原铁液硅含量对厚大断面球墨铸铁件石墨形态与力学性能的影响

为研究原铁液硅含量对厚大断面球墨铸铁件凝固组织石墨形态和力学性能的影响,使用高精度热模拟系统,考察了不同硅含量的原铁液经过相同球化孕育工艺处理后在相同凝固条件下获得的厚大断面球墨铸铁件试样的凝固组织石墨形态和力学性能。结果表明,球化孕育工艺相同时,随着原铁液硅含量提高,厚大断面球墨铸铁件石墨形态恶化,力学性能下降。当钇基重稀土球化剂和含Ba孕育剂加入量分别为1.8%和0.4%时,原铁液硅含量控制在1.2%以内,有利于防止厚大断面球墨铸铁件石墨畸变,提高铸件力学性能。     

低钙钡的硅钡孕育剂

介绍一种低钙钡的硅钡孕育剂，其Si、Ba、Ca、Al组元配比合理，既具有强的石墨化作用，又具有良好的脱氧性能，因此能延缓孕育衰退时间，防止铸件局部白口，使铸件硬度均匀。用于铸态球铁，可以获得足量的铁素体；用于灰铸铁，可以稳定获得A型石墨，石墨长度达4～6级，力学性能提高。     

Graphite nucleation control in grey cast iron

Abstract

A research programme has been undertaken to achieve a more detailed understanding of graphite nucleation control in grey cast irons, at different sulphur (0˙02–0˙1%), residual aluminium (0˙001–0˙010%) and zirconium (0˙001–0˙015%) levels in iron melts. It was found that three groups of elements are important to sustain a three stage model for the nucleation of graphite in grey irons:

(i) strong deoxidising elements (Al, Zr) to promote early formed very small microinclusions, oxide based, which will act as nucleation sites for later formed complex (Mn,X)S compounds

(ii) Mn and S to sustain MnS type sulphide formation

(iii) inoculating elements (Ca, Sr, etc.) which act in the first stage or/and in the second one of graphite formation, to improve the capability of (Mn,X)S compounds to nucleate graphite.

It was confirmed that 0˙07%S level is beneficial for graphite nucleation in grey irons with a lower incidence of carbides and undercooled graphite, compared to 0˙023%S cast irons. Low residual Al level (0˙001–0˙003%) results in higher chill and more undercooled graphite and lower eutectic cell count, in inoculated irons. A 0˙007–0˙010%Al content in the melt is important to sustain type A graphite nucleation and reduced chill. Not only inoculation but also the preconditioning (Al or/and Zr) of the base iron has a strong beneficial effect on the solidification pattern of cast irons. Both Al and Zr sustain the type A graphite formation with a lower degree of undercooling and free carbides. These elements were associated in a complex alloy (FeSi based), very efficient in preconditioning of grey irons for thin wall castings, at a low addition rate.     

二次孕育对大断面球铁组织及性能的影响

介绍了4种不同类型的二次孕育剂对模拟尺寸为φ590 mm×800 mm的大断面球墨铸铁的组织及性能的影响。结果表明,二次孕育工艺对球铁尤其是大断面球铁的石墨及力学性能均有良好的改善作用;利用Si-Ba-Ca孕育剂进行孕育处理后再添加0.15%的该孕育剂作为二次孕育处理,可改善铸件组织及提高铸件力学性能;S-O孕育剂和Si-Ba-Ca孕育剂的效果相对较好,模拟铸件中碎块状石墨区域明显减少、石墨球形态圆整、球化率较高,还可以有效避免孕育衰退,使铸件获得较好的微观组织和最佳的综合力学性能。     

