The rockbursts in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland

Coal mining realised in Upper Silesian Coal Basin is the main course of occurrence of bumps and rock-bumps. Geodynamical phenomena described as the rock-bumps occur in the area of GZW from the end of the 19th century. The mechanism of the rock-bumps phenomenon, due to the complexity, didn??t allow elaborating the completely effective method of its forecasting. However, increasing amount and the scale of rock-bumps, due to the development of mining, have extorted the scientific circles to perform works devoted to the elaborating newer and newer and better and better methods of the assessment of liability to rock-bumps, likewise methods of rock-bumps hazard assessment.     

Impact of mining on the groundwater chemistry in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)

The Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), 7500 sq.km area (including 5500 sq.km in Poland), is situated in the Variscian Upper Silesian intermountain depression. Coal-bearing Upper Carboniferous rocks occur beneath the permeable Mesozoic and Quarternary sediments in the NE part of the USCB and the impermeable Tertiary clay series in the southern and north—western parts. Studies on hydrogeochemical environment showed a normal vertical and horizontal hydrogeochemical zone in the full extent of the basin. This zone is characterized by changes in mineralization and chemical of waters along circulation routes. Strongly mineralized waters of isolated structures represent brines of the type Cl?Na and specially Cl?Na?Ca. A general trend of increased mineralization is noted along with depth of occurrence of water independently of age of the strata. The general regularity is disturbed by the phenomena of hydrochemical inversion mainly due to the mining activity. In the USCB coal deposits have began to be intensively exploited as early as the 18th century. The coal seams are exploited by the underground mining method, mainly by the longwall system, down to the average depth from 650 m to 1200 m. The steadily increasing mining depth and the opening of new mining levels increase the extent of drainage by mines and amounts as well as salinity of pumped out water. The total quantity of water pumped out of mines equals 724 m³/min. Area of decreased piezometric heads, because of the mine drainage, covers about 2000 sq.km. As the coal mine workings are carried out in different hydrochemical zones, the chemistry of the pumped mine waters vary significantly, with the mineralization of natural mine water ranging from 0.2 to 372.0 g/dm³. The artificial hydraulic interconnections created by mining activities and deep drainage cause changes in the natural hydrochemical regime of groundwater. The desalination effect caused by mining activity depends mainly on the depth and size of mining, duration of exploitation, drainage activity and geological conditions of the USCB. The present hydrochemical zone in the USCB determined by the mining impact is shown on the maps of groundwater mineralization at the depth of 500 and 750 m, as well as on the map of the depth of the occurrence of saline waters (35 g/dm³). There is a close correlation between mineralization of water in the Carboniferous within the coal fields and the type of overlying rocks as well as degree in which the rock mass is affected by mine workings. The maximum salinity of water was found in depressional structures under the cover of sealing. Tertiary rocks, host structure not covered by the Tertiary and affected by mine workings for over a hundred years are characterized by a marked desalination of waters to the depth of about 500 m.     

冲击危险采区防冲优化设计探讨

很多冲击地压事故发生的主要是由于开采设计不合理引起的,不合理的巷道布置及开采顺序将会形成高应力集中区,对后期的冲击地压防治及安全生产造成隐患;冲击危险区域煤炭的安全开采应从设计源头做起,最大限度降低或避免人为形成的高应力集中条件。本文针对东滩煤矿十四采区西部区域的安全开采问题进行了防冲优化设计,为采区后期的冲击防治工作打下了基础。     

冲击地压矿井智能化防冲控采技术的思考

针对深部冲击地压矿井智能化工作面防冲开采面临的技术难题,围绕冲击地压煤层安全、高效、智能化开采的目标,将新一代信息技术运用到矿井生产活动和防冲管理中,首次提出了智能化防冲控采的技术思想,其科学内涵与技术途径为:首先,通过数据传输平台快速采集区域煤岩冲击危险信息及全工作面设备、工况环境、人员定位等实时信息,建立冲击地压与...     

The Occurrence and Quality of Mine Water in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin,Poland

The mining of coal in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and the relatively recent closure of many of these mines during the past two to three decades has affected surface and underground water quality. Regulations in Poland are designed to protect active mining operations rather than water quality and water environment. Dewatering mechanisms in abandoned coal mines and characteristics of water pumped (quality, temperature) are discussed.     

