Recent progress in the application of carbon materials to supercapacitors and lead-carbon batteries

新型炭材料是电化学储能领域中非常重要的一类储能材料,目前广泛应用于各种电化学储能器件.本文综述了具有电容特性的高比表面积炭材料在超级电容器与铅炭电池中的应用.采用不同的方法合成具有高比表面积的新型炭材料作为超级电容器电极材料,能够得到较高的比容量.适量高比表面积的炭材料应用于铅酸电池负极,形成铅炭电池,极大地提高了电池的储能特性.论文最后探讨了新型炭材料在超电容以及铅炭电池中应用的发展方向.     

Application and prospect of zinc nickel battery in energy storage technology

本文介绍了近几年电力储能在全球储能领域的现况及电力储能在现有储能系统中的应用规模。针对目前较成熟的电化学储能电池进行了分析,着重分析了锌镍电池的特点,首先对锌镍电池的低温放电性能、寿命、大电流充放等性能进行了阐述,模拟储能系统充放电实验的结果表明锌镍电池具有循环寿命长和充放电效率高等特点。其次对单液流锌镍电池的工作原理进行了介绍,就目前单液流锌镍电池的各个型号的中试产品以及50 kW·h储能系统进行了总结和讨论,分析表明锌镍电池作为一种新型的蓄电池,其循环寿命长、安全性能好、制造和维护成本较低,随着近几年新材料的发展,锰正极的锌基电池实验成功,促进了锌空气电池、锌铁电池等系列锌基电池的研发,锌镍电池未来在储能市场将会大放异彩。     

Emerging 2D-Nanostructured materials for electrochemical and sensing Application-A review

The discovery of novel 2D-monoelemental materials with extraordinary physical, mechanical, thermal, optical and electronic properties has predicted many potential applications in various areas of technology based on the grounds of advanced sciences. The monoelemental two dimensional (2D) materials arouse a tremendous attention in different areas of science due to their unique properties and extensive applications. The 2D nanomaterials like Borophene and Bismuthene have emerged as effective nanomaterials due to their unique properties including large surface area, structural anisotropy, tunable band gap, and high carrier mobility. They are attracting increasing research interest in electronics, optoelectronics, and catalysis and also in energy storage and energy conversion applications. These materials are massively studied under theoretical approaches but many of its physical characteristics have still to be analyzed experimentally. This review article gives a detail theoretical and experimental information about the 2D-nanostructured Borophene and Bismuthene materials including their synthesis techniques, properties and also analyzed their advantages and disadvantages over each other. Further we performed an overview of the status of Borophene and Bismuthene in electrochemical and sensing applications including batteries, sensors, catalysis, and gas storage devices. Furthermore, we present our insight into the challenges, future perspective and opportunities, which would hopefully shed light on the great potential of this ever-expanding field. The nanomaterials like borophene and bismuthene have emerged as effective alternatives to graphene with excellent electrochemical properties finding potential applications in detecting and sensing devices. It is established that Borophene and Bismuthene find a large area of applications in developing conductors for electric and thermal appliances. Borophene has demonstrated incredible flexibility and high structural anisotropy and it is a material massively studied by theoretical approaches. However, many of its physical characteristics have still to be realized experimentally. In this review, we present a brief survey on preparation methods of 2D-nanostructured materials Borophene and Bismuthene. Also, an overview of the applications’ status of Borophene in electrochemical area, batteries, sensors, and catalysis and gas storage devices is covered along with an assessment on 2D-nanostructured Bismuthene being an extremely efficient electrocatalyst. It is described that Bismuthene shows a modest cyclability for Li-ion batteries, Na-ion batteries and K-ion batteries. Bismuthene is typically obtained through a low-cost liquid exfoliation synthesis method, for batteries and other energy conversion devices. In the synthesis of 2D-nanomaterials, the removal of dissolved chemicals from the reaction solutions and improving the device efficiency are still challenging. Herein, electrochemical and sensing applications of 2D-nanostructured materials, along with the advantages and disadvantages are comprehensively reviewed.     