浅谈近年来铸铁件的发展

介绍了近年来我国铸铁件的产量和新制订、修订的铸铁件国标:(1)灰铸铁的发展在产量增速上虽有所放缓,但质量上却有很大提高,体现在:新国标中牌号的细化,掌握了HT300和HT350的生产技术,专用灰铸铁的开发。(2)球墨铸铁不仅在产量上快速发展,而且更有质的飞跃,概括为:发展速度令人惊异,从无到有,从少量生产到占世界球铁产量的49.5%;球铁应用领域不断扩大;开发出各种球化处理方法;系列化生产了球化剂和孕育剂。重点介绍了Si固溶强化铁素体球铁、高强度高伸长率球铁、低温铁素体球铁、珠光体基体球铁、ADI、奥氏体球铁、高强韧TWIP铸铁,并指出了生产高端球铁件的关键点——优化石墨、净化晶界、强化基体。(3)蠕铁的进步体现在:新的国标替代了旧的部标,蠕铁缸体缸盖的生产渐入佳境,蠕铁制动盘的扩大应用正在稳妥推进。     

球状石墨的形核与孕育--球墨铸铁基础理论的最新发展(一)

石墨球的形成分两个阶段：形核与生长。虽然形核不影响最终的形状，但它是石墨球形成的重要过程。石墨的形核物质有石墨、硫化物、氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、金属间化合物及气体。各种物质的形核机制可以不同，但是都必须符合晶格匹配关系（失配度小于6%时，形核能力强），以及满足相互的界面能要求。由于球铁过冷倾向大，所以孕育是球铁生产的必须工序。鉴于硫氧化物是球墨形核的重要组分，特介绍一种新型高效孕育剂，其特点在于孕育剂中含有一定的硫氧非金属物质，可补充球化处理后铁液硫、氧的贫缺。     

加S-O-Ce孕育剂对球铁组织和性能的影响

对采用普通孕育剂和采用添加S-O-Ce的孕育剂生产厚壁球墨铸铁件进行了对比,结果显示：采用加S-O-Ce的孕育剂能增加球墨数量、提高球墨圆整度,提高力学性能以及降低缩松倾向.分析了加S-O-Ce孕育剂的孕育机理,认为加S-O-Ce的孕育剂对力学性能的影响是组织改善与抑制有害元素作用的综合结果.     

DUCTILE FRACTURE OF FERRITE NODULAR GRAPHITE CAST IRON UNDER MULTIAXIAL TENSILE STRESS

为研究多轴应力下铁素体球铁延性断裂机制,采用三种不同曲率半径(ρ=2,4,10mm)的缺口圆柱试样进行拉伸试验,并用大弹塑性变形有限元分析法计算试样缺口部位的应力、应变分布。在中断拉伸试样上进行金相观察,跟踪石墨球与基体界面处微空洞的形核和长大。研究结果表明,当石墨球与基体界面处的应力到达650MPa时,微空洞形核,空洞长大和聚合导致延性断裂。     

大断面球墨铸铁件的质量控制措施

大断面球铁件易出现石墨球粗大，石墨球数量减少，石墨漂浮，石墨球畸变，开花状石墨、碎块状石墨等缺陷，所以大断面球铁件的制造技术一直是铸造界公认的一个难题。结合国内外大断面球铁件的生产现状，总结出了一系列在生产过程中通常采取的质量控制措施，例如加快冷却速度、严格控制化学成分，适当添加微量合金元素、合适的球化处理和孕育处理等。应用这些措施，可以得到内外质量优良的大断面球墨铸铁件。     

孕育处理对大断面球铁件力学性能和石墨形态的影响

基于金相组织、力学性能、拉伸断口特征、石墨结晶核心及变异石墨形态分析,研究了孕育处理对大断面QT600－3球铁件力学性能和石墨形态的影响。结果表明,电炉熔炼工艺生产大断面球铁件时,采用随流瞬时孕育,孕育衰退作用减慢,抗拉强度和伸长率提高;YFY－1A作瞬时孕育剂,石墨形态良好,石墨球大小稳定;SPI作瞬时孕育剂,导致石墨形态发生变异。     

