加盐萃取-精馏耦合分离甲醇-甲苯的工艺研究

研究了加盐萃取分离甲醇-甲苯共沸体系,考察了盐水种类、用量、质量分数及萃取温度等因素对萃取效果的影响,计算了在各种萃取条件下甲醇和甲苯的分配系数。实验结果表明:CaCl2水溶液的萃取效果最好,在CaCl2水溶液质量分数为0.35、萃取温度40℃、溶剂比(体积比)1.5∶1的条件下,甲醇的分配系数为2.32,选择性系数为18 200。基于以上实验数据,回归得到了萃取液液相平衡常数与萃取温度关联式的模型参数。在此基础上,提出了加盐萃取-精馏耦合分离甲醇-甲苯3塔工艺流程,并利用Aspen Plus软件中的Extract模拟萃取塔、RadFrac模拟精馏塔,选用NRTL-HOC和ELECNRTL热力学模型,对提出的工艺进行模拟计算,得到了合适的工艺操作条件。模拟结果表明:当萃取塔理论板数为5块;甲醇回收塔理论板数为21块、回流比为1.8;甲苯回收塔理论板数为28块、回流比为2.4时,分离得到的甲醇和甲苯的质量分数分别为0.996和0.997。     

双回流动态累积间歇精馏全过程的研究

在动态累积间歇精馏塔中,采用双回流动态累积间歇精馏操作对正丙醇-异丙醇二元混合物系进行分离研究。主要考察了操作时间对塔顶整个过程产品浓度、温度变化的影响,并与塔顶回流动态累积间歇精馏操作的分离结果进行了比较,以及过渡馏分阶段操作时间对塔釜正丙醇浓度及温度变化的影响,同时,又对正丙醇的回收进行了研究。结果表明,在同样的产品采出要求条件下,双回流动态累积间歇精馏操作时,随原料中异丙醇含量的增加,所需的操作时间越长,产品的纯度越高,收率越高;操作时间节省166 min,原料中异丙醇质量分数为30%的条件下,所得回收正丙醇的纯度达到91.22%,正丙醇的回收率可达62.93%,原料中异丙醇质量分数别为30%、50%、70%时对应过渡馏分持续时间分别为40、47、58 min;原料中异丙醇质量分数越大,所得回收正丙醇产品的量越少,正丙醇的纯度越低,回收率越小。     

减压间歇精馏回收实验室废液中甲苯的研究

采用减压间歇精馏技术从组成为甲苯/乙醇/水三元共沸体系的实验室废液中回收甲苯,考察了操作压力、精馏时间、回流比和乙醇/水质量比等参数对减压间歇精馏过程的影响,得出了较佳的回收条件:操作压力为30.4 k Pa,前馏分段回流比为5,产品段回流比为7,产品中甲苯质量分数大于99.5%,单程甲苯回收率大于70%。     

萃取精馏法回收制药废液中四氢呋喃和甲醇

采用装有1.5 m高θ丝网填料的玻璃精馏塔对含有四氢呋喃、甲醇和水的制药废液进行了萃取精馏分离研究。以乙二醇为萃取剂,溶剂比为1.75∶1、精馏段高度为1.0 m、回流比为1.5时,四氢呋喃回收率可达99.5%。精馏回收萃取剂乙二醇时,所需填料高度为60 cm,回流比为1.0时乙二醇回收率达99.6%。回收甲醇所需填料高度为0.7 m,回流比为3.0时甲醇回收率为99.7%,甲醇摩尔分数为0.988。研究表明,乙二醇是分离含四氢呋喃、甲醇和水的制药废液的适宜的苹取剂。     

萃取精馏分离甲醇-甲苯共沸物的研究

利用UNIFAC基团贡献法对常用萃取剂进行了筛选,选取邻二甲苯作为该二元共沸物的萃取剂,并通过汽液平衡实验对其分离效果进行了验证;进行甲醇 甲苯分离的间歇萃取精馏实验考察所选萃取剂的效果。结果表明：邻二甲苯能够有效提高甲醇 甲苯的相对挥发度。间歇萃取精馏塔塔板数为30,溶剂比为1,恒回流比(R=3)操作下塔顶得到摩尔分数为99.688%的甲醇产品。     

