小红豆淀粉糊及其凝胶性质的研究

淀粉是小红豆的主要成分,其结构和性质对小红豆的加工和小红豆食品的品质有重要的影响。本文研究了小红豆淀粉糊的凝沉性、透明性、黏度曲线以及小红豆淀粉的凝胶性质等特性,为小红豆淀粉食品的开发提供理论基础。     

蜡质玉米淀粉的凝胶化性质及其在陶瓷凝固成型中的应用研究

本文对蜡质玉米淀粉的糊性质、流变特性和凝胶强度等凝胶化性质进行了详细研究。结果表明：与普通玉米淀粉相比，蜡质玉米淀粉易糊化，热粘稳定性差，冷粘稳定性好，凝胶强度低；蜡质玉米淀粉糊属假塑性流体，且糊的表观粘度受淀粉浓度、温度和pH值的影响。利用蜡质玉米淀粉的凝胶化性质可实现Al2O3陶瓷的原位固化成型，且成型的陶瓷坯体外观光洁、平整、无缺陷，坯体的密度高、线收缩率低。     

几种木薯变性淀粉凝胶化性质的研究

对木薯醋酸酯淀粉、磷酸酯淀粉和氧化淀粉的糊化性质、流变特性和凝胶强度等凝胶化性质进行了比较研究.研究表明:醋酸酯淀粉和磷酸酯淀粉的糊化温度与原淀粉相当,氧化淀粉的糊化温度降低.醋酸酯淀粉和磷酸酯淀粉糊具有剪切稀化特性,属假塑性流体,氧化淀粉糊呈牛顿流体的特征.3种变性淀粉糊的表观粘度受浓度、温度和pH值的影响,与木薯原淀粉相比,变性淀粉糊具有较好的耐热和耐酸碱稳定性.而凝胶强度因变性基团的不同,差异较大.     

马铃薯淀粉糊化及凝胶特性研究

采用快速黏度分析仪(rapid viscosity analyzier,RVA)测定淀粉浓度、pH、蔗糖、柠檬酸、卡拉胶等对马铃薯淀粉糊化特性和凝胶特性的影响.结果表明:随着淀粉浓度的增加,马铃薯淀粉糊的热稳定性和凝沉性变差,凝胶性增强,容易回生;在pH 7时马铃薯淀粉的热稳定性、凝沉性和凝胶性较差,马铃薯淀粉不易回生;添加蔗糖、卡拉胶、明矾、食盐或苯甲酸钠,马铃薯淀粉的热稳定性、凝沉性、凝胶性增强;添加柠檬酸后马铃薯淀粉的热稳定性和凝沉性增强,凝胶性减弱.     

十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯性质的研究

采用RVA快速粘度测定仪，研究了十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(SSDS)糊的粘度性质。测定了糊的凝沉性质、糊的乳化性质、糊的冻融稳定性、并采用扫描电子显微镜对SSDS的微观结构进行了分析。结果显示：酯化后SSDS的颗粒形貌、糊粘度性质较原玉米淀粉糊有较显著变化、其抗凝沉性、乳化性都明显优于原玉米淀粉，而冻融稳定性比原玉米淀粉差。     

桔梗皂甙对玉米淀粉糊部分理化特性的影响

为了研究桔梗皂甙对玉米淀粉糊部分理化特性的影响,在玉米淀粉糊中添加桔梗皂甙,测定添加皂甙后玉米淀粉的颗粒形态、玉米淀粉糊的表观黏度、凝沉特性和淀粉糊形成的凝胶特性.结果表明,随着皂甙添加量的增大,淀粉颗粒变小,淀粉糊的黏度增加,抗凝沉能力增加;桔梗皂甙的添加也对淀粉糊形成的淀粉凝胶特性产生影响,玉米淀粉凝胶的凝胶强度、硬度、弹性、胶着性、咀嚼度及回复力与桔梗皂甙的添加量呈负相关,黏着性与桔梗皂甙的添加量呈正相关.桔梗皂甙可对玉米淀粉性能产生一定的影响.     

