Canadian dietitians' understanding of non-dieting approaches in weight management.

PURPOSE: How Canadian dietitians define and use non-dieting and size acceptance approaches (SAAs) in the context of weight management was explored. METHODS: Fifteen focus groups with 104 dietitians were conducted in seven Canadian cities. Questions were designed to explore participants' understanding and use of non-dieting and SAAs, including counselling goals, techniques, and outcome measures. Sessions were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using qualitative methods. RESULTS: Participants generally agreed that non-dieting involves promoting healthy lifestyles and avoiding restrictive diets. Participants also agreed that size acceptance means accepting all body shapes and sizes and promoting comfort with one's body. Many dietitians said they use size acceptance only with appropriate clients, most often with those who are lighter or without other health risks. Others said that size acceptance, by definition, is appropriate for everyone. Opinions varied about the appropriateness of teaching portion sizes or using meal plans, and whether weight loss could be a goal of non-dieting and SAAs. CONCLUSIONS: Views on the usefulness of non-dieting and size acceptance strategies in weight management counselling were related, at least partially, to the different understanding that dietitians had of these approaches. Terminology needs to be clarified when we speak about non-dieting and SAAs. The varied understanding about these concepts should help dietitians reflect on their own perspectives and practice.     

Linking active living and nutrition counselling: dietitians' perceptions.

Healthy eating and active living have become key concepts in health promotion, and, increasingly, the two messages are being combined. Dietitians are in an ideal position to promote physical activity as an adjunct to nutrition counselling. Focus group interviews were used to identify dietitians' perceptions and needs related to incorporating active living messages into their practices. Six focus groups, involving 42 participants (40 registered dietitians and two dietetic interns), were conducted in cities throughout Alberta. Issues explored during the interviews included the dietitian's role in promoting active living, barriers to promoting physical activity, opportunities for collaboration between dietitians and exercise professionals, and dietitians' perceived needs for integrating active living messages into their practices effectively. Findings indicate strong support for incorporating active living messages into nutrition counselling. However, lack of knowledge was identified as a barrier to dietitians' proactive role, and concerns were raised about public and professional perceptions if dietitians counselled on this issue. Participants felt that they required additional knowledge and training in physical activity in order to promote it effectively. Development and implementation of programs designed to meet these needs would help dietitians integrate active living messages into their practices.     

血糖生成指数研究进展

近年来的研究显示,食物血糖生成指数可以控制和影响慢性病的发生、发展,促进人类健康。本文从血糖生成指数的定义、测定方法、影响因素、与人类健康关系和国内外研究现状等方面对其进行展开概述,并展望其未来发展前景。     

Determination of glycemic index for some breads

Glucose-responses and glycemic indices of standard bread, rye bread and mixed bread were studied with 10 healthy subjects. Incremental areas of blood glucose (above fasting levels) were calculated as 81, 58 and 46 mmol/liter×120 min GI values determined as 100, 72, 57 for standard bread, rye bread and mixed bread, respectively. The area under the glucose-response curve and GI value of standard bread were significantly higher than rye bread and mixed bread (p<0.05).     

血糖生成指数、血糖负荷与人类疾病

该文介绍血糖指数(GI)和血糖负荷(GL)概念,影响GI、GL测定因素,及高低GI、GL食物对肥胖、糖尿病影响,指出GI、GL意义及应用前景。     

Food glycemic index and its application in the dietetics of obesity

A survey of literature data concerning dietetics in the management of excessive weight has been presented. Pathogenetic approach has been suggested in the choice of carbohydrate saturated food products in the complex management of excessive weight, taking into account carbohydrate adsorption rate determined by its glycemic index value.     

Comparison of glycemic index of spelt and wheat bread in human volunteers

The assessment of the glycemic index (GI) seems to be an important parameter to take into account in order to better understand the physiologic effects of foods with high carbohydrate levels. Among cereals, which are major sources of carbohydrates, spelt (Triticum spelta L.) has been considered as particularly interesting from a nutritional point of view. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the GI of white spelt bread in healthy subjects. The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) white bread was used as reference food. To avoid differences in the production of both breads, spelt and wheat breads were baked under the same controlled conditions. Results showed that the glycemic profile of spelt white bread was not different from that of wheat white bread (GI of 93 ± 9). The area under the glycemic curve significantly and negatively correlated to fasting glycemia and carbohydrate intake during evening meals preceding the test. In conclusion, the glycemic response to spelt bread was similar to that of wheat bread. However, in order to avoid more inter-individual variability, our data supports the importance to propose standardised carbohydrate content for the last meal before evaluating the GI of food.     

