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1.
Conclusions  
1.  In the upper reservoir of the Zagorsk PSS there are standing waves of a complex frequency spectrum having a virtually undamped character.
2.  The excess of the level of the crest of the upper reservoir embankment of the PSS should be selected with consideration of not only waves caused by meteorological factors but also the presence of standing waves.
3.  The standard systems of measuring the upper pool level of the PSS should provide for averaging the measurements.
4.  To eliminate nonproductive water losses through leaks of the close gate apparatus of the PSS units and increased power losses in the SC regime, it is advisable to provide for the installation of preturbine gates at newly planned PSSs.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 39–42, October, 1999.  相似文献   

2.
Conclusions  The Zagorsk PSS—the first pumped storage stations with a capacity of 1200 MW—was constructed slowly, for a long time. The main reasons for this were:
1.  Location of the site in an industrially developed district, near Moscow, with the assumption of the rapid formation and use of available construction facilities did not prove to be correct. Administrative restrictions in welcoming skilled personnel to the construction project did not foster a build-up of the team. A residential village and construction facilities were fully needed, as on any construction project.
3.  Counting on the use of local borrow pits in the Moscow region was not justified: the inert materials were not suitable for hydrotechnical concrete of high frost resistance and strength.
3.  Inadequate engineering-geologic surveys during planning led to late landslide-control measures and to an increase of the volume of CAWs.
4.  When determining the construction time the climatic conditions in the zone of the construction site were underestimated: the number of days without precipitation is 175, not more. The main cause of the wrong design construction time was the incorrect determination of the estimated cost of the CAWs.
5.  Construction of a large hydro development, as the Zagorsk PSS, by the work-effort method with the enlistment of a large number of organizations from different regions of the country did not promote the formation of a stable team at the construction site.
6.  The management of Mosénergo made the right decision: from the examined 10 variants of the next pumped-storage station in the Central region was selected the variant of constructing the Zagorsk PSS-2 where a team of builders took shape after long years, where there are a residential village and construction facilities, and solid experience has been acquired. This will make it possible to shorten the construction time and to reduce the cost of an installed 1 kW of the PSS.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 13–16, October, 1999.  相似文献   

3.
Conclusions  
1.  The quality control system created at the Zagorsk PSS mainly provides quality control of construction. However, the repeated transfer of control from one firm to another leads to the loss of primary documents needed for putting the structure into service.
2.  The absence of test equipment (tensile-test machines of more than 100 tons, freezers, etc.) does not permit conducting tests in good time and to the full extent.
3.  It is necessary to solve the problem of appropriate financing of the control service (at least 1% of the cost of construction and assembly works).
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 21–23, October, 1999.  相似文献   

4.
1.  Provision for stability of slopes is one of the main problems in designing plains PSHS.
2.  The reasons for occurrence and a chain reaction of development of landslide phenomena on the south slope of the area of basic structures of the Zagorsk PSHS were peculiarities of its engineering-geological structure that were not properly taken into account in designing and carrying out construction work.
3.  For the purpose of stabilizing the landslide slope, a system of engineering measures was developed and implemented, including a change in the configuration and structure of the right-bank abutment of the upper-basin levee to the water intake, construction of a banquette, filling of a counterbanquette, draining of moraine loams, grading of the slope, surface water diversion, and monitoring of the state of the slope and elements of the antilandslide protection.
4.  Data from full-scale observatins indicate the effectiveness of the antilandslide measures that were performed and a state of the slope corresponding to criteria for the hydro development's safe operation.
5.  Innovative elements of the system of measures to stabilize the south landslide slope of the Zagorsk PSHS are:
–  the complex nature of measures, providing for the optimum set of criteria with respect to reliability, technological efficiency, construction time, and cost of adjusted expenditures;
–  minimization of one-time and total excavation for the banquette, providing for the least disruption of the slope in the process of construction;
–  draining of moraine loams, which has no known analog;
–  the use of an ejector unwatering system, which provides for minimum adjusted expenditures on construction and operation of the drainage system.
Deceased.  相似文献   

5.
Conclusions  
1.  Newly developed information-management systems should specify the existence of a single information space for the entire establishment, which encompasses both technology and administrative-economic activity.
2.  The core of the computerized portion of the system developed should be formulated on the basis of more expensive, but more reliable specialized computers.
3.  Automated support for analysis, assessment, and forecasting of activity both for the establishment on the whole, and also its individual structural parts or forms of production equipment is a promising trend in the development of information-management systems.
4.  Experience gained at the Zagorsk pumped-storage power plant relative to the loading of a generalplant information-management system based on an ACS TP indicates that modern software and hardware and methodological developments available in the field of information technology make it possible, even now, to implement the concept of an intelligent system for support of decision making as a higher level of organization of a single information space for optimal execution of the basic function of a power plant—the generation of electric power in conformity with the dispatchers curve.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 1, pp. 11–21, January, 1999.  相似文献   

