分布打破经典ASF限制,最大限度地提高目标烃类化合物的选择性并显著减少甲烷的生成是研究关键。     

Fe/γ-Al2O3催化剂上CO同时还原NO和SO2研究

研究了不同载体(γ-Al₂O₃、HZSM-5、TiO₂、SiO₂和MgO)负载Fe催化剂上CO还原NO反应及CO同时还原NO和SO₂反应。结果表明,Fe/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对CO与NO反应具有良好的催化活性,但随着反应时间的延长,催化剂很快失活;在CO和NO反应中加入SO₂,可以明显改善Fe/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对CO还原NO反应的活性稳定性;O₂和H₂O对催化剂活性的影响较大,CO₂对催化剂的影响较小。XRD结果表明,FeS₂是催化剂的活性中心,在CO与NO反应后,FeS₂转变为催化惰性的Fe₇S₈而导致催化剂活性下降;在CO与NO及SO₂反应体系中引入O₂后,Fe/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上的活性组分FeS2被氧化为Fe₂O₃,导致催化剂失活。     

高浓度CO原料气脱H2催化剂H-846D的开发及研究

煤制乙二醇是以煤气化制取合成气（CO+H₂）,CO催化偶联合成草酸酯,再加氢合成乙二醇,需将CO中所含H₂净化脱除至小于100×10^-6。选择性氧化法贵金属催化剂存在含量高、抗CO、CO₂和H₂O中毒能力较差导致活性不稳定等缺点。以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,采用浸渍工艺制备一种高浓度CO原料气脱H₂催化剂H-846D,该催化剂通过贵金属Pd和多种非贵金属氧化物助剂的协同催化作用,适于高浓度CO原料气高效抗毒脱H₂。考察Pd含量、空速、压力和载体对催化剂性能的影响,结果表明,在压力0.5 MPa、空速1 600 h^-1和温度182 ℃条件下,通入含体积分数0.5%H₂、0.5%O₂和0.5%CO₂的CO原料气,可将高浓度CO气氛中的H₂选择性氧化脱除至小于100×10^-6,该催化剂贵金属用量较少。1 070 h的寿命试验结果表明,该催化剂活性好,脱除精度高,性能稳定,应用前景广阔。     

CuZnTiO2/SAPO-34双功能催化剂的设计、制备及其用于CO2加氢制烯烃性能

CO₂加氢经甲醇（含氧中间体）制低碳烯烃工艺路线,可实现成醇、脱水两步反应串联协同进行,打破费托合成产物Anderson-Schulz-Flory（ASF）分布限制,高选择性地制取低碳烯烃。传统甲醇合成Cu基催化剂加氢能力较强,在两步反应中产物以CH₄、低碳烷烃为主。实验设计、制备了CuZnTiO₂/(Zn-)SAPO-34复合催化剂,实现了CO₂加氢在Cu基复合催化剂上高选择性合成C₂～C₄烯烃（约60%）。研究表明,两步反应过程中甲醇体积分数较低（＜6%）,且高温下逆水煤气变换反应严重,导致催化剂酸性变化对产物分布的影响较大。调变两类活性位点比例发现,CH₄的产生与串联反应存在竞争关系,SAPO-34酸量的增加抑制了CH₄的生成,促进串联反应正向进行;合适的酸性有助于生成C₂～C₄烯烃。控制成醇、脱水两类活性位点接触距离可调变烯烃的二次反应,降低加氢能力,改善产物分布。     

MnOx助剂对Fe/SiO2催化剂费-托合成制低碳烯烃动力学的影响

探讨了MnO_x助剂对Fe/SiO₂催化剂经由费-托反应(Fischer-Tropsch)制备低碳烯烃(FTO)的影响。通过浸渍法制备了Fe₂₀/SiO₂和Fe₂₀-Mn_1.0/SiO₂催化剂,结果表明MnO_x助剂显著提升了CO转化率和C₂～C₄烯烃的时空收率。程序升温吸附实验表明MnO_x助剂增加了Fe基催化剂表面碱性,促进了CO的解离吸附。运用幂指数模型,研究了Fe₂₀/SiO₂和Fe₂₀-Mn_1.0/SiO₂催化剂上FTO反应动力学,得到了各产物生成活化能与H₂/CO反应级数。最后,结合动力学研究与程序升温表征结果,对Fe基催化剂FTO反应机理,尤其是MnO_x助剂提高Fe₂₀/SiO₂催化剂上低碳烯烃选择性的作用进行了讨论。     