MAKING DUCTILE CAST IRON WITH ESR PROCESS

1.IntroductionTheapplicationofelectroslagremeltingprocess(ESR)tocastironcastingproductionhasbeendescribedbymanyauthors[ljZ],whoemphasizethatthecastingqualitiesareimprovedbyoverheatingandcleaningofmoltencastiron,andchangingthegraphiteformofcasting.Itisnecessarytoworkontheelectrochemicalaspectsoftheprocess,sincewehaveliquidmetalsurfaceactingaselectrodesincontactwithanionicliquidslag.IncontrastwithmostESRprocessesinwhichthechemicalcompositionchangesbetweenthemeltingelectrodeandingotproducedfro…     

Inoculated Slightly Hypereutectic Gray Cast Irons

The current experimental investigation in this article was designed to characterize the structure of mold (M) and ladle (L) inoculated, low-S (0.025 wt.% S), low-Al (0.003 wt.% Al), slightly hypereutectic (CE = 4.4-4.5 wt.%) electric melted gray irons, typical for high performance thin-wall castings. It describes the effect of a Ca, Al, Zr-FeSi inoculant addition of 0-0.25 wt.% on structure characteristics, and compares to similar treatments with hypoeutectic irons (3.5-3.6 wt.% CE, 0.025 wt.% S, and 0.003 wt.% Al). A complex structure including primary graphite, austenite dendrites, and eutectic cells is obtained in hypereutectic irons, as the result of nonequilibrium solidification following the concept of a coexisting region. Dendrites appear to be distributed between eutectic cells at higher eutectic undercooling, while in inoculated irons and for lower undercooling, the eutectic cells are “reinforced” by eutectic austenite dendrites. A Zr, Ca, Al-FeSi alloy appears to be an effective inoculant in low S, low Al, gray cast irons, especially for a late inoculation technique, with beneficial effects on both graphite and austenite phases. First, inoculation influenced the nucleation of graphite/eutectic cell, and then their characteristics. A further role of these active elements directly contributed to form nucleation sites for austenite, as complex (Mn,X)S particles.     

Nucleation of graphite in cast iron melts depending on manganese,sulphur and oxygen

Abstract

The form and distribution of graphite in grey iron influences the mechanical properties and depends on numerous factors, such as nucleation and cooling speed conditions. The main focus of the present work is the influence of manganese, sulphur and oxygen on the nucleation of graphite in lamellar cast iron melts. Previous studies showed that the nucleation in GJL melts is initiated by a MnS particle. For investigations in the field of nucleation in grey iron the authors examined several EN-GJL-200 specimens. The specimens were cast with and without inoculant. The studies of the specimens were realised using light microscopy, SEM-EDS (energy dispersive X-ray analysis), WDS (wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis). The experimental results were compared with the software Thermo-Calc calculations. From the experimental results and the Thermo-Calc calculations it can be concluded, that Mn and S contents and the Mn/S ratio respectively plays a very important role for the nucleation. A direct influence of oxygen on the nucleation of graphite could not be observed.     

Improving chill control in iron powder treated slightly hypereutectic grey cast irons

Recent studies revealed that in eutectic to slightly hypereutectic grey irons (CE = 4.3%-4.5%) the presence of austenite dendrites provides an opportunity to improve the cast iron properties, as a high number of eutectic cells are "reinforced" by austenite dendrites. An iron powder addition proved to be important by promoting dendritic austenite in hypereutectic irons, but was accompanied by adverse effect on the characteristics of potential nuclei for graphite. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the solidification pattern of these irons. Chill wedges with different cooling moduli (CM = 0.11 - 0.43 cm) were poured in resin bonded sand and metal moulds.Relative clear / mottled / total chill measurement criteria were applied. Iron powder additions led to a higher chill tendency, while single inoculation showed the strongest graphitizing effect. The various double treatments show an intermediate position, but the inoculant added after iron powder appears to be the most effective in reducing base iron chill tendency, for all cooling moduli and chill evaluation parameters. This performance reflects the improved properties of (Mn,X)S polygonal compounds as nucleation sites for graphite, especially in resin bonded sand mould castings. Both austenite and graphite nucleation benefit from a double addition of iron powder + inoculant,with positive effect on the final structure and chill tendency.     

