动物性食品中三聚氰胺的残留及危害

三聚氰胺陆续在饲料和乳与乳制品中被检出,引起了公众对三聚氰胺的密切关注。为进一步了解三聚氰胺,就三聚氰胺在动物性食品中的污染来源、危害及其检测方法进行了阐述。     

沃特世伴您共同成长ASAP和ACQUITY(R)TQD联用:可快速检测食品中的三聚氰胺

2007年3月,在生产宠物食品用的麦芽糖浆和大米蛋白精中发现了导致大批宠物猫狗肾衰死亡的三聚氰胺:2008年9月出现掺入过量三聚氰胺的牛奶.婴儿奶粉.奶制品导致婴儿肾受损伤或出现肾结石,甚至死亡,从而导致全球恐慌;2010年再次出现奶粉中三聚氰胺超标问题…… 三聚氰胺带来的危害已经让很多国家开始规范其使用,并制定了食品中三聚氰胺的限量标准.     

金属涂层罐中三聚氰胺污染来源的研究

简要介绍了食品包装用金属涂层三片罐的加工工艺,研究了三片罐各工艺流程中三聚氰胺的迁移量。试验结果表明:内壁涂料是食品罐中三聚氰胺迁移的主要来源;由于制罐前半成品均为层叠堆放,外壁油墨的黏脏也是三聚氰胺污染的重要来源。     

食品加工中的污染及其安全检测探讨

近年来我国食品安全问题层出不穷,从最初的苏丹红事件到三聚氰胺奶粉、镉大米、地沟油和双汇瘦肉精事件,食品问题不断加剧,也给食品加工行业敲响警钟。由于在食品加工环节添加大量的化学制剂以及由于储存不当导致的食品污染问题不容忽视。本文主要分析食品加工中的污染类型,污染的原因和对人体的危害,并提出常规的安全检测方法。     

二氯异氰尿酸钠应用于食品生产场所消毒剂的危害分析

探讨二氯异氰尿酸钠应用于食品生产场所作为消毒剂的安全风险.分析二氯异氰尿酸钠的消毒作用机制以及残余物毒性.在消毒时,二氯异氰尿酸钠迅速脱氯,形成氰尿酸.氰尿酸对哺乳动物具有低急性毒性,大鼠的经口半数致死量为7700 mg/kg,氰尿酸与三聚氰胺联合摄入时会导致肾毒性.二氯异氰尿酸钠在应用于食品消毒作业时确实存在污染食品的隐患,存在安全风险,相关职能部门应积极应对加紧制定相应的技术标准,对二氯异氰尿酸钠的使用加以规范引导.     

蜜胺餐具中三聚氰胺单体的迁移规律研究

结合蜜胺餐具的实际使用情况,选用合适的食品模拟物进行迁移实验,采用LC-MS/MS法测定三聚氰胺迁移量,研究蜜胺餐具中三聚氰胺单体的迁移规律。重点考察了食品模拟物种类、接触时间、接触温度、乙酸浓度、乙醇浓度、重复使用和微波加热等迁移条件下蜜胺餐具中三聚氰胺迁移量的变化情况。结果表明酸性食品和牛奶中的三聚氰胺迁移风险较高,且需控制蜜胺餐具的使用温度、盛放时间、重复使用次数及微波加热功率和时间以降低密胺餐具中三聚氰胺迁移风险。     

食品接触产品中三聚氰胺的安全风险评估

以1~3岁儿童为目标人群,对食品接触材料密胺餐具中的三聚氰胺进行安全风险评估。评估过程中,研究了食品模拟物种类、乙酸浓度、迁移温度、迁移时间、重复使用次数、微波加热的时间和功率等因素的影响下,密胺餐具中三聚氰胺迁移量及1~3岁儿童每日摄入三聚氰胺量的变化规律;同时将三聚氰胺的每日摄入量与世界卫生组织规定的TDI[0.2 mg/(kg bw)]相比较,对1~3岁儿童摄入盛装在不同使用条件下密胺餐具中的三聚氰胺进行安全风险评估,并作出相应的建议。     

