Damage development in low alloy TRIP-aided steels during air-bending

In order to optimize the metallurgical quality of advanced high strength steels for automotive applications, the present study aims at understanding damage mechanisms involved in air-bending of two low alloy TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP)-aided steels. Air-bending tests were performed together with metallographic investigations of damage development in bent specimens. In order to assess the role of hard bands induced by chemical segregations, air-bending tests on specimens with various locations of the main hard band (with respect to the neutral fibre) were performed. Cracking initiates from the outer surface or from just below, mainly by decohesion between ferrite and secondary (martensite) phases, at hard bands located close to the outer surface. From these examinations, together with a simple kinematics analysis of bending, a quantitative relationship between cracking, local thickness of hard band and local “mesoscopic” strain is proposed.     

Effects of steel fiber addition on the behaviour of biaxially loaded high strength concrete columns

This paper presents the effects of various amounts of steel fibers on the behaviour of eccentrically loaded high strength reinforced concrete columns. A total of 14 both short and slender square section steel fiber and plain high strength reinforced concrete column specimens were constructed and tested to investigate the addition of steel fibers on load–deflection behaviour, ultimate strength capacity, ductility and confinement. The complete nonlinear experimental stress–strain relationships of steel fiber and plain high strength concrete were obtained for different concrete strengths. In the study, a theoretical procedure considering the nonlinear behaviour of the materials is proposed for ultimate strength analysis and load–deflection behaviour of eccentrically loaded columns including slenderness effect. The complete experimental and theoretical biaxial load–deflection curves of the column specimens have been obtained and reported in the paper. The column specimens and some steel fiber columns available in the literature have been analysed for the ultimate strength capacities. Good agreement has been achieved between the analysis and the test results.     

Fracture energy of concrete at high loading rates in tension

The effect of high loading rates in tension on the failure energy and strength of concrete is reported in this paper. High loading rates exceeding 5000 GPa/s corresponding to strain rates higher than ∼120 s⁻¹ can be applied by use of Hopkinson bar set-up designed to produce spall. Tension tests were performed on cylindrical specimens made of micro-concrete. At high loading rates, or strain rates, the failure energy of micro-concrete, as well as the strength, was found to substantially increase.     

我国钢管混凝土拱桥应用现状与展望

以轴压比、含钢率和钢材强度为参数,进行了8根高强钢管超高强混凝土柱和1根普通强度钢管超高强混凝土对比柱的拟静力试验,分析了各参数对破坏形态、荷载-位移滞回曲线、骨架曲线和各个抗震性能指标(如延性、耗能和强度与刚度退化等)的影响程度。结果表明：压弯破坏为主要破坏模式;弹性刚度受轴压比影响不大,但受含钢率和钢材强度影响较大;极限承载力受轴压比、含钢率和钢材强度影响较大,随前者增大而降低,随后两者增大而增大;延性受轴压比、钢材强度和含钢率影响较大,随前两者增大降低,随后者增大而增大;耗能能力随轴压比增大而减弱,随含钢率和钢材强度增大而增强;刚度和强度退化程度随轴压比增大而降低,随含钢率增大而增大,且前者随钢材强度增大而增大,后者则随钢材强度增大呈减小趋势。通过对比不同规程抗弯刚度计算方法,结果表明：受材料适用范围限制,各规程不适用于该类高强材料组合构件。     

Effect of Loading Rate on Fracture Energy of High‐Strength Concrete

Abstract: This research deals with the sensitivity of several types of performance‐designed high‐strength concrete to the loading rate. Variations in the composition of the concrete produce the desired performance, for instance having null shrinkage or being able to be pumped at elevated heights without segregation, but they also produce variations in the fracture properties that are reported in this paper. We performed tests at five loading rates spanning six orders of magnitude in the displacement rate, from 1.74 × 10^?5 mm s^?1 to 17.4 mm s^?1. Load‐displacement curves show that their peak is higher as the displacement rate increases, whereas the corresponding displacement is almost constant. Fracture energy also increases, but only for loading rates higher than 0.01 mm s^?1. We use a formula based on a cohesive law with a viscous term [Anales de Mecánica de la Fractura 25 (2008) 793–797] to study the results. The correlation of the formula to the experimental results is good and it allows us to obtain the theoretical value for the fracture energy under strictly static conditions. In addition, both the fracture energy and the characteristic length of the concretes used in the study diminish as the compressive strength of their aggregates increases.     

超轻高强纤维塑料──超拉伸UHMWPE

本文概述了一种目前国际最新颖的超轻、高比强度、高比模量、低成本、应用广泛的纤维塑料——超拉伸ＵＨＭＷＰＥ。介绍了它的制备机理、工艺过程、物理特性及应用范围，特别对国内在此领域内的前沿研究成果作了较详尽的叙述。     

Effect of cooling rate on the high strain rate properties of boron steel

In this work, the effect of cooling rate on the high strain rate behavior of hardened boron steel was investigated. A furnace was used to austenize boron sheet metal blanks which were then quenched in various media. The four measured cooling rates during the solid state transformation were: 25 (compressed air quench), 45 (compressed air quench), 250 (oil quench) and 2200 °C/s (water quench). Micro-hardness measurements and optical microscopy verified the expected as-quenched microstructure for the various cooling rates. Miniature dog-bone specimens were machined from the quenched blanks and tested in tension at a quasi-static rate, 0.003 s⁻¹ (Instron) and a high rate, 960 s⁻¹ (split Hopkinson tensile bar). The resulting stress vs. strain curves showed that the UTS increased from 1270 MPa to 1430 MPa as strain rate increased for the specimens cooled at 25 °C/s, while the UTS increased from 1615 MPa to 1635 MPa for the specimens cooled at 2200 °C/s. The high rate tests showed increased ductility for the 25, 45 and 250 °C/s specimens, while the specimens cooled at 2200 °C/s showed a slight decrease. The Hollomon hardening curve was fit to the true stress vs. true strain curves and showed that the mechanical response of the high rate tests exhibited a greater rate of hardening prior to fracture than the quasi-static tests. The hardening rate also increased for the specimens quenched at higher cooling rates. Optical micrographs of the fractured specimens showed that the failure mechanism transformed from a ductile-shear mode at the lower cooling rates to a shear mode at the high cooling rates.     