荞麦淀粉糊特性的研究

以小麦、玉米和马铃薯三种淀粉为参照，研究了荞麦淀粉糊性质，结果表明：荞麦淀粉糊化温度与小麦淀粉糊化温度相当，但比玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉难糊化；其粘度热稳定性显著高于小麦、玉米和马铃薯淀粉；冷粘度稳定性大于小麦、玉米和马铃薯淀粉；凝胶性和凝沉性均高于马铃薯淀粉；透明度低于小麦、玉米和马铃薯淀粉；冻融稳定性强于小麦和玉米淀粉。     

油莎豆凝胶淀粉的理化特性研究

通过与玉米淀粉和油莎豆淀粉相比较，系统研究了油莎豆凝胶粉的理化特性，包括：粘度的测定；热粗与冷糊的稳定性；不同PH值及电解质（NaCl)和非电解质（蔗糖）存在下的粘度曲线；凝胶强度；冻融稳定性。结果表明：油莎凝胶淀粉比天然淀粉具有优良的热糊与冷糊的稳定性，电解质（NaCl）和非电解质（蔗糖）的存在，对油莎豆凝胶淀粉的热糊与冷糊的稳定性基本上无影响。凝胶强度高，冻融稳定性好，尤其是耐酸能力强，可作为凝胶剂而广泛应用于各种食品加工体系。     

羧甲基淀粉糊性质的研究

本文对羧甲基淀粉糊性质进行了详细的研究，包括糊的冷热粘度稳定性、凝沉性、冻融稳定性、透明度、ｐＨ值和介质（蔗糖，氯化钠）对糊粘度性质的影响。结果表明，淀粉经过羧甲基化后，糊的热粘度稳定性大为降低，冷粘度稳定性增加；在ｐＨ３．５～８．５范围内，有较好的耐酸碱稳定性；１０％蔗糖对糊粘度性质影响不明显，添加氯化钠会使糊化温度升高，峰值粘度降低，凝沉性增大；羧甲基淀粉具有易糊化，糊凝沉性低，冻融稳定性好和透明度高的优良性质。     

小米淀粉与玉米淀粉糊性质比较研究

对小米淀粉和玉米淀粉糊性质进行较详细比较研究,包括透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、膨胀力、酸解、酶解,和介质对糊粘度性质影响。结果表明,小米淀粉与玉米淀粉相比,糊的凝胶稳定性好、持水力强、膨胀力高、糊化温度高、热焓变值大、但透明度较差、冻融稳定性不佳、热稳定性差;且氯化钠及糖溶液对小米淀粉糊粘度性质影响较大。     

变性木薯淀粉糊精的制备工艺及其性质研究

以木薯淀粉为原料,采用醇介质酸水解制备变性木薯淀粉糊精.通过正交试验确定了淀粉糊精的制备条件,并对此条件下得到的产品进行了性质研究.结果表明,该产品持水性比原淀粉大,吸湿性较强,感官及其理化特性符合麦芽糖标准,酸解淀粉糊精的粘度与原淀粉相比数值下降,酸处理制备的糊精粒子微观结构无明显变化.     

甜味料和亲水胶体对酸改性淀粉凝胶粘度及质构的影响

本文研究了各种甜味料(蔗糖、淀粉糖浆、山梨糖醇、麦芽糖醇、异麦芽糖醇)和亲水胶体(魔芋胶、琼脂、结冷胶、海藻酸钠、罗望子胶、果胶、阿拉伯胶、卡拉胶)对酸改性淀粉糊的粘度、凝胶体强度、质构的影响.结果表明:相同浓度甜味料和不同浓度(0.1％～0.5％)的胶体对酸改性淀粉协同增粘作用的大小顺序分别为:山梨糖醇＞异麦芽糖醇＞...     