近红外光谱快速检测牛奶中三聚氰胺

<正>1近红外光谱在牛奶三聚氰胺检测中的重要性三聚氰胺又可称之为密胺,还可称之为氰尿酰胺,呈现为白色结晶体,其分子中66.7%均为氮。在乳制品和生鲜乳制备中,加入三聚氰胺,可使牛奶中的氮含量得到提升,故不少不法商贩将其添加到牛奶中,以此来冒充高蛋白含量食品,实现对成本的控制。2008年"三鹿奶粉事件"爆发的因三聚氰胺含量过高,导致儿童泌尿系统异常。自此,加强乳制品三聚氰胺快     

食品及饲料中三聚氰胺的研究进展

三聚氰胺是一种制造氨基树脂和塑料制品的重要原料.近年来,由于其在食品及饲料中的非法添加,导致的恶性食品安全事件频发,已引起了世界范围的广泛关注.本文对三聚氰胺的性质、应用、来源、毒性以及分析测定方法等进行了综述,以期为我国开展食品及饲料中三聚氰胺的限量制定和研究提供参考.     

食品中三聚氰胺的快速检测方法

三聚氰胺是一种广泛用于塑料、造纸和肥料的化工原料,若添加到食品中并长期被人们摄入会严重影响到身体健康。目前,用于三聚氰胺检测的方法主要有:高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、电色谱仪检测法等,但是,这几种检测方法均需要采用氮气吹干仪,存在不能一次处理大量样品、有毒气体污染环境、消耗大量氮气的技术问题。本文创新了一种新的检测设备"真空离心浓缩仪",同时优化了检测方法,能够快速检测三聚氰胺,同时具有以下优点:可同时处理多个样品而不会导致交叉污染;可以回收甲醇等有毒气体,减少环境污染;回收的甲醇经蒸馏处理后可以重复使用,降低了成本。     

Mathematical model of Listeria monocytogenes cross-contamination in a fish processing plant

Listeriosis is a foodborne disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. The food industry and government agencies devote considerable resources to reducing contamination of ready-to-eat foods with L. monocytogenes. Because inactivation treatments can effectively eliminate L. monocytogenes present on raw materials, postprocessing cross-contamination from the processing plant environment appears to be responsible for most L. monocytogenes food contamination events. An improved understanding of cross-contamination pathways is critical to preventing L. monocytogenes contamination. Therefore, a plant-specific mathematical model of L. monocytogenes cross-contamination was developed, which described the transmission of L. monocytogenes contamination among food, food contact surfaces, employees' gloves, and the environment. A smoked fish processing plant was used as a model system. The model estimated that 10.7% (5th and 95th percentile, 0.05% and 22.3%, respectively) of food products in a lot are likely to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Sensitivity analysis identified the most significant input parameters as the frequency with which employees' gloves contact food and food contact surfaces, and the frequency of changing gloves. Scenario analysis indicated that the greatest reduction of the within-lot prevalence of contaminated food products can be achieved if the raw material entering the plant is free of contamination. Zero contamination of food products in a lot was possible but rare. This model could be used in a risk assessment to quantify the potential public health benefits of in-plant control strategies to reduce cross-contamination.     

食品中蜡样芽孢污染特点及检测方法研究进展

蜡样芽孢杆菌引发的食物污染大都是和人们生活息息相关的食品,在特定条件下对人们的身体健康会带来很大危害.文章综述了粮食制品、含乳制品、豆制品及其他易污染食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染特点,并总结了国内外学者最新研究的检测蜡样芽胞的手段,为全面了解蜡样芽孢杆菌污染状况以供制定相关食品限量标准、完善检测方法提供参考.     