利用血糖生成指数研发饼干产品

本文介绍了国内外饼干研发和生产现状,并对以血糖生成指数作为一项指标开发饼干产品进行了必要性分析。同时讨论了利用血糖生成指数开发饼干产品的核心技术,如饼干原料和生产工艺的选择。食物血糖生成指数的应用为饼干研发指出一条新的道路。      

Gender and nutrition management in type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSE: The literature suggests that adherence to dietary recommendations may differ between women and men with type 2 diabetes due to family obligations and spousal support. METHODS: To assess division of household labour between spouses, retrospective chart review of 561 individuals who attended the Diabetes Education Centre at the Toronto Western Hospital was performed. Qualitative interviews were also performed with 12 married clients (six female and six male) and seven spouses of clients (three female, four male) to understand how the sharing of household labour influences adherence to nutrition guidelines in type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Results indicate a significant gender difference in responsibility for meal preparation (chi2(3)=140.64, p<.001) and grocery shopping (chi2(3)=88.24, p<0.001), with women more often engaging in these household activities than men. Male clients are more likely to be actively supported by their wives in the form of meal preparation and verbal encouragement, while female clients are only passively supported by their husbands. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that diabetes educators should recognize gender differences in household labour and support when counselling their clients to ensure that both men and women have the help they need to successfully manage their diabetes.     

螺杆挤压对马铃薯淀粉消化性及血糖指数的影响

目的研究螺杆挤压对马铃薯淀粉消化特性的影响。方法马铃薯淀粉经过螺杆挤压后(过程中淀粉未膨化),采用酶重量法测定挤压后抗性淀粉的含量变化情况,并通过模拟体外消化和动物实验评价挤压后淀粉的消化性能和餐后血糖上升速率。结果螺杆挤压后马铃薯淀粉中抗性淀粉的含量增加了1.08%,酶解时间为0~1.5 h时,马铃薯淀粉快速消化淀粉的含量减少,酶解时间为1.5~6.5 h时,抗性淀粉和慢消化淀粉的含量增加。挤压后的马铃薯淀粉在一定程度上可以降低小鼠的餐后血糖指数。结论螺杆挤压技术可以提高抗性淀粉和慢消化淀粉的含量,减缓餐后血糖上升速率,为马铃薯食品的深度开发提供一定的参考。     

抗性糊精饼干的研制及其血糖生成指数测定

本研究在前期以低GI原料-抗性糊精部分替代低筋面粉、低聚异麦芽糖替代蔗糖为经单因素试验与正交试验得到的优化的低GI饼干生产的配方与工艺基础上,通过比较感官评定得分与血糖预测指数值等方法进一步确定了抗性糊精添加量,同时研究了抗性糊精的添加对面团性能以及饼干质构特性的影响。然后按照国家标准,通过人体试食试验对所得产品进行了血糖生成指数进行了测定。结果表明当抗性糊精添加量为30%时,饼干的硬度和咀嚼性最低,饼干的弹性最高。且此时饼干的感官品质为最佳,面团各性能也达到最佳,且按照抗性糊精替代30%低筋面粉、黄油添加量为10 %、低聚异麦芽糖添加量为15%、小苏打添加量为0.5%、全蛋液5%、脱脂奶粉3%、食盐0.5%、泡打粉1.0%的优化配方,在上火温度160 ℃、底火温度160 ℃、焙烤时间15 min的焙烤条件下,可以得到色香味俱全的抗性糊精饼干,产品的GI均值为39.6,饼干为一种低GI饼干。     

玉米淀粉-脂质复合物对曲奇饼干体外消化和血糖生成指数的影响

目的 探究玉米淀粉-脂质复合物的结构和消化特性以及对曲奇饼干的体外消化特性与血糖生成指数的影响。方法 利用水热法制备了制备不同脂质(包括饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸)与玉米直链淀粉的复合物, 通过傅里叶红外光谱仪(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)与X-射线衍射(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)探究了淀粉分子短程和长程有序性。结果 研究表明, 淀粉-脂质复合物的形成使快消化淀粉含量显著降低, 慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加。水热法制备中通过疏水相互作用得到的淀粉-脂质复合物利用氢键链接使其结构更加稳定, 体外消化速率呈降低趋势。其中玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物、玉米淀粉-硬脂酸复合物与玉米淀粉-肉豆蔻酸复合物为 V+B 型晶体结构, 玉米淀粉-大豆油复合物与玉米淀粉-玉米油复合物的晶型结构未发生改变。在五种淀粉-脂质复合物中, 玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物的水解率最低, 水解指数预估血糖指数分别为44.65%、64.22%, 所对应的曲奇饼干的水解指数与预估血糖指数也最低, 分别为51.68%、68.08%。结论 表明玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物适合作为新型淀粉-脂质复合物用于开发具有低血糖指数的饼干食品。     