Recent progress of electrode materials for room-temperature sodium-ion stationary batteries

随着风能、太阳能等可再生能源的不断发展,储能作为影响其发展的关键技术越来越受到人们的关注。在储能领域,锂离子电池以高能量密度、长循环寿命、高电压等诸多优点在电子领域已得到广泛的应用,并成为未来电动汽车动力电池的最佳选择。但因锂资源储量有限、分布不均匀,而且原材料成本比较高,所以锂离子电池在电网大规模储能方面的应用遇到了瓶颈。与锂相比,钠不但具有与锂相似的物理化学性质,更具有资源丰富、分布广泛、原料成本低廉等优势。近些年室温钠离子电池再次引起了人们的研究兴趣,特别是在电网储能方面表现出极大的应用潜力。虽然目前已报道了多种钠离子电池电极材料,但大都离实用化以及进一步产业化尚有一定的距离。本文重点介绍一些性能较为突出的室温钠离子电池电极材料,并指出要实现钠离子电池的产业化,需要开发空气中稳定、高安全、高容量、高倍率、循环稳定、低成本的新型正、负极材料。     

Electrode and electrolyte materials for electrochemical capacitors

Among different electric energy storage technologies electrochemical capacitors are used for energy storage applications when high power delivery or uptake is needed. Their energy and power densities, durability and efficiency are influenced by electrode and electrolyte materials however due to a high cost/performance ratio; their widespread use in energy storage systems has not been attained yet.Thanks to their properties such as high surface area, controllable pore size, low electrical resistance, good polarizability and inertness; activated carbons derived from polymeric precursors are the most used electrode materials in electrochemical capacitors at present. Other electrode materials such as shaped nano-carbons or metal oxides are also investigated as electrode materials in electrochemical capacitors, but only as useful research tools.Most commercially used electrochemical capacitors employ organic electrolytes when offering concomitant high energy and high power densities. The use of aqueous based electrolytes in electrochemical capacitor applications is mainly limited to research purposes as a result of their narrow operating voltage. Recent studies on room temperature ionic liquids to be employed as electrolyte for electrochemical capacitor applications are focused on fine tuning their physical and transport properties in order to bring the energy density of the device closer to that of batteries without compromising the power densities.In this paper a performance analysis, recent progress and the direction of future developments of various types of materials used in the fabrication of electrodes for electrochemical capacitors are presented. The influence of different types of electrolytes on the performance of electrochemical capacitors such as their output voltage and energy/power densities is also discussed.     

Graphene‐based materials for flexible electrochemical energy storage

Sustainable development of renewable energy sources is one of the most important themes that humanity faces in this century. Wide use of renewable energy sources will require a drastically increased ability to store electrical energy. Electrochemical energy storage devices are expected to play a key role. With the increased demand in flexible energy resource for wearable electronic devices, great efforts have been devoted to developing high‐quality flexible electrodes for advanced energy storage and conversion systems. Because of its high specific surface area, good chemical stability, high mechanical flexibility, and outstanding electrical properties, graphene, a special allotrope of carbon with two‐dimensional mono‐layered network of sp² hybridized carbon, have been showing great potential in next‐generation energy conversion and storage devices. This review presents the latest advances on the flexible graphene‐based materials for the most vigorous electrochemical energy storage devices, that is, supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New technology and possible advances in energy storage

Energy storage technologies may be electrical or thermal. Electrical energy stores have an electrical input and output to connect them to the system of which they form part, while thermal stores have a thermal input and output. The principal electrical energy storage technologies described are electrochemical systems (batteries and flow cells), kinetic energy storage (flywheels) and potential energy storage, in the form of pumped hydro and compressed air. Complementary thermal storage technologies include those based on the sensible and latent heat capacity of materials, which include bulk and smaller-capacity hot and cold water storage systems, ice storage, phase change materials and specific bespoke thermal storage media.     

An overview of graphene in energy production and storage applications

Energy production and storage are both critical research domains where increasing demands for the improved performance of energy devices and the requirement for greener energy resources constitute immense research interest. Graphene has incurred intense interest since its freestanding form was isolated in 2004, and with the vast array of unique and highly desirable electrochemical properties it offers, comes the most promising prospects when implementation within areas of energy research is sought. We present a review of the current literature concerning the electrochemical application of graphene in energy storage/generation devices, starting with its use as a super-capacitor through to applications in batteries and fuel cells, depicting graphene's utilisation in this technologically important field.     

Fundamental scientific aspects of lithium batteries(I)--Thermodynamic calculations of theoretical energy densities of chemical energy storage systems

本文主要讨论电池的能量密度.基于热力学数据,根据能斯特方程,可以计算不同电化学反应体系的理论能量储存密度,从而了解化学储能体系理论能量密度的上限,了解哪些体系能够实现更高的能量密度,哪些材料具有更高的电压.     

