PET/SiO2复合材料的发泡温度窗口研究

为研究纳米二氧化硅(SiO₂)对聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)复合材料发泡温度窗口的影响规律，制备了不同SiO₂含量的PET复合材料，并以二氧化碳为发泡剂，利用釜压发泡制备了PET/SiO₂复合发泡材料。然后，利用扫描电子显微镜研究了在不同温度下制备的PET/SiO₂复合发泡材料的泡孔结构，并统计和计算出泡孔尺寸、泡孔密度和膨胀倍率，再结合泡孔结构和膨胀倍率，界定出不同SiO₂含量的PET复合材料发泡温度的上下限，并得出发泡温度窗口，还研究了PET/SiO₂复合发泡材料的光反射率。结果发现，SiO₂对PET复合材料具有显著的气泡异相成核作用，随着SiO₂添加量的增加，泡孔尺寸减小、泡孔密度增大、膨胀倍率先增大后减小；发泡温度上限先升高后降低、下限升高，使得发泡温度窗口先变宽后变窄，这与SiO₂的气泡异相成核作用、对膨胀倍率的调节作用及对基体黏弹性的影响密切相关。随着SiO₂     

微发泡PP/云母粉复合材料的发泡行为

采用化学发泡法,以异相成核理论为基础,研究不同含量云母粉对PP/云母粉复合材料发泡行为的影响,制备了微发泡PP/云母粉复合材料.结果表明:随云母粉含量的增加,泡孔平均直径逐渐减小,泡孔密度逐渐增加.云母粉质量含量为8%时,可得到泡孔直径22.1 μm左右、泡孔密度接近2.7×107的微发泡聚丙烯材料,可以作为聚丙烯发泡的良好发泡体系.     

从丝瓜络废料中提取纤维素纳米纤维及在聚乙烯醇超临界二氧化碳复合发泡材料中的应用

通过TEMPO氧化法从废弃丝瓜络中成功提取出纤维素纳米纤维(CNF),并通过超临界二氧化碳(scCO₂)发泡技术制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)/CNF复合发泡材料。对CNF在复合材料中的结晶性进行表征,探究了CNF含量对泡孔形貌的影响以及CNF含量对发泡材料收缩性能的影响。结果表明,CNF在发泡过程中可作为异相成核点,提高成核效率,减小了平均泡孔尺寸,增加了泡孔密度,同时减少了泡孔褶皱,降低了发泡材料的收缩率。当CNF含量为2%时,平均孔径从99.96μm下降至41.96μm,泡孔密度增加了大约一个数量级,收缩率从12.19%下降至5.02%。     

PBAT/木粉复合材料的微球发泡性能

采用熔融共混法制备了聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)/木粉复合材料,以微球发泡剂采用模压发泡法制备了PBAT/木粉复合发泡材料,并对PBAT/木粉复合材料的流变性能、结晶性能和发泡行为进行研究.结果表明,木粉含量的增加使PBAT/木粉复合材料的熔体弹性、黏度和结晶温度提高.制备的闭孔发泡材料的泡孔尺寸较均匀.木粉...     

成核剂对PP发泡行为和力学性能影响

采用化学发泡注射成型技术制备了发泡聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,研究了不同成核剂(NA)含量对其发泡行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明:NA的加入为泡孔成核提供了大量的成核位点,有效改善了发泡PP复合材料的泡孔结构、尺寸分布和泡孔密度;当NA质量分数为5‰时,发泡材料泡孔平均直径最小约125μm,泡孔密度最大约2.54×10~5个/cm~3,泡孔尺寸分布较好。另一方面,随着NA含量的增加,发泡PP复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量呈增加趋势。     

PLA/PBAT/PTFE原位成纤复合材料微孔发泡行为及性能

采用挤出共混和发泡注塑成型工艺制备了聚乳酸/聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯/聚四氟乙烯(PLA/PBAT/PTFE)微发泡原位成纤复合材料。研究了PTFE微纤对复合材料的流变性能、泡孔形态以及力学性能的影响,并对泡孔形态与力学性能之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,PTFE的引入使复合材料熔体的储能模量和复数黏度升高,发泡材料的泡孔尺寸下降、泡孔密度提高,泡孔形貌得到了改善。随着发泡效果的优化,材料的力学性能也得到了提高。     

