温度和压力对加压喷动流化床煤部分气化的影响

在热输入0.1MW的加压喷动流化床煤部分气化炉上以空气和水蒸气为气化剂,进行徐州烟煤的加压部分气化试验。考察了气化温度、压力等因素对煤气成分、煤气热值、干煤气产气率、碳转化率等指标的影响。气化温度是通过调整空气系数来实现的。试验结果表明:气化温度对煤气化过程影响显著,气化温度升高,煤气热值先增大后减小,产气率增加,碳转化率提高。而增大压力,床内气体速度变慢,延长了气化剂在床内的停留时间,另外压力增加改善了床内的流化质量,从而提高了气化效率,改善了煤气质量。     

废轮胎整胎与生物质共气化实验研究

以树枝秸秆及废轮胎整胎为原料,在"反烧"式固定床气化炉中以空气为气化剂进行气化实验研究。结果表明,随着空气当量比ER的增加,炉内气化温度升高,气化效率提升,当ER为0.30时,炉内温度达到750℃,气化效率为56.45%,气体热值为4.68 MJ/m3;随着原料中废轮胎比例的增加,气化效率有所提高,燃气热值升高,当废轮胎质量含量为44%时,气化效率达到60.21%,气体热值为5.34 MJ/m3;气化温度是影响气化效率和气体热值的最重要因素,提高空气当量比可以使炉内温度升高,强化气化效果;同时原料中废轮胎比例也对气化效率及气体热值有较大影响,废轮胎质量含量为40%~50%较为适宜。废轮胎以整胎形式与生物质共气化是废轮胎处置与资源化利用的有效方式。     

增压喷动流化床煤部分气化与脱硫效率的试验研究

以空气和水蒸气为气化剂,在一内径为100 mm的V型布风板喷动流化床煤部分气化炉内进行了徐州烟煤的气化试验研究。研究了不同操作参数(温度、压力)对气化过程及脱硫效率的影响,认为提高温度和压力有利于改善煤气质量和提高脱硫效率。煤气化发展越来越向高压、大容量发展,考察压力对气化工艺过程的影响,对气化炉的放大设计与运行、降低对环境的污染均有实际意义。     

常压流化床煤气化数学模型的研究

本文根据流化床内的传过程和煤的气化反应动力学的基本原理.研究论述了流化床煤气化炉内的气化过程.提出了一个用空气和水蒸汽为气化剂的常压流化床煤气化的数学模型,并建立了求解方法和计算机程序框图.     

纤维素废弃物稀酸水解残渣制氢研究

对纤维素废弃物水解残渣催化气化制氢进行了研究,考察了气化温度、催化温度、催化剂颗粒粒径和S/B (单位时间内进入气化器中水蒸汽质量与生物质质量之比)4个主要参数对气体组成和氢气产率的影响并和以木屑为原料催化气化制氢进行了比较。在试验范围内提高气化温度、催化温度和S/B的值以及减小催化剂颗粒粒径对提高氢产率有利,其中气化温度和S/B对提高氢产率影响较大。气化温度在800～850℃内较为理想,催化剂颗粒的适宜粒径为2～3mm,S/B取1.5～2.0较佳;和木屑制氢相比,使用水解残渣制取的气体中CO和CO_2的体积百分比小,H_2/CO的值大,氢气含量高,有利于后续处理,且氢产率大,对制氢有利。     

石油焦水煤浆在新型气化炉内气化过程的数值计算

对石油焦水煤浆(PCCWS)在多喷嘴新型水煤浆气化炉内的气化过程进行了数值计算,考察了气化炉内的温度分布、各种气化产物浓度分布规律.结果表明:同浓度的石油焦水煤浆气化与普通水煤浆气化相比,气化炉内平均温度略有上升,碳转化率提高,气化炉出口粗煤气中有效气(CO H2)含量提高7.91%,CO2和H2O浓度大幅下降,水分解率大大提高;石油焦水煤浆气化可以节约氧气约6%,气化效果明显优于普通水煤浆.     

气化炉中生物质——煤共同气化的模拟研究

在气化炉内采用煤粉和生物质共气化可解决生物质不易稳定流化和生成焦油两大难题,采用流程模拟软件PROⅡ对炉内的气化过程进行了模拟计算,得到了汽氧比和氧碳比和生物质／煤比对气化过程的影响。气化炉内优化的反应条件为：反应温度1350℃,[H2O]／[O2]=0．32,[O][C]=1．05,气化得到的合成气的高位热值Qgr=7150kJ／Nm3,有效气产率为1．59Nm3／kg。     

高温空气气化炉原理与开发研究

介绍一种基于高温低氧空气燃烧的低热值燃料气化炉,其主要部件为高温空气发生器、气化器、余热锅炉和湿式气体净化装置。在高温空气／蒸气和低空气过剩系数条件下,气化器内发生高温空气气化主反应和高温蒸汽重整副反应。该炉具有气化效率高、燃气热值较高、燃料适应面宽、污染少、灰渣易处理等特点。其关键技术为高效节的蓄热体开发。     

串行流化床生物质气化制氢试验研究

基于串行流化床生物质气化技术,以水蒸气为气化剂,在串行流化床试验装置上进行生物质气化制氢的试验研究,考察了气化反应器温度、水蒸气/生物质比率(S/B)对气化气成分、烟气成分和氢产率的影响。结果表明:在燃烧反应器内燃烧烟气不会串混至气化反应器,该气化技术能够稳定连续地从气化反应器获得不含N_2的富氢燃气,氢浓度最高可达71.5%;气化反应器温度是影响制氢过程的重要因素,随着温度的升高,气化气中H_2浓度不断降低,CO浓度显著上升,氢产率有所提高;S/B对气化气成分影响较小,随着S/B的增加,氢产率先升高而后降低,S/B的最优值为1.4。最高氢产率(60.3g H_2/kg biomass)是在气化反应器温度为920℃,S/B为1.4的条件下获得的。     

油水煤浆在新型气化炉内气化过程的数值模拟

在多喷嘴入口新型水煤浆气化炉内对油水煤浆(COW)的气化过程进行了数值模拟计算研究,分析了气化炉内的温度分布、各种气化产物浓度分布规律。数值模拟计算结果证明,同浓度的油水煤浆气化与普通水煤浆气化相比,气化炉内平均温度略有上升,碳转化率提高1.81%,气化炉出口粗煤气中有效气(CO H2)含量提高10.58%,CO2和H2O浓度大幅下降,水分解率大大提高,气化效果明显优于普通水煤浆。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

汽轮机零件防锈性能的改善

介绍了汽轮机零件的封存特点、防锈要求及防锈油性能对比试验的方法,通过对试验结果的对比分析,客观验证了各种防锈油的性能。试验表明,只有选择了合适的防锈油,才能保证汽轮机零件长期封存的质量。