Effect of phosphoric acid treatment on physicochemical,functional, and structural properties of starch extracted from yam (Dioscorea rotundata)

This work was designed to elucidate selected physicochemical, functional, and structural properties of native and modified yam (Dioscorea rotundata) starch. The isolated starch was chemically modified using 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% phosphoric acid solution at 50°C for 1 h, and yield, swelling power, gelation, water holding capacity, paste clarity, blue value, and amylose and amylopectin content of the native and modified yam starch were determined. Structural changes in the native and starch modified with 25% phosphoric acid were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy. The result showed that the yield, swelling power, water holding capacity, paste clarity, blue value and amylose and amylopectin content of native yam starch was 33.38% (217 g), 3.84 g/g, 1.0 v/g, 10%, 0.52 and 25.96, respectively, whereas gelation study of the native and modified starch indicated that native starch was viscous and modified starch firm. However, yield, swelling power, water holding capacity, paste clarity, blue value, and amylose content of modified yam starch reduced in a dose dependent manner with phosphoric acid. The reduction in the values of the various functional properties could be associated with the effect of phosphoric acid on the starch granular structure. The result of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy revealed that the yam starch was modified by phosphoric acid with changes in functional groups spectra such as –OH stretch (3177 cm^?1), H₂O absorbed (1644 cm^?1) (amorphous region), C-H stretch (2923 cm^?1), CH₂O (1253 cm^?1), and C-O-C (1078 cm^?1) when compared to native starch. The morphology of native and modified yam starch granules ranged from oval to eliptical. However, modified starch granules were rough in surface. In conclusion, the characterized physicochemical and functional properties and structure exhibited by native and modified yam starch indicated that, yam could be a cheap and valuable source of starch for industrial application.     

变性淀粉对非发酵面团冻融品质的影响

为了探究变性淀粉对非发酵面团冻融品质的影响,本研究比较了在添加马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯、木薯醋酸酯淀粉、木薯羟丙基淀粉与马铃薯醋酸酯淀粉后非发酵面团冻融品质的变化。结果表明：变性淀粉未能有效控制冻融面团的失水率,但冻融面团深层结合水相对含量均有所增加,凝胶能力下降,且不受变性淀粉添加量与种类的影响。冻融面团剪切力均随着变性淀粉添加量增加呈现“下降-上升”的趋势,且均低于对照组。变性淀粉添加量较少时基本能较好地改善熟面坯的质构特性,高添加量反而不利于熟面坯的质构特性。添加木薯醋酸酯淀粉不利于面团流变性的改善,而其余3 种变性淀粉在添加量较低（＜5%）时,有利于改善面团的流变特性。因此,变性淀粉在添加量较少时对非发酵面团冻融品质有一定的改良作用。     

小麦氧化淀粉制备工艺及性质研究

以过氧化氢为氧化剂、硫酸亚铁溶液为催化剂、氧化淀粉糊液黏度为评价指标,通过单因素和正交试验,研究了过氧化氢浓度、催化剂浓度、反应时间等对黏度的影响。结果表明:随过氧化氢用量、反应时间和催化剂浓度的增加,淀粉的黏度逐渐变小;小麦氧化淀粉的最佳生产工艺为过氧化氢浓度为18%,催化剂浓度为0.006mol/L,反应时间为90min。     

Impact of germination on starch,dietary fiber and physicochemical properties in non-conventional legumes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of germination on dietary fiber composition, starch availability and physicochemical properties in four non-conventional legumes (Vigna unguiculata, Canavalia ensiformis, Stizolobium niveum, Lablab purpureus) in order to improve the carbohydrate supply and to optimize native products of developing countries. Germination promoted a significant decrease of resistant starch along with an increase of available starch percentage. Total dietary fiber contents increased during germination and improved insoluble/soluble dietary fiber ratio. This process produced an increase of total sugar content, mainly due to the rise of cellulosic glucose from metabolic reaction undergone during germination. Moreover, physicochemical properties of germinated legume flours were modified, improving oil holding, water holding, water absorption and gelation capacities, whereas decreases of emulsifying and foaming capacities were detected. In conclusion, germination provides non-conventional legume flours with higher nutritional quality and better physicochemical properties than the raw flours.     