PCL/PLA共混材料的结晶行为及对微发泡的影响

基于单因素实验分析方法,研究了工艺参数对聚己内酯(PCL)/聚乳酸(PLA)共混材料结晶行为的影响,并通过间歇微发泡实验,研究结晶对共混材料微发泡行为的影响。结果表明,PCL/PLA共混材料的结晶度和晶体尺寸随着结晶温度及结晶时间的增加而增加;在PCL/PLA共混物微发泡过程中,晶粒能够诱导泡孔成核,且泡孔的长大过程受到晶体的限制,使得微发泡泡孔数目增多,泡孔密度增大,泡孔尺寸更为均匀,改善了PCL/PLA共混物的发泡性能。     

微发泡聚丙烯复合材料发泡行为研究

以PP(聚丙烯)为基体材料,分别添加发泡剂母粒、发泡剂和助剂母粒及发泡剂、助剂、成核剂母粒,在二次开模条件下注塑制备微发泡PP复合材料,分析了发泡助剂及成核剂对微发泡复合材料发泡行为的影响规律。结果表明,添加发泡助剂以后,PP体系的发泡质量得到明显改善;助剂和成核剂同时添加,微发泡PP体系的发泡质量最好,泡孔平均直径为26.79μm,泡孔密度达到4.76×106个/cm3。     

发泡量对HIPS及其复合材料微发泡行为的影响

采用化学发泡法制备出高冲击强度聚苯乙烯(HIPS)微发泡材料及HIPS/纳米有机蒙脱土(nano-OMMT)复合微发泡材料。研究了发泡量对HIPS及其复合材料微发泡行为的影响。结果表明:随着发泡量的增加,发泡材料呈现欠发泡、均衡发泡、过发泡状态。发泡量取10%时,复合材料的发泡效果最好。nano-OMMT在发泡过程中起到成核剂的作用,促进泡孔成核,有效地改善了发泡质量。     

β成核剂对聚丙烯发泡材料的结晶行为和发泡性能的影响

在聚丙烯(PP)中加入β成核剂(TMB-5),以超临界二氧化碳(CO2)作为发泡剂,用高压发泡釜对其进行间歇发泡。研究β成核剂用量、饱和温度、饱和压力对β成核/PP发泡材料的结晶和发泡性能的影响。结果表明,β成核剂有效促进了β晶的形成,发泡材料中β晶相对含量最高可达到92.4%,但增大饱和压力却会抑制β晶产生。β成核剂同时起到异相成核作用,使泡孔成核更容易,制得的样品发泡性能较好。另外,饱和温度的升高会使PP熔体强度降低,导致泡孔的尺寸增大、密度减小;而随着饱和温度降低,饱和压力升高,气体在熔体中的溶解度增大,泡孔成核数量增多,使泡孔密度增大、泡孔尺寸减小。饱和压力为22 MPa时,泡孔密度可达2.72×108个/cm3。     

Preparation and properties of biocomposites composed of epoxidized soybean oil,tannic acid,and microfibrillated cellulose

As a new biobased epoxy resin system, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was cured with tannic acid (TA) under various conditions. When the curing conditions were optimized for the improvement of the thermal and mechanical properties, the most balanced properties were obtained when the system was cured at 210°C for 2 h at an epoxy/hydroxyl ratio of 1.0/1.4. The tensile strength and modulus and tan δ peak temperature measured by dynamic mechanical analysis for the ESO–TA cured under the optimized condition were 15.1 MPa, 458 MPa, and 58°C, respectively. Next, we prepared biocomposites of ESO, TA, and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) with MFC contents from 5 to 11 wt % by mixing an ethanol solution of ESO and TA with MFC and subsequently drying and curing the composites under the optimized conditions. The ESO–TA–MFC composites showed the highest tan δ peak temperature (61°C) and tensile strength (26.3 MPa) at an MFC content of 9 wt %. The tensile modulus of the composites increased with increasing MFC content and reached 1.33 GPa at an MFC content of 11 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that MFC was homogeneously distributed in the matrix for the composite with an MFC content of 9 wt %, whereas some aggregated MFC was observed in the composite with 11 wt % MFC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Effects of ionizing radiation in ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers and in composites containing microfibrillated cellulose

This study reports on the effect of gamma radiation on morphological, thermal, and water barrier properties of pure ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH29 and EVOH44) and its biocomposites with the nanofiller microfibrillated cellulose (2 wt %). Added microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) preserved the transparency of EVOH films but led to a decrease in water barrier properties. Gamma irradiation at low (30 kGy) and high doses (60 kGy) caused some irreversible changes in the phase morphology of EVOH29 and EVOH44 copolymers that could be associated to crosslinking and other chemical alterations. Additionally, the EVOH copolymers and the EVOH composites reduced the number of hygroscopic hydroxyl functionalities during the irradiation processing and novel carbonyl based chemistry was, in turn, detected. As a result of the above alterations, the water barrier properties of both neat materials and composites irradiated at low doses were notably enhanced, counteracting the detrimental effect on water barrier of adding MFC to the EVOH matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Influence of microfibrillated cellulose and soft biocomponent on the morphology and thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes

Composite materials from thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with biodegradable segments and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were developed as alternatives to traditional materials used in packaging or biomedical applications. Two TPUs were synthesized by the prepolymer method starting from different soft segments, poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(butylene adipate) (PUBA) or poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PUEO), and isophorone diisocyanate/aliphatic chain extender. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) confirmed the structure and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) along with scanning electron microscopy showed that the soft segments with different hydrophobicity led to a higher phase mixing in PUBA and improved microphase separation in PUEO. MFC was added in the TPUs with different soft segments to increase biocompatibility, strength, and degradation rate. A better thermal stability, a gradual increase of crystallinity and a better dispersion of MFC were noticed in PUEO composites compared to PUBA ones. The crystallinity increased with 78% and 50% in PUBA and PUEO composites with 5 wt% MFC compared to the neat polyurethanes showing the nucleating ability of MFC. In addition, the enhanced storage modulus, with 75% and 25% in PUEO and PUBA composites, highlighted the reinforcing efficiency of MFC. Therefore, the addition of MFC to the already synthesized TPUs allows tailoring the morphology and thermal properties of TPUs for industrial application.     

Preparation and characterization of Bioglass®-based scaffolds reinforced by poly-vinyl alcohol/microfibrillated cellulose composite coating

The present work deals with the preparation and mechanical characterization of Bioglass^®-based porous scaffolds reinforced by a composite coating constituted by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). Samples were produced by foam replication process, using a novel ethanol-based Bioglass^® slurry. The addition of PVA/MFC coating led to a 10 fold increase of compressive strength and a 20 fold increase of tensile strength in comparison with non-coated scaffolds. SEM observations of broken struts surfaces proved the reinforcing and toughening effect of the composite coating which were ascribed to crack bridging and fracture of cellulose fibrils. The mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated by tensile testing of PVA/MFC composite stripes. The stirring time of the PVA/MFC solution came out as a crucial parameter in order to achieve a more homogeneous dispersion of the fibers and therefore enhanced strength and stiffness.     

Morphological properties of impact fracture surfaces and essential work of fracture analysis of cellulose nanofibril‐filled polypropylene composites

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate crack initiation and propagation process in notched and unnotched Izod impact fracture surfaces of the cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)‐filled polypropylene (PP) composites compared with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)‐filled composites. CNF is in the form of short fibers 50–300 nm in diameter and 6–8 in aspect ratio, MFC is in the form of long fibrils 50–500 nm in diameter and 8,000–80,000 in aspect ratio, and MCC is in the form of particles 50 μm in average diameter and 1–2 in aspect ratio. The reinforcement material size of CNF and MFC are smaller than that of MCC which means that the larger interfacial area between filler and matrix leading to larger energy dissipation at the interface during the impact fracture. The reinforcement‐matrix debondings nearby MCC particles caused easy crack propagation which contributes smaller energy dissipation at the interface. A slip‐stick behavior and stress whitened area during the fracture were observed. Morphological investigation helps to explain impact fracture behavior. According to essential work of fracture (EWF) analysis of Izod impact results, EWF method is applicable to analyze impact fracture behavior and the energy consumed in crack initiation and propagation during the fracture process can be calculated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Influence of the nanofiber dimensions on the properties of nanocellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) aerogels

The investigation of aerogels made from cellulose nanofibers and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) as a polymeric binder is reported. Aerogels based on different nanocellulose types were studied to investigate the influence of the nanocellulose dimensions and their rigidity on the morphology and mechanical properties of the resulting aerogels. Thus, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with low (10), medium (25), and high (80) aspect ratios, isolated from cotton, banana plants, and tunicates, respectively, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were dispersed in aqueous PVOH solutions and aerogels were prepared by freeze‐drying. In addition to the cellulose type, the PVOH‐ and the CNC‐concentration as well as the freeze‐drying conditions were varied, and the materials were optionally cross‐linked by an annealing step or the use of a chemical cross‐linker. The data reveal that at low PVOH content, rigid, high‐aspect ratio CNCs isolated from tunicates afford aerogels that show the least amount of shrinking upon freeze‐drying and display the best mechanical properties. However, with increasing concentration of PVOH or upon introduction of a chemical cross‐linker the differences between materials made from different nanocellulose types decrease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41740.     