6.
An analysis of the experience in the Soviet Union and in foreign countries with conveyor transportation in the mining industry, as well as with use of conveyors in hydraulic construction shows that the introduction of conveyor transportation in the field of construction of embankment dams in this country, for delivery of earth-rock material from quarries, as well as for carrying raw materials to concentrating plants processing nonmetallic minerals, will make it possible.
1)  To reduce substantially the personnel nees.
2)  To lower significantly the transportation costs for delivery of earth-rock materials to construction sites and to concentrating plants processing nonmetallic mateirals (rubble, gravel, and sand);
3)  To reduce the need for trucks, by replacing them with conveyors;
4)  To increase the rate of delivery of earth-rock materials from quarries for dam, construction and, consequently, to reduce the times of completion.
5)  To reduce the volume of housing, cultural-welfare, and auxiliary-subsidiary construction in owing to the lower needs for personnel in conveyor transportation;
6)  To eliminate the need for constructing a large number of roads with rigid pavements for large-capacity dump trucks;
7)  To raise the technical level of the earth-rock work.
  相似文献   

7.
1.  Oscillations due to low-frequency sources of excitation beneath the impeller in the draft tube develop in long pipelines of water-storage power plants.
2.  For the Zagorsk water-storage power plant with a long (790 m) and flexible pipeline, the natural frequency of the first type of the system's oscillation is many times lower than the predominant frequency of the lowest-frequency component of the spectrum of pressure fluctuations beneath the impeller (0.24–0.25)fre. For a shorter and stiffer pipeline, the system would approach resonance.
3.  The dynamic properties of the system depend on the opening of the guide apparatus: for small openings, the natural frequency approaches f1=(C/4)L; with large openings, it approaches f2=(C/2)L.
4.  When the unit is operating in the stationary mode, the hydrodynamic loads on the pipe lining do not exceed 0.05 MPa; this corresponds to an additional stress of 0.07 MPa in the lining and vibrational displacements of 0.183 mm (when C=780 m/sec), i.e., not more than 0.06 of the radius of the pipeline; when C=965 m/sec, the vibrational displacements do not exceed 0.08 mm.
5.  The loads on the pipeline supports do not exceed 0.36 tons on any one pile.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 27–30, August, 1992.  相似文献   

8.
1.  The designs as well as the total safety factor of concrete-encased steel pressure conduits of operating hydraulic structures were analyzed.
2.  The principles of the existing standards related to calculations of concrete-encased steel pressure conduits were analyzed.
3.  Methods of calculating concrete-encased steel pressure conduits (including forks and distributors), including elements of the inside steel shell and reinforced-concrete part, were developed.
4.  The calculation methods developed were experimental substantiated and tested during designing and constructing domestic and foreign objects.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo No. 1, pp. 37–44, January, 1999  相似文献   

9.
1.  Tests confirmed the reliability of the work of the reinforced concrete-encased steel design of the link of the penstocks of the Zagorsk pumped-storage station in the range of pressures up toP=1.4 MPa. The lining of the link and hoop reinforcement of the inside and outside rows take the tensile load in the elastic stage.
2.  The allowable opening of cracks for reinforced concrete-encased designs of a penstock with an inside sealing lining in the range of pressures up to 1.6 MPa with a width of the cracka c 0.2 mm does not exceed the standard requirements.
3.  The test of a particular link showed that with loading by an internal pressure the lining takes 30%, the reinforcement of the inside row 23%, and the reinforcement of the outside row 47% of the external load.
4.  The tests confirmed the complete correspondence of the work of the link to the design data and earlier investigations carried out in a range of pressures exceeding the operating pressure by 30%.
Deceased.  相似文献   

10.
1.  In certain cases of constructing dams salt-containing soils serve as their foundation.
2.  Under these conditions reliable operation of the structures can be provided only by developing special engineering measures to control dissolution.
3.  All existing methods of protecting saliferous foundation soils of hydraulic structures from dissolution can be divided into passive, active, and combined.
4.  The combined methods should be considered the most effective for preventing removal of salts from foundation soils by the seepage flow.
5.  Large-scale field investigations of the work of the combined method of protecting saliferous foundation soils of the planned Lower Kafirnigan hydro development showed its high effectiveness even in the case of complex engineering-geological conditions at the construction site.
6.  Individual elements of the set of dissolution protective measures investigated under field conditions can be used in hydrotechnical and hydropower construction practice.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 10–14, October, 1994.  相似文献   