Effect of transitioning to automatic milking systems on producers' perceptions of farm management and cow health in the Canadian dairy industry

Automatic milking systems (AMS), or milking robots, are becoming increasingly common, but there is little documentation of how AMS have affected farms as a whole and what challenges and benefits producers are experiencing during their transition to AMS. The objective of this national survey was to document the effect of transitioning to AMS on producer perceptions of change in housing, farm management, and cow health. In total, 217 AMS producers were surveyed from 8 Canadian provinces. Median time since transition for respondents was 30 mo. The mean number of lactating cows per robot was 51 cows, with a median of 2 AMS units per farm. Fifty-five percent of producers built a new barn to accommodate the AMS. Changing housing systems was necessary for 47% of producers, not necessary for 50%, and not applicable to 3% (as the AMS farm was their first farm). Cleaning and feeding practices remained the same. Overall, farms increased herd size from a median of 77 to 85 lactating cows with the transition to AMS. After the transition to AMS, 66% of producers changed their health-management practices. Producers reported either a decrease or no change in rate of clinical mastitis. Reports on change in rate of lameness and total bacterial count varied. Conception rate was reported to have increased for 63% of producers. Culling rate was perceived to have stayed the same for 59% of producers. Overall, producers perceived their transitions to AMS as successful. Findings from this project provide a benchmark of the effects of AMS on important aspects of Canadian dairy farming, as well as provide producers, AMS manufacturers, veterinarians, and dairy advisors with more detailed knowledge on what to expect when transitioning to AMS.     

Fermentation reduced the in vitro glycemic index values of probiotic-rich bean powders

The effects of fermentation on the in vitro estimated glycemic index (eGI) values of probiotic-rich bean powders were investigated. The main nutrients in the probiotic-rich bean powders after fermentation were not significantly reduced. The results showed that fermentation led to the reduction of the eGI values of bean powder in experiments with in vitro digestion. It was considered to correlate positively with the increase of resistant starch percentage, the decrease of the starch hydrolysis index, the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, the increase of the phenolic compounds, and the enhancement of the total antioxidant capacity in bean powders after fermentation. That was beneficial to human health.     

Physicochemical and sensory optimisation of a low glycemic index ice cream formulation

The development of a low glycemic index ice cream with as close as possible physicochemical properties and sensory quality compared with a sucrose-sweetened ice cream was investigated. Three relatively new novel commercial sweeteners – tagatose, erythritol and trehalose – were studied, along with maltitol and polydextrose. Once the freezing curves were matched, other physicochemical properties also were found to match. Sweetness and sweet taste could then be adjusted for sensory optimisation with a combination of these sugars and supplementation with sucralose to boost the sweetness as necessary.     

Effects of processing methods on amaranth starch digestibility and predicted glycemic index

Amaranth has attracted a great deal of interest in recent decades due to its valuable nutritional, functional, and agricultural characteristics. Amaranth seeds can be cooked, popped, roasted, flaked, or extruded for consumption. This study compared the in vitro starch digestibility of processed amaranth seeds to that of white bread. Raw seeds yielded rapidly digestible starch content (RDS) of 30.7% db and predicted glycemic index (pGI) of 87.2, the lowest among the studied products. Cooked, extruded, and popped amaranth seeds had starch digestibility similar to that of white bread (92.4, 91.2, and 101.3, respectively), while flaked and roasted seeds generated a slightly increased glycemic response (106.0 and 105.8, respectively). Cooking and extrusion did not alter the RDS contents of the seeds. No significant differences were observed among popped, flaked, and roasted RDS contents (38.0%, 46.3%, and 42.9%, respectively), which were all lower than RDS content of bread (51.1%). Amaranth seed is a high glycemic food most likely because of its small starch granule size, low resistant starch content (< 1%), and tendency to completely lose its crystalline and granular starch structure during those heat treatments.