批制辐射变色薄膜剂量计的研究

叙述了以尼龙为基材、六羟基乙基副品红氰化物(HPR-CN)为染料的辐射变色薄膜剂量计的配方研究及其剂量学性能测试结果。研制的、可批量生产的辐射变色薄膜剂量计具有较好的剂量学性能。剂量计厚度约60μm,剂量计尺寸可根据需要进行裁剪,它尤其适用于低能电子束吸收剂量、电子加速器场分布以及深度剂量分布的测定,并可被广泛地用于辐射加工中的中、高水平剂量测量和能量测量中。对自制的、批量生产的辐射变色薄膜剂量计的性能与美国远西技术公司生产的FWT-60辐射变色薄膜剂量计的性能进行了比较。     

以PVB为基材的低剂量辐射变色薄膜剂量计研究

研制了一种具有低剂量响应特征的辐射变色薄膜,剂量范围从几十至若干个千戈瑞。选用隐色孔雀绿(LMG)为染料,以聚乙烯缩丁醛(polyvinyl butyral,PVB)为基材制备辐射变色薄膜剂量计,该剂量计经几百Gy剂量辐照后颜色从无色变成深绿色,利用钴源对该种辐射变色薄膜剂量计的剂量学性能进行了研究,结果表明,该剂量计具有较好的剂量响应线性特性和较大的剂量响应范围(20~6 500Gy),可用于血液辐照、食品辐照和环境辐射监测等更多领域。     

Internal irradiation of the thyroid gland in residents of Kaluga Oblast from results of <Superscript>131</Superscript>I content measurements performed in May 1986

The content of ¹³¹I in the thyroid gland of approximately 30000 residents of Kaluga oblast was measured in May 1986. The work was supported by calibration and verification of the measurement means and procedure. The data making it possible to evaluate the individual, average, median, and collective dose of internal irradiation of the thyroid gland in people of different ages in the populated points of the oblast are presented. The irradiation dose to the thyroid gland in children is much higher than for adults. It is found that the individual dose of internal irradiation to the thyroid gland is described by a nearly log-normal distribution. Some of the individuals examined have an individual dose which is several-fold higher than the average and median dose. This indicates the presence of groups with an elevated radiation risk; attention should be focused on this group first when medical-prophylactic and protective measures are taken. The data from Kaluga oblast, combined with similar results from Bryansk oblast and Belarus, have served as basis for reconstructing the individual absorbed irradiation dose to the thyroid gland and as dosimetric support of radiation-epidemiological studies using the case-monitoring procedure. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 105, No. 2, pp. 97–103, August, 2008.     

乳腺癌保乳术后瘤床同步加量两种放疗技术的比较

比较早期乳腺癌保乳术后瘤床同步加量三维适形野中野放疗(FIF-CRT)与容积旋转调强放疗(VMAT)技术靶区及危及器官的剂量学差异。选取15例左侧乳腺癌保乳术后女性患者,对每位患者分别设计三维适形野中野放疗计划和容积旋转调强计划。在剂量体积直方图上比较靶区的适形度指数、均匀性指数、靶区覆盖率和危及器官的受照剂量体积和所需机器跳数(MU),并进行统计学差异分析。VMAT计划较FIF-CRT计划,PTV1处方剂量覆盖率增加了5.62%(p0.001);瘤床PGTV处方剂量覆盖率增加了10.64%(p0.001);VMAT计划PTV的适形度指数(CI)和均匀性指数(HI)均优于FIF-CRT计划。两种计划左肺V20,心脏的V10和Dmax均无统计学差异,但VMAT的左肺V5、V10和Dmean,心脏的V5,右乳和右肺的V5、Dmean,脊髓的Dmax明显增高且有统计学差异(p0.05);VMAT的左肺V30、V40和心脏的V20低于FIF-CRT计划;VMAT和FIF-CRT的平均机器跳数分别是745 MU和250 MU(p0.001)。早期乳腺癌保乳术瘤床同步加量VMAT放疗与FIF-CRT相比能明显改善靶区的剂量覆盖率和均匀性,但正常组织高剂量区域受照体积减少,低剂量区域受照体积增加,机器跳数增加。     

A sensitive EPR dosimetry system based on sulfamic acid

There is a need for a sensitive dosimeter using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) for use in medical applications, since with this method non-destructive read-out and dose archival could be achieved. Sulfamic acid as a possible detector substance was investigated before and after irradiation, its EPR spectra were recorded and analyzed, some dosimetric characteristics were studied: microwave power saturation behavior, the effect of modulation amplitude on peak-to-peak signal intensity and the line width. Energy-dependence parameters were compared to soft tissue and alanine, and the response to ionizing radiation was studied, also the decay behavior along 133 days after irradiation is presented. It is found that sulfamic acid possesses high-sensitivity and reasonable signal stability which may make it useful as a sensitive dosimeter for medical applications.     