真空间歇精馏法精制双环戊二烯的研究

采用真空间歇精馏技术精制聚酯级双环戊二烯中的双环戊二烯,考察了操作压力、回流比、塔釜和塔顶温度对双环戊二烯质量分数和收率的影响,优化得到较佳精馏操作条件.实验结果表明:适宜的工艺条件为塔顶压力9kPa,回流比为3,塔釜温度为68～106℃,塔顶温度为45～87℃,在以上条件下,产品中双环戊二烯质量分数达到96％以上,收率达到90％以上,为工业化提纯双环戊二烯提供了实验依据.     

萃取精馏分离甲醇-苯

采用萃取精馏的方法分离甲醇-苯的共沸物系。首先采用UNIFAC基团贡献理论并结合经验选取萃取剂,最终确定萃取剂为氯苯。对常压下甲醇 苯物系应用UNIFAC模型计算各组分的汽液相组成,并进行汽液平衡实验验证,计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。通过间歇萃取精馏实验进一步考察验证所选萃取剂的分离效果。结果表明,氯苯能够打破甲醇-苯的共沸,进而分离甲醇和苯。溶剂物质的量之比为1、回流比为3、填料塔理论板数为30、溶剂回收段理论塔板数为4时产品甲醇回收率达到98%,说明氯苯能够作为萃取剂分离甲醇-苯二元共沸物系。最后,对甲醇-苯物系的连续精馏过程应用Aspen Plus进行了模拟计算,并且考察了回流比、萃取剂进料流率等参数对产品纯度的影响规律,为进一步实验研究及工业应用提供理论和实践基础。     

连续减压精馏分离椰子油脂肪酸的模拟研究

文章利用Aspen Plus化工模拟软件中的严格计算法RadFrac单元操作模块对椰子油脂肪酸进行了连续减压精馏分离模拟。考察了塔板数、回流比、进料位置对分离效果的影响。结果表明:采用两个精馏塔B1塔和B2塔串联操作,操作压强为2500 Pa(绝压),原料进料质量流率20 kg/h,B1塔理论板数为15,第8块塔板进料,回流比为2(体积比),塔顶可得到产物辛酸的质量流率为8.675 kg/h,质量分数可达98.58%及回收率可达99.83%。塔底物料经B2进一步分离,B2塔板数为15,第9块塔板进料,回流比为1,塔顶可得到产物癸酸的质量流率为10.86 kg/h,质量分数为99.79%及回收率为98.81%。模拟结果对实验研究及工业化生产具有指导意义。     

变压精馏分离甲醇-丙酮的工艺模拟及优化

采用Aspen Plus软件,以塔釜能耗为目标,以甲醇、丙酮纯度为约束函数,对双效变压精馏分离甲醇-丙酮工艺过程进行模拟。分析了操作压力、理论板数、回流比、进料位置和进料温度等参数对精馏过程的影响。确定了最优工艺参数：减压塔操作压力40 kPa,理论板数37,回流比2.4,进料塔板数26,进料温度25 ℃;常压塔理论板数30,回流比4.2,进料塔板数23。减压塔所得甲醇质量分数为99.0%,常压塔所得丙酮质量分数为99.7%。对比变压精馏和萃取精馏过程,变压精馏更容易得到高纯度丙酮产品,节能约13.4%。模拟结果对工业设计和设备改造具有一定指导意义。     

连续酯化制备1，6-己二酸二甲酯

以DNW-I型强酸型阳离子交换树脂（DNW-I型催化剂）为催化剂,己二酸和甲醇为原料,经间歇酯化和连续酯化反应后通过精馏可制备选择性为100％的1,6-己二酸二甲酯。结果表明,当DNW-I型催化剂用量为5％（以己二酸计,m／m,下同）时,己二酸间歇及连续酯化后转化率分别大于68％和98％。优化实验条件为：间歇酯化：催化剂用量5％,凡（甲醇）：n（己二酸）=2．5：1．0,反应温度80-85℃,反应时间4h：连续酯化：间歇酯化产物进料为30～70mL／h,甲醇进料为95-210mL／h,醇酸摩尔比〉60。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。