11.
1.  In addition to the technology of manufacturing and installing precast concrete-encased steel penstocks of PSSs that has been developed and realized, the technology of manufacturing in situ penstocks can be developed. It is necessary at once to carry out design studies and to conduct additional scientific investigations for the purpose of comparing the two variants of technologies and to select the optimal one.
2.  The construction of in situ concrete-encased steel penstocks of PSSs can provide a noticeable intensification of construction and a reduction of labor intensity and cost of the structure. According to the data of the authors themselves of the design of the precast concrete-encased steel penstocks of PSSs, the cost indices of the in situ penstocks are substantially smaller.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 1, pp. 11–14, January, 1989.  相似文献   

12.
1.  The energy-storage hydroelectric station (ESHES) can provide a 1.5–2-fold increase in peak capacity with a simultaneous threefold decrease in daily fluctuations of the water level in the lower pool.
2.  A decrease in the length of the concrete structures located in the river channel (especially the length) of the powerhouse) reduces the consumption of concrete for the ESHES in comparison with the HES, which compensates for the cost of constructing the additional structures of the ESHES.
3.  Unlike the HES, the ESHES operates in a sharp-peak regime and also during passage of flood waters.
4.  Contrarotating pump-turbines are best suited for an ESHES because of various combinations of heads on its turbine and pump parts.
5.  With increase in the speed of multistage hydraulic machines their placement depth decreases and the cost of the powerhouse is reduced.
  相似文献   

13.
1.  Rollcretes can meet the requirements of construction concrete with a high strength, impermeability, and frost rsistance and, in particular, can be used with great effectiveness for constructing hydraulic structures such as arch dams, retaining walls, abutments, etc. Furthermore, road pavements, landing strips, and taxiways can be constructed from them.
2.  With consideration of the relative cheapness of low-cement rollcrete, in a number of cases it is possible to replace reinforced-concrete members by pure concrete ones, keeping in mind the high cost of reinforcing steel.
3.  The technological characteristics of rollcrete enable doing away with framework at the concrete-ground contact, which is important when constructing transition structures.
4.  It remains to develop a technology of equally strong joining of layers of high-strength rollcrete, which will require a rather large volume of experimental works.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 8–10, July, 1992.  相似文献   

14.
1.  Investigations showed that when constructing dams of fine-grained silty soils by hydraulic filling, it is expedient to use the technology of layerwise placement of soil with consolidation of each layer.
2.  Dependences are given for calculating the thickness of the layers and period of consolidation of the soil on the basis of investigations of the dynamics of the hydrophysical properties of these soils in relation to technological factors.
3.  Dependences are also proposed for predicting the density of the hydraulic-filled soil during construction, as well as the distribution of soil in the profile of the structure.
4.  A method is proposed for calculating the technological parameters, in particular, the rate of construction of hydraulic-fill structures, calculating the size and number of the hydraulic-fill plots referred to one dredge, and prediction of the seepage discharge into the foundation of the dams during their hydraulic filling.
5.  The proposed calculation methods make possible a more substantiated approach to the design of hydraulic-fill structures of fine-grained silty soils and technology of their construction.
Translated from Gidrotekhicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 6, pp. 5–9, June, 1990.  相似文献   

15.
1.  When ventilating complex underground hydraulic systems during their construction it is necessary to take into account the natural draft.
2.  The method presented for calculating the natural draft pressure drop of single tunnels (formulas 1–6) reflects the specific characteristics of hydrotechnical construction in mountainous areas and for the first time takes into account the direction of movement of the ventilation flow.
3.  For the particular conditions of constructing the Rogun hydrostation the values of the lapse rates were established, which can be used in calculations to take into account the natural draft when designing the ventilation of underground workings.
4.  For calculating the natural draft pressure drop of a complex network of underground workings, an algorithm was developed which makes it possible to calculate by a standard program on a computer the air distribution in the underground complex being constructed in relation to a number of technological and natural factors.
5.  On the basis of analyzing the results of different variants of the air distribution, the selection of the types and arrangement of the ejector fans (including in the future) was optimized, making it possible to increase the quality of ventilation and safety of underground operations, as well as to obtain a substantial technical-economic effect.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 26–29, August, 1988.  相似文献   