蛇纹石与绿矾耦合提取富镁溶液矿化二氧化碳并回收镍

蛇纹石与绿矾耦合提取镁用于矿化二氧化碳,并富集回收蛇纹石中的镍,这为处理蛇纹石和绿矾提供了一条新的路径。为得到富镁溶液,同时从溶液中分离镍,以蛇纹石与绿矾混合焙烧-浸出后得到的溶液为研究对象,采用水解沉淀法除铁,二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)络合法分离镍镁,得到镍的产物和富镁溶液并将其用于二氧化碳矿化。结果表明,该方法能够高效地去除杂质、分离镍镁。在30℃、p H为5.0条件下,铁的去除率达97.36%,而镍、镁的损失率较低。在最佳络合条件下,镍的络合率达到99.50%,而镁的损失率仅为3.03%。此外,对络合机理进行了研究,DDTC中的特征官能团是—SH,络合之后镍和铁分别以Ni[(C₂H₅)₂NCS₂]₂,Fe[(C₂H₅)₂NCS₂]₃的形式存在,而镁不会被络合。富镁溶液在80℃下矿化率达92.63%。每1 000 kg蛇纹石可固定227.38 kg的二氧化碳...     

Effects of identities of supports on Fe-based catalyst and their consequences on activities of CO2 hydrogenation to olefins

The direct synthesis of olefins by CO₂ hydrogenation with iron-based catalysts is one of the best ways to achieve CO₂ emission reduction and CO₂ conversion and utilization. At present, the CO₂ hydrogenation activity and structural strength of the iron-based catalysts are still relatively low during CO₂ hydrogenation process, which has become an important challenge for the industrialization of CO₂ hydrogenation to olefins. In this work, a series of the supported iron-based catalyst was prepared by the impregnation method to study the influence of the properties of support materials on the structure of iron-based catalysts and the reactivities of the direct synthesis of olefins from CO₂ hydrogenation. This work found that the support induced the iron species formed during the process of CO₂ hydrogenation, simultaneously affected the order degree of carbon species on the surface of iron-based catalyst, and tuned the capability of CO₂ adsorption and the activities of CO₂ activation. The results shown that the Fe-based catalyst supported on ZrO₂ exhibited the best catalytic performance for CO₂ hydrogenation to olefins at 320℃ and 2.0 MPa. The CO₂ conversion (>30%) and the selectivity of olefins in C₂—C₇ hydrocarbon products were as high as over 85%, the ratio of olefins to paraffins was 8.2, and the CO selectivity was 17.1%.     

Light olefin production by catalytic co-cracking of Fischer–Tropsch distillate with methanol and the reaction kinetics investigation

Catalytic co-cracking of Fischer–Tropsch(FT) light distillate and methanol combines highly endothermic olefin cracking reaction with exothermic methanol conversion over ZSM-5 catalyst to produce light olefins through a nearly thermoneutral process. The kinetic behavior of co-cracking reactions was investigated by different feed conditions: methanol feed only, olefin feed only and co-feed of methanol with olefins or F–T distillate. The results showed that methanol converted to C_2–C_6 olefins in first-order parallel reaction at low space time, methylation and oligomerization–cracking prevailed for the co-feed of methanol and C_2–C_5 olefins, while for C_6–C_8 olefins,monomolecular cracking was the dominant reaction whether fed alone or co-fed with methanol. For FT distillate and methanol co-feed, alkanes were almost un-reactive, C_3–C_5 olefins were obtained as main products, accounting for 71 wt% for all products. A comprehensive co-cracking reaction scheme was proposed and the model parameters were estimated by the nonlinear least square method. It was verified by experimental data that the kinetic model was reliable to predict major product distribution for co-cracking of FT distillate with methanol and could be used for further reactor development and process design.     