Radiation and your patient: a guide for medical practitioners

This didactic text is devoted to the protection of patients against unnecessary exposure to ionising radiation. It is organised in a questions-and-answers format. There are obvious benefits to health from medical uses of radiation, in x-ray diagnostics, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiotherapy. However, there are well-established risks from high doses of radiation (radiotherapy, interventional radiology), particularly if improperly applied, and possible deleterious effects from small radiation doses (such as those used in diagnostics). Appropriate use of large doses in radiotherapy prevents serious harm, but even low doses carry a risk that cannot be eliminated entirely. Diagnostic use of radiation requires therefore such methodology that would secure high diagnostic gains while minimising the possible harm. For assessment of the risk, a quantitative measure of exposure is a necessary prerequisite. Therefore, dosimetric quantities are explained and defined (absorbed dose, effective dose). Basic facts are presented on mechanisms of action of ionising radiations on living matter. Undesired deleterious effects in man are categorised into two categories. The first one comprises sequelae resulting from massive cell killing (the so-called deterministic effects), requiring a high dose for their manifestation (exceeding the threshold dose). The second category includes those effects originating from mutational changes in the cellular DNA. These may eventually lead to development of radiation-induced cancer and to hereditary changes, transmitted to descendants of exposed individuals after irradiation of their gonads. Data on the magnitude of threshold doses for cell killing effects are presented. On the basis of experimental, clinical, and epidemiological evidence, assessment is also given of the probability with which cancers and hereditary mutations may be induced by doses of various magnitudes, most likely without a threshold dose (below which no effect would obtain). The text provides ample information on opportunities to minimise doses, and therefore the risk from diagnostic uses of radiation. This objective may be reached by avoiding unnecessary (unjustified) examinations, and by optimising the procedures applied both from the standpoint of diagnostic quality and in terms of reduction of the excessive doses to patients. Optimisation of patient protection in radiotherapy must depend on maintaining sufficiently high doses to irradiated tumours, securing a high cure rate, while protecting the healthy tissues to the largest extent possible. Problems related to special protection of the embryo and fetus in the course of diagnostic and therapeutic uses of radiation are presented and practical solutions are recommended. This issue of the Annals of the ICRP also includes a brief report concerning Diagnostic Reference Levels in medical imaging: Review and additional advice.     

Statistical characteristics of the collective dose

A statistical approach for estimating the yearly effective collective dose is proposed. The distribution law for the collective dose is proposed on the basis of the assumption that the distributions of the number of people in the controlled group and the individual irradiation dose are random. It is shown that the distribution law for the collective dose has a quasiexponential form and is characterized by an average value and a variance. It is shown for a statistical analysis of the multiyear data from individual dosimetric monitoring of workers at the Moscow Scientific and Industrial Association Radon that the hypothesis advanced is consistent with observations. Practical recommendations are given for calculating collective dose statistics. 3 figures. 8 references. Moscow Scientific and Industrial Association Radon. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 213–217, March, 2000.     

Cell irradiation setup and dosimetry for radiobiological studies at ELBE

The radiation source ELBE delivers different types of secondary radiation, which is used for cell irradiation studies in radiobiological research. Thereby an important issue is the determination of the biological effectiveness of photon radiation as a function of photon energy by using low-energetic, monochromatic channeling radiation (10-100 keV) and high-energetic bremsstrahlung (up to 40 MV). Radiobiological studies at the research facility ELBE demand special technical and dosimetric prerequisites. Therefore, a cell irradiation system (CIS) has been designed, constructed and installed at the beam line. The CIS allows automatic irradiation of a larger cell sample number and the compensation of spatial inhomogeneity of the dose distribution within the beam spot. The recently introduced GafChromic^® EBT radiochromic film model has been used to verify the cell irradiation dose deposition achieving a dose uncertainty of <5%. Both, the installed cell irradiation system and the developed dosimetric procedure based on the use of the EBT film have been experimentally tested at ELBE. The biological effectiveness of 34 MV bremsstrahlung with respect to 200 kV X-rays from a conventional X-ray tube has been determined. An RBE value of 0.75 has been measured in good agreement with literature.     

狗牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的研究

对4组狗牙釉质样品分别进行不同剂量137Csγ射线的照射.使用电子自旋共振(Electron spin resonance,ESR)谱仪测量所有样品照射前的ESR固有信号强度,根据照射不同剂量后的ESR信号强度,研究不同剂量的γ射线照射后狗牙釉质所产生的ESR信号强度的变化.结果表明,137Cs γ射线照射前,狗牙釉质...     

放射治疗剂量验证中常用剂量分布比较方法及分析

使用非晶硅平板探测器(Amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device,a-Si EPID),在源-探测器距离100 cm处,用6 MV的光子束照射采集3个不同大小射野的剂量图,将该数据分割为4个区域,并对每个区域数据进行不同条件下的修改来构建模型,然后用放射治疗剂量验证中常用的3种剂量分布比较方法进行分析。结果表明:百分剂量差比较法对剂量梯度大的区域较敏感,微小的位置偏移会造成较大误差,其适用于剂量分布相对平缓的区域。DTA(Distance-to-agreement)分析法对剂量分布平缓的区域较为敏感,微小的剂量差异也会造成较大的误差,其适用于剂量梯度相对陡峭区域。γ分析法则结合了剂量差异分析法与DTA分析法的优点,不管对于剂量梯度较大区域还是平缓的区域,其计算值不会过大,误差较小,能更好地用于临床剂量验证。