16.
1.  The use of collapse blasting for constructing rock dams substantially increases the technical and economic indices of the blasting technology of constructing earth dams.
2.  The selection of the technology of constructing blast-filled dams is determined mainly by the engineering-geological conditions at the construction site. At present it cannot be confirmed whether the use of loosening blasting promotes an increase of the geological properties of soils forming the body of blast-filled dams.
3.  Further investigations of the process of movement of blasted rock down a mountain slope with determination of the volume of moving rock, time, andvelocity (acceleration) for a known degree of slope roughness are required for a more complete comparison of the effectiveness of the two existing technologies of constructing dams by directional blasting. Such investigations also enable determining the possibility of using the Amontons-Coulomb law of friction for describing the movement of large earth masses.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 5–8, July, 1992.  相似文献   

17.
1.  Modified wood is an effective substitute of the laminated wood lining of bearing bushings for vertical pump units.
2.  An investigation of modified wood showed that this material in some indices (friction coefficient and wear resistance) is better than laminated wood.
3.  Since there is no mass manufacture and centralized supply of modified wood, it is possible to create a technological department for its production.
4.  Organization of the department does not require capital expenditures and special accommodations.
5.  Machining of the wood is performed on ordinary metal-cutting machines with the use of the tools used when machining laminated woods.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 33–35, July, 1991.  相似文献   

18.
1.  The problem of energy dissipation of the flow remains one of the most important in constructing high-head hydraulic structures with pulsating loads.
2.  During operation of the world's largest gravity-arch dam of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydrostation, the energy of the flow being discharged is dissipated by a stilling basin. It was established that the powerful dynamic impulses created in this case originate, among others, from the baffle platform and its foundation. The latter circumstance requires the provision of reliable tightness of the joints between the blocks composing the platform and deep solid transition of the platform with its foundation.
3.  For the first time in domestic hydrotechnical practice fastening of the platform of the stilling basin by means of advance grouting and prestressed anchors installed to a depth greater than 20 m was mastered on the construction of the Sayano-Shushenskoe dam.
4.  Works on the manufacture, transport, assembly, tensioning, and testing PSAs were successfully mastered by the Krasnoyarsk enterprise of Gidrospetsstroi. A number of innovations were introduced at the know-how level.
5.  Passage of the 1992 floodwaters at the elevation of the NPL, after pumping water from the stilling basin, showed the effectiveness of the repair and restoration measures taken, which indicates the correctness of the selected designs, optimal technology, and high quality of the works of Gidrospetsstroi.
6.  An analysis of the strengthening works for high-head structures under analogous conditions permits recommending the following measures for designing and constructing a stilling basin: grouting of the foundation in the region of the stilling basin to a depth of 30–40 m;  相似文献   

19.
1.  The stockholder firm Gidrospetsstroi first developed, made feasible, and completely mastered a new procedure for work involving the monolithizing of large-diameter steel-reinforced-concrete pipelines in the domestic practice of special operations. 978 butt joints between individual elements have been successfully grouted.
2.  A procedure for monolithizing joints between reinforced-concrete elements in pipelines, which has been implemented in the construction of the Zagorsk water storage power plant, can be classified as a new technically complex form of special hydrotechnical operations. In conducting the work, it is necessary to focus attention on strict observance of the work procedure and on the possibility of bulging of the metallic lining of the conduit in the case where injection requirements are not observed. The work requires attending personnel with high qualifications, and should be accompanied by careful certification inspection to guarantee reliable quality of the work.
3.  Operations involving the monolithizing of butt joints in the steel-reinforced-concrete pressure pipelines have important principal differences with respect to the classical grouting of joints in monolithizing concrete dams and with respect to work involving the grouting of massive reinforced-concrete blocks possessing elements of a work procedure involving filler grouting beyond the facing in individual cases.
4.  The firm Gidrospetsstroi, which has significant experience in the design, technology, production, and quality control of special operations, guarantees their successful execution. The firm offers highly qualified specialists, production equipment, the timely publication of design-estimate documentation, and the realization of careful control (in the form of certification inspection) over the quality of their work.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 11–15, August, 1992.  相似文献   

20.
1.  One of the new approaches to the use of wave power plants can be their use as a source of compressed air for operating a pneumatic breakwater.
2.  The use of wave power plants for protecting marine hydraulic structures from the effect of storm loads makes it possible to increase the cost effectiveness both of the WPPs themselves and of the hydraulic structures.
3.  A rough estimate of the cost of wave power plants shows their effectiveness as a source of electrical energy for remote regions of the USSR.
4.  The simplicity of the design of wave power plants enables organizing their mass production at shipyards or at the site of construction.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 7–10, February, 1992.  相似文献   

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