Precipitation and evolution of nodular graphite during solidification process of ductile iron

The quantity and morphology of spheroidal graphite have an important effect on the properties of ductile iron,and the characteristics of spheroidal graphite are determined by the solidification process.The aim of this work is to explore the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules in hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons by thermal analysis,liquid quenching and metallographic technique.Results show that hypoeutectic ductile iron has the longest solidification time and the lowest eutectic temperature;eutectic ductile iron has the shortest solidification time;hypereutectic ductile iron has the highest eutectic temperature.After solidification is completed,hypoeutectic ductile iron has the lowest nodule count,nodularity and graphite fraction;eutectic ductile iron has the highest nodule count,nodularity and the smallest nodule diameter;hypereutectic has the highest nodule diameter and graphite fraction.The nucleation and growth of graphite nodules in hypereutectic ductile iron starts before bulk eutectic crystallization stage,however,the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules of hypoeutectic and eutectic ductile irons mainly occur in the eutectic crystallization stage.The graphite precipitated in eutectic crystallization of hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons,are 61%,68% and 43% of total graphite volume fraction,respectively.Simultaneously,there are plenty of austenite dendrites in hypoeutectic and hypereutectic ductile irons,which are prone to shrinkage defects.Therefore,the eutectic ductile iron has the smallest shrinkage tendency.     

机车用灰铸铁件组织中E型石墨的消除

在灰铸铁产品金相组织中经常会出现E型石墨,E型石墨的存在严重影响了灰铸铁的性能,遗传因素是E型石墨产生的主要原因。在铁水孕育处理过程中加入增碳剂和加入硅钡复合孕育剂,能够有效抑制E型石墨的产生。     

反石墨化变质剂在高碳当量灰铸铁中的扩散行为及其对组织的影响

采用变质剂固体植入铸铁熔体进行扩散的方法，研究了单一变质剂和复合变质剂在铁水中浓度的连续变化过程对高碳当量灰铸铁石墨组织细化程度及初生奥氏体枝晶数量的影响。试验结果表明，在细化石墨、增加初生奥氏体枝晶数量方面，复合变质剂比单一变质剂效果显著，复合变质剂的加入量可在较大范围内调整，而单一变质剂的调整范围较狭窄，复合变质剂各成分之间存在一个合适的比例。     

S、Mg和RE含量对球铁球化率及性能的影响

生产条件不同，球铁铸件性能的差异很大。分析球铁生产中S与Mg、RE的关系，以及这3个元素含量对球铁质量的影响。针对厚壁铸件中经常出现的碎块状石墨提出了相应的改进措施：适当增加碳，降低硅，提高残余Mg量，降低残余RE量，采用冷铁提高冷却速度。     

球化合金和孕育方法对GhMoRct球墨铸铁组织及性能的影响

采用两种不同的球化合金对GHMoRct球墨铸铁进行球化处理,合理配制炉料,用长效复合孕育剂随流孕育;运用均衡凝固技术,调整合适的CE,利用石墨化膨胀产生的自补缩效果消除显微缩松,生产出了基体组织和力学性能都符合技术要求的产品。     

La、Ce对球铁球化率、白口和缩松倾向的影响

能否抑制碳化物形成与球化剂和孕育剂的成核性能相关。成核性能可以理解为由于加入变质剂而形成的核心数量以及核心的效力。球化剂和孕育剂的加入也会影响球铁凝固时的缩松倾向。一些球化剂和孕育剂能较好地防止缩松，而有些球化剂和孕育剂则促进缩松的形成。已经发现，使用不同的稀土元素对这种情况有明显影响。与使用含铈或含混合稀土的球化剂相比，使用加有纯镧的硅铁镁合金作为包内处理球化剂时，球铁的工艺性能得到令人惊奇的改善。成核性能明显改善，因而采用三明治法和盖包法进行球化处理时的白口和缩松倾向减小。