深井矿山岩爆控制体系构建

随着矿山开采深度的增加,原岩应力水平大大提高,导致岩爆等灾害发生频率提高,矿山生产的安全性下降。以微震监测技术为中心构建深井采矿岩爆控制体系,可以提高有岩爆危险和／或危害矿山采矿的安全性。以微震监测系统为中心的岩爆控制体系主要包括：微震监测网络的建立、微震事件波形的处理、微震事件震源参数的量化、回采过程中微震震源参数变化的规律分析、危险区域的识别、危险震级的有效预测、采矿策略的调整和最佳策略的确定。     

基于粗糙集的可拓评判在岩爆预测中的应用

结合四川江边电站引水隧洞,根据国内外已有的多种岩爆判据,选取了多个评价指标,以粗糙集理论中的属性约简和条件属性权重计算为基础,建立该隧洞岩爆预测的可拓评价模型,得到了引水隧洞多个洞段的岩爆等级,并与这些洞段的实际岩爆发生情况进行对比分析。结果证明,该方法的评价结果与实际情况较为吻合,对后期施工有较好的指导作用。     

会泽铅锌矿深部开采岩爆影响因素分析

云南驰宏锌锗股份有限公司会泽铅锌矿是我国一个1000m深井矿山,该深井硬岩矿山开采的基本问题要素就是高地应力、构造发育.阐述了矿山的基本地质条件.通过现场调查,发现深部开采岩爆影响的主要因素是由于工程岩体性质和人工开挖引起应力重分布所致,描述了岩爆特征,总结了发生岩爆的基本规律,为建立微震监测系统提供了基本资料,同时为选择合理的采矿方法和岩爆控制技术措施提供了重要依据.     

采掘工作面发生冲击地压的尖点突变模型研究

根据煤层冲击地压的非稳定性问题,建立了煤层冲击地压的力学模型,采用非线性科学中的突变理论,对煤层变形失稳及冲击地压进行了突变理论分析,得出了煤层冲击地压发生的条件以及冲击地压发生时煤层变形的突跳量和所释放出来的能量表达式,其研究成果深化了对煤岩失稳和冲击地压发生机制的认识。     

Mechanical Properties of Carboniferous Rocks in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin under Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests

Many years' studies of geological properties or rocks from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin have resulted in acquisition of a substantial data base of mechanical parameters or rocks over the total strain range. It is found that the post-peak rock properties are closely related with the peak strength and the pre-peak properties. The relationship between the uniaxial ultimate strength, elastic modulus, and drop modulus are determined. __________ Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 2, pp. 44–48, March–April, 2005.     

重庆煤矿区生态补偿研究-以松藻矿区为例

本文以松藻矿区为研究区,根据松藻矿区生态环境破坏现状调查以及前人研究成果,构建适宜重庆松藻矿区的生态环境价值损失评价指标体系,在此基础上,利用1999-2008年十年期间环境监测、调查以及统计等数据,综合运用价值损失法和恢复成本法,核算出十年期间松藻矿区生态环境与居民累计价值损失值,并根据生态系统稳定性等原则,得出松藻矿区吨煤应提取的生态补偿量,为重庆煤矿区生态补偿制度建立提供科学依据。通过研究,本文认为：1999-2008年十年期间研究区累计造成的生态环境和居民损失共446784万元,折合吨煤损失118.36元/吨;松藻矿区吨煤应提取的生态环境经济补偿量为73.71元/吨,其中,生态环境补偿量为42.25元/吨,居民生产和生活补偿量为31.46元/吨。     

彬长矿区北部煤层赋存特征

以彬长矿区北部的雅店勘查区为例,论述了该区域煤层赋存特征,并对该区域开发前景进行了简要分析.     

华亭煤矿强矿压力学机制与防治对策

为从机理上认识和防治华亭煤矿强矿压,应用震源机制解答方法反演强矿压岩体破裂机制,结合现场地应力测量、微震监测、现场调查、采矿活动分析和理论分析等技术途径,验证震源机制解答方法的可靠性,分析强矿压成因,制定强矿压防治策略。研究得出如下认识：震源机制解答方法反演煤矿采动岩体破裂机制的应用效果较好;华亭煤矿强矿压频发的主要原因是水平应力强度高、最大主应力方向与巷道走向大角度相交、厚层砂岩大面积悬顶、底煤厚度大且冲击倾向性强;防治此类强矿压发生的主要途径是工作面设计应避开最大主应力方向与巷道走向大角度相交、先开采底板抗冲击性能较好的下分层、顶板预裂卸掉垂向采动应力和巷道钻孔、切槽断底。     