马铃薯羟丙基羧甲基淀粉的理化性能研究

讨论了马铃薯原淀粉、马铃薯羟丙基淀粉、马铃薯羧甲基淀粉、马铃薯羟丙基羧甲基淀粉的理化特性,证实了马铃薯羟丙基羧甲基淀粉具有良好的冻融性、抗老化能力、抗生物降解、糊透明度高和耐酸性以及粘度高、糊化温度低等优点.说明马铃薯羟丙基旋甲基复合变性淀粉兼有两种及两种以上单一变性淀粉的优良性质,弥补了单一变性淀粉性质的不足.     

What makes starch from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers unique: A review

The use of starch in food systems in many instances relies on its thickening and gelling capacity. When native starches fail to match process and/or product‐specific requirements, starches are physically and/or chemically modified to meet end‐use demands. Evidently, differences between starches of varying botanical origin have to be considered when selecting or modifying starches for particular applications. Potato starch (PS) ranks third in world production after maize and wheat starches. Its unique properties differ from those of cereal and pulse starches and are directly related to its molecular structure and organization. This review summarizes the differences between PS and cereal and pulse starches and how they set it apart in terms of gelatinization, pasting, gelation, and retrogradation. Recent advances in improving PS pasting and gelation using enzyme technology and mineral ions are also described.     

Modification of granular corn starch with 4-alpha-glucanotransferase from Thermotoga maritima: effects on structural and physical properties

ABSTRACT:  Corn starch was converted using α-1,4-glucanotransferase from Thermotoga maritima (TmαGT), a hyperthermophilic bacterium, without inducing gelatinization, and the structural changes and physical properties of the modified starches were investigated. Enzyme modification was induced at 65 °C for 8, 16, or 24 h, and the morphology of the modified starches was observed with light and scanning electron microscopy. Granule integrity was mostly maintained after enzyme treatment, although some granules were partially fragmented as evidenced by enlarged surface pores and some cracks. The modified starches had lower apparent amylose levels than raw starch. The molecular weights of amylose and amylopectin molecules in the treated starches were lower than those of raw starch, and the amount of branched molecules, which had much lower molecular weights, also increased in the treated starches. The chain-length distribution of amylopectin showed an increased number of shorter branched chains. The modified starches showed a wider melting temperature range and a lower melting enthalpy than that of raw starch. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the modified starches showed typical A-type starch peaks, but the relative crystallinities were lower than that of raw starch. The solubility and paste clarity of the modified starches were much higher than those of raw starch. The modified starch gels maintained their rigidity over the whole frequency range tested and showed thermoreversibility between 4 and 75 °C. These results suggest that TmαGT can be used to produce granular corn starch, which contains amylose and amylopectin having lower molecular weights and a thermoreversible gelation property.     

Functional Properties of Modified Black Gram (Phaseolus mungo L.) Starch

Black gram (Phaseolus mungo L.) starch was modified by heat and moisture treatments, acetylation, oxidation, cross-linking, and adding free fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, and linoleic). Heat and low moisture treatment, acetylation, oxidation, and cross-linking lowered the starch gelatinization temperature by 1–6°C, while adding fatty acids and the high moisture-heat treatment raised it by 1–4°C. All modifications caused an increase in least gelation concentration of starch. High moisture-heat treatment increased both water and oil absorption of starch. At 95°C, heat-moisture treated, acetylated, and oxidized starches were more soluble, while fatty acid treated and cross-linked starches were less soluble compared to raw starch. The modified starches had greater swelling capacity and solubility at pH 2.0 and 10.0. Heat-moisture treated and chemically modified starches had lower swelling capacity (at 95°C) than that of isolated starch, whereas addition of fatty acids increased it.