Research progress on biomass-derived carbon electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies

Electrochemical energy technologies such as fuel cells, supercapacitors, and batteries are some of the most suitable energy storage and conversion devices to meet our needs proving the future generation’s equitable opportunity to meet their own needs. For this purpose, an earth-abundant precursor such as biomass is the best candidate for the synthesis of the next generation of low-cost and green electrode materials. This review summarizes the most recent progress in biomass-derived carbons for use in fuel cells, supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, the physical-chemical properties, desired features, performances, and limitations for electrochemical energy technologies. Several thermochemical treatments such as chemical activation, template methods, doping and hydrothermal treatments have been reviewed. Finally, we provide the reader with comprehensive information of the challenges, future research efforts, advantages, limitations and opportunities which will be a fundamental insight for the future design of biomass-derived carbon electrode materials for electrochemical storage and conversion systems.     

Calculation on energy densities of lithium ion batteries and metallic lithium ion batteries

锂电池是理论能量密度最高的化学储能体系,估算各类锂电池电芯和单体能达到的能量密度,对于确定锂电池的发展方向和研发目标具有重要的参考价值。本工作根据主要正负极材料的比容量、电压,同时考虑非活性物质集流体、导电添加剂、黏结剂、隔膜、电解液、封装材料占比,计算了不同材料体系组成的锂离子电池和采用金属锂负极、嵌入类化合物正极的金属锂离子电池电芯的预期能量密度,并计算了18650型小型圆柱电池单体的能量密度,为电池发展路线的选择和能量密度所能达到的数值提供参考依据。同时指出,电池能量密度只是电池应用考虑的一个重要指标,面向实际应用,需要兼顾其它技术指标的实现。     

Research on key materials for potassium ion batteries

钾具有资源丰富、价格低廉以及较低的电化学电势的特点,利用其开发的钾离子电池具有低成本、长寿命、能量密度高等特点,可满足储能领域需要。然而,钾离子半径大和质量大,给电池电极材料与电解质材料开发提出新的挑战。近年来,在电动汽车与储能应用等重大需求的牵引下,人们对钾离子电池的高容量电极材料和电解液进行了大量的研究工作。其中普鲁士蓝及其类似物、过渡金属氧化物和聚阴离子材料等正极材料展现了应用前景;负极材料主要包括碳基、钛基和合金类材料;电解质材料有酯类电解质和醚类电解质,这些研究成果为钾离子电池的基础与应用研究提供了重要的指导意义。     

Research progress of cycle phosphazenes applied in lithium ion batteries

本文回顾了环三磷腈及其衍生物的合成,阐述了其在锂离子电池电解液,正负极材料等关键材料方面的应用研究进展,并进行了相应的展望.随着锂离子电池在高容量动力及储能领域中的广泛应用,电池的安全性问题日益凸显,材料安全性是电池安全性的基本保证.磷腈化合物由于其特殊的组成和结构,具有高效阻燃与电化学稳定性,在用于改善锂离子电池安全性方面受到越来越广泛的关注.在锂离子电池电解液添加剂和共溶剂的研究中发现,磷腈化合物不仅可以改善电解液的热稳定性和阻燃性能,还可以提高电池的充放电电压和循环稳定性;同时,也可以作为正负极材料的重要组分,改善电极材料的安全性.在锂离子电池安全性领域中具有较好的研究价值和实用意义.     

Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future

Lithium batteries are characterized by high specific energy, high efficiency and long life. These unique properties have made lithium batteries the power sources of choice for the consumer electronics market with a production of the order of billions of units per year. These batteries are also expected to find a prominent role as ideal electrochemical storage systems in renewable energy plants, as well as power systems for sustainable vehicles, such as hybrid and electric vehicles. However, scaling up the lithium battery technology for these applications is still problematic since issues such as safety, costs, wide operational temperature and materials availability, are still to be resolved. This review focuses first on the present status of lithium battery technology, then on its near future development and finally it examines important new directions aimed at achieving quantum jumps in energy and power content.     