Methods for the analysis of melamine and related compounds in foods: a review

In recent years, two adulteration incidents concerning the addition of melamine (MEL) and related compounds to dairy products and vegetable proteins have occurred in China. These episodes prompted numerous governmental and private laboratories to develop or implement methods for the analysis of a wide variety of food products for MEL and related compounds, including cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide. Methods have been developed for both screening and quantitation purposes; procedures used in the methods range from sensitive hyphenated chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques to immunoselective assays. Various issues are encountered during the analysis of MEL and related compounds in food products. These issues include contamination, matrix effects, and analyte instability, and their severity varies according to the method used, and matrices and analytes examined.     

3121份市售动物性水产品食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解吉林省3121份水产品及其制品食源性致病菌污染情况, 为防控食源性疾病提供科学依据。 方法 从吉林省9个地市级行政区采集市售水产品及其制品样品共3121份,包括鲜活产品、生食产品、冷冻鱼糜制品和熟制品。按照国家标准方法检测10种食源性致病菌。结果 全部3121份样本食源性致病菌总阳性检出率为2.3%(72/3121)。检出率最高为生食产品(4.6%,25/540), 其次是冷冻鱼糜制品(2.5%,23/938)和鲜活产品(1.5%,24/1556)。检出的主要致病菌为单核细胞增生李斯特菌和副溶血性弧菌。副溶血性弧菌主要污染生食产品和鲜活产品,检出率分别8.9%(16/180)和6.0%(18/299)。单增李斯特菌主要污染冷冻鱼糜制品,检出率为8.6%(21/244)。熟制品致病菌检出率为0%。其他致病菌检出率很低,甚至为0%。结论 吉林省市售的水产品及其制品受到食源性致病菌的污染, 存在食源性疾病发生的风险。     

Melamine and cyanuric acid do not interfere with Bradford and Ninhydrin assays for protein determination

In the fall of 2007 pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid caused kidney stones in thousands of animals. In the summer of 2008, a more serious outbreak of adulterated dairy food resulted in the deaths of six infants and sickened about 290,000 children in China. In all cases, melamine was likely concentrations added to inflate the apparent protein content of the foods. To determine if we could measure protein without interference from melamine and cyanuric acid we tested these compounds in the Bradford and Ninhydrin assays, two common dye-based assays for protein, as well as by ammonia release, the most common assay used in the food industry. Neither compound was detected in the Ninhydrin and Bradford assays at concentrations of >100 μg/ml. The ammonia assay detected melamine but was inconclusive with respect to cyanuric acid. To develop an accurate test for food that would not detect either chemical as a protein, assays were run on cat food and reconstituted milk powder. The Bradford assay readily measured the protein content of each food, and importantly, the addition of melamine or cyanuric acid to reconstituted milk did not affect the readings. The protein concentrations obtained for reconstituted milk powder were as expected, but those for the cat food were 10–30-fold lower, due to its low solubility. We conclude that dye-binding assays can be employed to detect protein in food without interference from melamine and cyanuric acid, thus reducing the incentive to use them as additives.     

The melamine adulteration scandal

Melamine, a nitrogen-rich chemical, has received much attention in recent years owing to a series of highly publicized food safety incidents. These include pet food recalls in North America in 2007 and the deaths of six infants and the illness of some 300,000 more in China in 2008 owing to the adulteration of milk, infant formula, and other milk-derived products. With contamination of human food and animal feed by melamine becoming a serious public health concern owing to its wide dissemination, there is an urgent need to understand why this scandal occurred and its consequences in depth. This review summarizes information relating to the manufacture, uses, occurrence and quantitative analysis of melamine and melamine analogues. Other sections deal with the unfolding of the melamine scandal and its aftermath, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of the compound and its analogues, interim safety measures and risk assessment.     