基于PCA-PNN原理的岩爆烈度分级预测方法

根据岩爆的影响因素、特点及成因,选取围岩最大切应力、单轴抗压强度、单轴抗拉强度、应力系数、脆性系数和弹性能量指数构成岩爆预测指标体系。搜集国内外46组典型岩爆案例数据,考虑到概率神经网络(PNN)中高斯函数要求各指标变量互不相关,采用主成分分析法(PCA)对原始数据预处理,消除指标间相关性并降维,得到线性无关的3个主成分即岩爆综合预测指标RCI_1,RCI_2,RCI_3,构成概率神经网络的输入向量。将岩爆烈度分级预测视为共有4种类别的模式分类问题,在满足均匀分布的前提下,选取[0.02,1.00]内的50个Spread值,观察模型预测正确率随Spread值的变化。经测试,Spread值为0.36时,预测结果首次同时达到最优,故创建平滑因子为0.36的概率神经网络。岩爆案例数据由主成分分析法处理后分为训练样本和测试样本,对训练后的PNN网络进行性能测试,两组数据预测正确率分别为100%,90%。将该结果与随机森林(RF)模型、支持向量机(SVM)模型、人工神经网络(ANN)模型进行比较,可知PCA-PNN模型的预测结果稍好于SVM模型、ANN模型,误判率与RF模型的训练样本平均误判率、测试样本平均误判率一致。此外PNN网络收敛速度快,通常在数秒内即可完成,表明基于PCA-PNN的岩爆烈度预测模型是合理可行的。     

白皎煤矿玄武岩岩爆破坏微观裂纹特征分析

为研究煤矿中发生岩爆灾害机理和破坏特征,从岩爆破坏产生的岩石碎屑中微观裂纹结构特征入手,分析在岩爆实验过程中岩石样品的极限应力状态与所产生的裂纹分形维数之间的关系。选取四川白皎煤矿岩爆高发区4个地点的8件玄武岩样品,进行两种加卸载方式的岩爆实验,得到不同加卸载条件下产生的玄武岩岩爆碎屑,利用电子扫描显微镜观察岩爆碎屑表面裂纹微观结构特征,拍摄适当比例的岩爆裂纹电镜扫描(SEM)图片。通过图片处理,提取岩爆碎屑SEM图片微观裂纹信息,计算岩爆微观裂纹分形维数,结果表明两种加卸载方式产生的岩爆碎屑微观裂纹分形维数值明显不同。分析岩爆破坏极限状态下最大主应力和第2主应力比值与岩爆裂纹分形维数之间的关系,得出相应的线性表达式,表明岩爆裂纹的分形维数与岩爆发生过程的应力转化过程关系密切。     

张双楼煤矿深部特厚煤层掘进防冲技术研究

张双楼煤矿74104带式输送机道掘进工作面采深位于-1 000 m以下,属深部开采。煤层厚11 m,跟顶掘进。该区域为中等冲击地压危险。通过钻屑法检测,煤粉量超过临界值,采用顶板深孔预裂爆破、大直径钻孔卸压、底板预卸压、煤层高低压注水等综合措施卸压。分析发现,三四角门处应力集中,遂采取二次补强卸压。综合措施实施后,检验效果合格。该综合防治措施对深部特厚煤层掘进冲击地压防治提供了借鉴。     

开滦煤炭深部开采冲击地压发生规律与监测技术研究

冲击地压是威胁煤矿安全生产的严重灾害之一,是由于煤层顶、底板所聚积的大量弹性能,因开采扰动而瞬间释放,从而造成严重破坏.开滦矿区煤系地层的顶、底板均由刚性相对较差的砂岩、泥岩组成,大多数矿井因开采历史较长而进入超过千米的深部开采阶段,地应力不断增大,高应力状态成为诱发冲击地压发生的关键因素.文章依据煤炭深部开采冲击地压...     

基于模糊数学法的阿舍勒铜矿深部岩体岩爆倾向性预测

在地应力测试和岩石力学参数试验的基础上,首先采用单指标评价法,如:岩石脆性系数法、能量冲击性指数法、岩石弹性能量指数法等,对阿舍勒铜矿深部岩体的岩爆倾向性和烈度大小进行了预测,发现采用不同的岩爆倾向评价方法,其结果会存在一定的离散性.基于单指标评价结果,采用模糊数学评判法,建立数学模型,对阿舍勒铜矿深部围岩体岩爆倾向性...     

Using the DRASTIC System to Assess the Vulnerability of Ground Water to Pollution in Mined Areas of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin

Abstract  An attempt was made to use the U.S. EPA DRASTIC ranking system to assess the vulnerability of ground water in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Analysis of the various system components indicate that several DRASTIC factors would have to be modified to consider the effects of mining, subsidence, and ground water rebound.     

焦坪矿区油气赋存规律研究

通过分析焦坪矿区勘探钻孔油气资料及现场揭露情况，总结了油气在纵向和横向的分布规律。文章对焦坪矿区生产有一定指导意义。