A practical testing approach to determine mode II fracture energy GIIF for concrete

Continuing the experiments on the double-edge notched specimens on which the mode II fracture toughness K _IIc of concrete was measured, a practical testing approach to determine mode II fracture energy G _IIF is studied using the same geometry.     

Properties of strain hardening ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) under direct tensile loading

Enhanced matrix packing density and tailored fiber-to-matrix interface bond properties have led to the recent development of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) with improved material tensile performance in terms of strength, ductility and energy absorption capacity. The objective of this research is to experimentally investigate and analyze the uniaxial tensile behavior of the new material. The paper reviews and categorizes a variety of tensile test setups used by other researchers and presents a revised tensile set up tailored to obtain reliable results with minimal preparation effort. The experimental investigation considers three types of steel fibers, each in three different volume fractions. Elastic, strain hardening and softening tensile parameters, such as first cracking stress and strain, elastic and strain hardening modulus, composite strength and energy dissipation capacity, of the UHP-FRCs are characterized, analyzed and linked to the crack pattern observed by microscopic analysis. Models are proposed for representing the tensile stress–strain response of the material.     

Bond behaviour of high‐strength concrete flexural member under low cyclic fatigue loading

Use of high‐strength concrete can lead to more economical design reducing the material requirements, weight of structure and extended service life of structure. The effect of fatigue loading is more prominent on the structures using high‐strength concrete. Bond between concrete and reinforcing bars is a major factor affecting the performance and sustainability of reinforced concrete structures. Less research is available on the effect of low cyclic fatigue loading on the bond strength of high‐strength concrete. In this research, reinforced concrete beams (1165 × 150 × 225 mm) were tested under low cyclic loading with different stress range levels. It can be concluded that the bond strength of high‐strength concrete is more than for normal‐strength concrete. Low‐cyclic fatigue loading decreased the bond strength under monotonic loading by about 43–45%. Energy dissipation during cycling is found to be good. At higher cycles, energy dissipation decreased because of local damages in front of bar ribs. With the increase in number of cycles, change in slip behaviour was found.     

高轴压比方钢管高强混凝土柱抗震性能研究

为研究高轴压比方钢管高强混凝土柱的抗震性能,完成了8根轴压比从0.5―0.7的方钢管高强混凝土柱的往复水平加载试验。通过改变试件的轴压比、含钢率和长细比,研究其在往复水平荷载作用下的滞回性能、变形能力以及耗能能力,比较各参数对试验结果的影响。试验结果表明:试件破坏形态为柱底部截面钢管被压曲、核心混凝土被压碎的压弯型破坏;试件的滞回曲线饱满,没有明显的捏缩现象;位移延性系数在3.05―4.07之间,等效粘滞阻尼比在0.25―0.31之间,延性系数和耗能指标均满足结构抗震设计要求。表明高轴压比方钢管高强混凝土柱具有良好的抗震性能。基于ABAQUS分析平台,建立了有限元模型,对试验进行了往复水平荷载作用下的全过程模拟分析。分析结果表明:有限元模型分析得到的滞回曲线与试验滞回曲线总体上吻合较好。     

Energy dissipation capacity of fibre reinforced concrete under biaxial tension–compression load. Part I: Test equipment and work of fracture

The objective of this research was to analyse the differences in the dissipated energy under uniaxial tension and biaxial tension–compression load of fibre reinforced concretes using the Wedge Splitting Test. Under biaxial load the specimens were subjected to compressive stress ratios from 10% to 50% of the concrete compressive strength perpendicular to the direction of the tensile load.Under biaxial tension–compression load the energy dissipation capacity of the specimens decreases compared to the uniaxial tension load case on average 20–30%. It is believed that the decrease is a result of the damage mechanism of the concrete matrix and deterioration of the fibre–matrix and/or aggregate–cement paste interfaces in case the section is additionally loaded with compression stresses. This indicates that dimensioning of concrete elements under biaxial stress states using material parameters obtained from tests conducted on specimens under uniaxial tensile load is unsafe and could potentially lead to a non-conservative design.In the second part of this paper the extent of the fracture process zone under uniaxial tension and biaxial tension–compression load will be examined with the Acoustic Emission technique and the reasons for decrease of the energy dissipation capacity under biaxial load will be further discussed.     

高轴压比双层钢板-高强混凝土组合剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为研究高轴压比下双层钢板-高强混凝土组合剪力墙的抗震性能, 对4个剪跨比为2.5的试件进行了拟静力加载试验。通过改变约束拉杆和加劲肋的间距, 研究其在往复水平荷载作用下的破坏机理、滞回性能、变形能力以及耗能能力。试验结果表明, 这种剪力墙的破坏形态为墙底部截面钢板被压曲、核心混凝土被压碎的弯曲型破坏;试件的滞回曲线饱满, 没有明显的捏缩现象;位移延性系数在3.11~4.37, 等效粘滞阻尼比在0.158~0.291, 延性系数和耗能指标均满足结构抗震设计要求。在轴压比相同条件下, 设置加劲肋试件的抗震性能优于设置约束拉杆的试件, 随着约束拉杆和加劲肋间距的减小, 试件的变形能力增加, 表现出较好的耗能能力。