吉林省淡水产品和生肉中食源性寄生虫监测分析

目的监测2015~2016年吉林省市售淡水产品和生肉中的食源性寄生虫的污染状况,为有效防治食源性寄生虫病提供科学依据。方法按照SN/T 1748-2006《进出口食品中寄生虫的检验方法》中的方法,在吉林省4个食品监测区域随机采集淡水产品和生肉产品,进行东方次睾吸虫、颚口线虫、华支睾吸虫、刚地弓形虫、牛带绦虫、旋毛虫、猪带绦虫7种寄生虫的检测。结果 2015~2016年共检测501份食品样品,检出寄生虫28份,检出率为5.59%。淡水产品共检测321份,检出寄生虫样品27份,检出率为8.41%,其中,淡水鱼类检测了29种共312份,检出寄生虫样品27份,检出率为8.65%,且华支睾吸虫检出率最高,达4.81%;生肉产品检测了2类(包括鲜牛肉,鲜猪肉)共180份,检出寄生虫样品1份,检出率为0.56%。结论吉林省部分市售淡水产品和生肉中受到寄生虫污染,应加强卫生宣传工作,采取有效的防治措施,改变人们的不良饮食习惯,以确保公众的食品安全。     

重大活动中食品相关产品安全关键控制点分析

近年来,中国葡萄酒消费量逐年上升,葡萄酒进口额大幅增长。通过比较分析主要葡萄酒进口来源国在我国的发展现状及趋势,发现法国和澳大利亚两国占据中国进口葡萄酒市场的前两位,且澳洲有赶超之势;智利、西班牙、格鲁吉亚三国对华葡萄酒出口潜力较大,市场份额将进一步提升。与中国缔结双边自贸协定等措施促进了相关国家对华葡萄酒出口,品牌及价格是影响进口葡萄酒消费的重要因素。中国进口葡萄酒市场仍存在认知度不高、价格偏高、假冒伪劣产品等问题,需要进一步降低进口葡萄酒的成本,加强市场监管。     

2011~2015年吉林省食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的 监测数据分析

摘要：目的 了解吉林省市售食品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染现况,为食源性疾病的预防控制提供科学研究数据。方法 金黄色葡萄球菌的测定参照GB 4789.10-2010《金黄色葡萄球菌检验方法》进行。结果 2011-2015年间在9个地区共采集17大类样品8203件,分离金黄色葡萄球菌258株,总检出率为3.15%。2014和2015检出率显著增高。通化市、白山市、四平市检出率较高,分别为5.69%、4.68%和 4.42%。肉与肉制品、乳与乳制品和蛋与蛋制品三类食品检出率较高,分别为6.54%、5.77%和3.47%。餐饮服务环节与流通环节检出率无显著性差别。散装食品污染率显著高于预包装食品。结论 吉林省各地区市售食品存在金黄色葡萄球菌不同程度的污染, 需要对存在高污染风险食物的生产加工、运输销售及餐饮服务多个环节加强监督监管。     

Detection of Melamine in Gluten,Chicken Feed,and Processed Foods Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and HPLC

ABSTRACT: Melamine, a nitrogen‐rich chemical, was implicated in pet and human food recalls in 2007, which caused enormous economic losses to the food industry. In this study, melamine concentration in wheat gluten, chicken feed, and processed foods (that is, cake and noodle) was measured by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in combination with SERS‐active substrates. SERS was able to rapidly detect 0.1% melamine in wheat gluten, 0.05% in chicken feed, 0.05% in cakes, and 0.07% in noodle, respectively. A partial least squares (PLS) model was established for the quantification of melamine in foods by SERS: R= 0.90, RMSEP = 0.33. In addition, SERS results were verified by HPLC analysis based on a simplified FDA method. Compared with HPLC, the SERS method is much faster and simpler, requires minimum sample preparation, but still yields satisfactory qualitative and quantitative results. These results demonstrate that it is an applicable approach to use SERS to screen foods, eliminate presumptive negative samples of melamine contamination from the sample population, and then verify presumptive positive samples using HPLC protocols. Combining these 2 methods could provide a more rapid and cost‐effective way for monitoring melamine contamination in increasingly large numbers of imported foods and feed products.