Research progress of carbon-based sodium-storage anode materials

钠离子电池具有资源丰富、成本低廉、环境友好等优势,被认为是最有可能取代锂离子电池成为大规模储能应用的理想电源之一。钠离子电池的性能主要决定于储钠正负极材料,而储钠负极材料是其中一个重要的组成部分。在目前所研究的储钠负极材料中,碳基负极不仅具有较低的嵌钠平台、较高的容量及好的循环稳定性,还具有资源丰富、制备简单等优点,是目前最具应用前景的储钠负极材料。本文综述了石墨、石墨烯、软碳和硬碳等几种碳材料的储钠行为及研究进展,探讨了碳材料储钠性能与微观结构的内在联系,进而阐明了硬碳材料作为最为理想的储钠碳负极材料的应用优势。本文还探讨了目前颇具争议的两种硬碳储钠机理—“嵌入-吸附”和“吸附-嵌入”,并对硬碳材料的发展前景作出了展望。     

Energy storage of thermally reduced graphene oxide

The energy-storage capacity of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is investigated in this study. The rGO used here was prepared by thermal annealing under a nitrogen atmosphere at various temperatures (300, 400, 500 and 600 °C). We measured high-pressure H₂ isotherms at 77 K and the electrochemical performance of four rGO samples as anode materials in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). A maximum H₂ storage capacity of ∼5.0 wt% and a reversible charge/discharge capacity of 1220 mAh/g at a current density of 30 mA/g were achieved with rGO annealed at 400 °C with a pore size of approximately 6.7 Å. Thus, an optimal pore size exists for hydrogen and lithium storage, which is similar to the optimum interlayer distance (6.5 Å) of graphene oxide for hydrogen storage applications.     

Progress in high-power nickel–metal hydride batteries

High demands to power performance, high cycle and calendar life as well can be met by NiMH batteries, making this battery system very suitable for HEV applications. The hydrogen storage alloy plays an important role with respect to power performance and life duration. Power performance and cycle life behaviour are related to each other by the electrochemical and mechanical properties of the alloy, via a more or less reciprocal relationship. In terms of power performance at medium-discharge rates, the charge transfer reaction at the hydrogen storage alloy interface was found to be crucial for the temperature-dependent behaviour of the cell, whereas at discharge rates above about 15C diffusion limitation was found especially at the negative electrode. The alloy corrosion is taking place in alkaline media, leading to the formation of surface films and a change of the chemical composition, especially in near surface regions of the alloy particles. Consecutive electrochemical cycles lead to mechanical stress and finally cracking of the alloy particles. Stability against corrosion and pulverisation on one hand and good electrochemical performance on the other hand both depend on the chemical composition of the alloy, its morphological properties and the cycling regime used.     

A review on the use of carbon nanostructured materials in electrochemical capacitors

Sustainable and renewable energy resources, as well as energy storage systems (ESSs), are amongst the current and critical global requirements. A comparative discussion on batteries, fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors (ECs) is presented. The mechanisms involved in various classes of ECs are also elaborated. Additionally, a historical background highlighting some of the major steps associated with EC development over the years is discussed in this review. In particular, carbon nanostructured materials have high potential in the development of ESSs, and hence this review presents an insight on the current ESSs with a strong bias towards these materials as ECs. The current status of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, nano‐onions, nanorods, fullerenes and graphene nanosheets, in ECs is reviewed. The associated effects of nanostructural parameters, such as pore sizes and specific electro‐active areas, amongst others, in terms of energy storage capabilities are also discussed. Typical physicochemical characterisation techniques, which enrich understanding of their characteristics, are also reviewed. The discussion views set platforms for a variety of unique carbon nanomaterial designs with high prospective specific capacitance. Key porosity tailoring protocols, such as chemical activation, introduction of heteroatoms in carbon nanostructures and template synthesis methods, are also reviewed. The effects of other device components, such as electrolyte ion size and solvent system, electrode design and use of binders, to the overall capability of EC, are also discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Conjugated carbonyl compounds as electrode materials for sodium-ion/potassium-ion batteries

钠（钾）离子电池资源丰富、成本低廉,是极具大规模应用潜力的新型电池体系。然而,受制于较大的钠（钾）离子半径,这两类电池电极材料的选择受到了极大的限制。以共轭羰基化合物为代表的有机电极材料具有柔性的骨架结构,对阳离子半径选择性小,且结构多样、理论比容量高、环境友好,基于有机共轭羰基化合物构建的钠（钾）离子电池是未来“绿色电池”发展的重要方向。本文介绍了共轭羰基化合物的分类、储钠/钾性能及机理,重点探讨了羰基化合物作为储钠（钾）材料存在的问题和改进方法。最后,总结了羰基化合物作为钠钾离子电池电极材料存在的基础科学问题、技术挑战以及竞争力,同时进一步展望了有机共轭羰基化合物的发展方向以及大规模储能领域的应用前景。