不同CO2浓度下负直流电场对C3H8/O2/Ar/CO2预混火焰的影响规律

为了揭示电场对火焰效应与火焰传播速率的关系,在定容燃烧弹上研究了常温常压下、负直流电场（U=0、-5、-10 kV）对当量燃空比f为1.0的C₃H₈/O₂/Ar/CO₂预混火焰影响规律随混合气中CO₂掺混浓度（混合气中CO₂体积分数分别为0、10%、15%、20%）的变化关系。实验结果表明：给定加载电压,随着CO₂掺混浓度的增大,C₃H₈/O₂/Ar/CO₂预混火焰传播速率降低,规范化火焰变形率与平均火焰传播速率变化率均增大。当U=-10 kV时,CO₂掺混浓度为0、10%、15%、20%时对应的平均火焰变形率分别为1.01、1.31、1.80、3.12,平均火焰传播速度变化率分别为10.87%、17.87%、19.16%和34.63%。研究结果表明负直流电场对C₃H₈/O₂/Ar/CO₂火焰传播的促进效应随着火焰传播速率的降低而显著增强。     

磷化钨催化剂C5石油树脂加氢性能探索

采用共浸渍和氢气程序升温还原法, 以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,制备负载W质量分数30%（以WO₃计）的磷化钨催化剂,对催化剂进行XRD、BET、SEM和TG/DTA表征,考察催化剂的C₅石油树脂加氢反应性能,并研究助剂Ni和Co对催化剂结构和加氢反应活性的影响。结果表明,助剂的加入能改善催化剂表面活性组分的分散性和增加WP/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的比表面积,对WP/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂活性组分与载体之间的相互作用也可能存在影响,Co或Ni对磷化钨催化剂C₅石油树脂加氢反应均有不同程度的改善作用。     

Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide over copper-pyrochlore/zeolite composite catalysts

The hydrogenation of CO₂ was studied over composite catalysts obtained by mixing Cu-based methanol synthesis catalyst and HY zeolite. A mechanism associating methanol synthesis and MTG (methanol to gasoline) reaction allowed the formation of C₁-C₄ hydrocarbons. It was found that the catalytic behaviors of the composite catalysts were favorably influenced by the characteristics of the methanol synthesis catalysts. The Cu-La₂Zr₂O₇ catalyst we recently developed associated with HY zeolite exhibited interesting performances in hydrocarbon synthesis. The addition of ZrO₂ to Cu---La₂Zr₂O₇/HY enhanced the ability to produce hydrocarbons. Comparing composite catalyst systems prepared with different Cu-based methanol synthesis catalysts, the effect of Na contamination on methanol and hydrocarbon formation over composite catalysts were also discussed.     

Pd-Al2O3-BEA催化麻疯树油制航空煤油的工艺优化

制备了负载Pd为活性金属,Al2O3与分子筛BEA组合为载体的催化剂Pd-Al2O3-BEA,在高压反应釜中以其催化麻疯树油一步加氢制备航空煤油.在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计响应面法考察反应温度、压力、转速对麻疯树油中的脂肪酸的脱氧率和C8～ C16烃的选择性的影响,并得到优化工艺参...     

COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF THE GASOLINE OBTAINED FROM SYNGAS ON Cr2O3-ZnO/ZSM5 CATALYSTS

The kinetic equations for the formation of the lumps of the gasoline produced (C₅⁺ fraction), paraffins (C₅-C₈), xylenes (o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene) and aromatics (benzene, toluene, C₉-C₁₁) in the transformation of syngas on Cr₂O₃-ZnO/ZSM5 bifunctional catalyst have been established as a function of the concentration of both reactants (CO and H₂) and CO₂ byproduct. The effect of the operating conditions on the RON and on the molecular weight of the gasoline has been studied by experimentation in an integral fixed bed reactor in the range between 10 and 50atm and between 300 and 425°C. The octane index increases with Cr/Zn atomic ratio of the Cr₂O₃-ZnO metallic function, with Si/Al ratio of the HZSM5 zeolite, with space time and with the CO/H₂ molar ratio in the feed, in that order, whereas it passes through a maximum with pressure (at 20 atm) and with temperature (at 375°C). On the other hand, the molecular weight of the gasoline increases with the Cr/Zn atomic ratio, pressure, CO/H₂ molar ratio and space time, and decreases with the Si/Al ratio and temperature.