Eco-friendly coupling agent-treated kenaf/linear low-density polyethylene/poly (vinyl alcohol) composites

Untreated kenaf (KNF) and eco-friendly coupling agent (EFCA)-treated kenaf were used as filler to prepare natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) using linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) as polymer matrices. The composites containing various loadings of untreated and EFCA-treated KNF (0, 10, 20, and 40 phr) were melt-blended in an internal mixer. The effect of treatment on the behavior of processing torque, mechanical properties, morphology, functional groups, water absorption, and thermal stability of KNF/LLDPE/PVOH composites were investigated. The results revealed that EFCA-treated KNF composites exhibited higher equilibrium torque, indicating that the viscosity of molten composites increased in the presence of EFCA. The tensile strength and tensile modulus of KNF/LLDPE/PVOH composites were improved with the addition of EFCA-treated KNF attributed to the enhancement of the interfacial adhesion between KNF and LLDPE/PVOH matrices, as confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of ester bond in EFCA-treated KNF composites. Furthermore, EFCA-treated KNF composites possessed a lower water absorption and greater thermal stability as compared to untreated KNF composites. Therefore, EFCA could be suggested as an effective coupling agent to enhance the performance of KNF/LLDPE/PVOH composites.     

Improving the mechanical resistance of waterborne wood coatings by adding cellulose nanofibres

In the present study, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were applied as additives for a waterborne acrylate/polyurethane-based wood coating in order to improve the mechanical resistance of coated wood surfaces. Coating mixtures containing up to 5 wt% nanocellulose were prepared by high-shear mixing and applied to wood substrates. The optical, mechanical and chemical properties of cured coatings were characterized. Surface roughness, gloss, scratch resistance, abrasion resistance and resistance against chemicals were determined according to the relevant European standards. Additionally, nanoindentation (NI) was used to assess the micromechanical properties of modified and unmodified coatings. Owing to a higher surface roughness, cellulose-filled coatings showed significantly lower levels of gloss than the unmodified coating indicating that nanocellulose acts as a matting agent. NI experiments revealed a slightly positive effect of nanocellulose addition on the hardness and modulus of the coatings. While scratch resistance improved consistently with increasing nanocellulose addition, abrasion resistance was found to improve only sporadically. Tensile tests on free-standing coating films revealed a significantly higher tensile strength and modulus for cellulose-filled coatings. Overall, the results suggest that the addition of cellulose nanofibres primarily improves the internal cohesion of the coating layer whereby MFC was more effective than NCC.     

Effects of Drying Strategies and Microfibrillated Cellulose Fiber Content on the Properties of Foam-Formed Paper

A novel methodology was used to create a highly porous foam-formed paper that is bonded with highly refined cellulose fiber. In this process, cellulose pulp suspension at various consistencies (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2%) was dispersed in water, followed by foam formation under high shear forces in the presence of a surfactant. Various drying methods were used to achieve foam formation. These included freeze-drying (FD), vacuum-dewatered air-drying (VAD), and dewatered freeze-drying (VFD). Increasing the pulp's consistency and changing the drying techniques from freeze-drying to air-drying resulted in a more compact morphological structure and increased density of foam-formed paper samples. Densification of foam-formed samples was measured using a Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) machine and a sample with densification at lowest strain value was obtained by a 10 wt% addition of microfibrillated cellulose fiber (MFC). At 10 wt% MFC addition, denser foam-formed paper samples with enhanced microstructure were obtained. Air filtration efficiency and acoustic properties of foam-formed paper were also characterized and optimized by the addition of MFC.     

Preparation and characterization of green-based anti-ultraviolet and antidripping biodegradable film

The biodegradable materials cannot meet the requirements as the agricultural film due to the poor UV resistance and antidripping performance. The work herein thus presented the development of the green-based anti-ultraviolet and antidripping multifunctional composite films using poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate), microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), and soybean protein isolate (SPI) as the raw materials in the presence of other agents. The resulting composite films were systematically characterized using scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetry analysis (TG), UV, and rheometer measurements. The morphology changed obviously after introducing the MFC and SPI into the substrate film. In addition, the results indicated that the addition of MFC and SPI had a positive effect on the thermal stability and heat preservation of the film, respectively. The contact angle results indicated that SPI was an ideal antidripping agent and the MFC could be used as the release agent. The time of the first water drop of the film containing 2.5 g MFC and 2.0 g SPI was 6 min and 46 s, and the time of each 10 drops was less than 60 s, showing the advantages of using MFC as the release agent and SPI as the antidripping agent. The resulting multifunctional biodegradable films can be widely used in the agricultural and packaging fields.