太重Ⅲ型风力发电增速齿轮箱有限元分析

风电增速齿轮箱在兆瓦级风力发电机中属易过载和损坏率较高的部件,对其性能进行分析,预测其性能并进行优化是十分必要的.本文中利用ANSYS软件对太重Ⅲ型两级行星一级平行轴1.5MW风力发电增速齿轮箱进行有限元分析,对太重Ⅲ型风力发电增速齿轮箱各级齿轮强度进行校核,得到了各级齿轮副的齿廓和齿向修形数据;对行星轮系载荷均载特性、主箱体组件、行星架、花键联接等进行分析,得到了风力发电增速齿轮箱各级零部件强度和刚度等相关数据,为风电增速齿轮箱的可靠性评估及优化设计奠定基础.     

Effects of gear modifications on the dynamic characteristics of wind turbine gearbox considering elastic support of the gearbox

The reliability and service life of wind turbines are directly influenced by the dynamic performance of the gearbox under the time-varying wind loads. The control of vibration behavior is essential for the achievement of a 20-year service life. We developed a rigid-flexible coupled dynamic model for a wind turbine gearbox. The planet carrier, the housing, and the bedplate are modelled as flexibilities while other components are assumed as rigid bodies. The actual three points elastic supporting are considered and a strip based mesh model is used to represent the engagement of the gear pairs. The effects of gear tooth modifications on the dynamics were investigated. Finally, we conducted a dynamic test for the wind turbine gearbox in the wind field. Results showed that the contact characteristics of gear pairs were improved significantly; the peak-to-peak value of transmission error of each gear pair was reduced; the amplitudes of the vibration acceleration and the structural noise of the wind turbine gearbox were lowered after suitable tooth modification.     

In Situ Growth of Graphene on Carbon Fabrics with Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties for Tribological Applications of Carbon Fabric–Phenolic Composites

ABSTRACT

Though the premature failures of wind turbine gearboxes are often attributed to bearing fatigue from overloading, there is compelling evidence that wear from underloading is a significant contributor. Here we attempt to gain insight into the relative contributions of over- and underloading by assessing planet bearing reaction forces from the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) standard gearbox within a typical utility-scale wind turbine under realistic conditions. The results demonstrate that non-torque load sharing by the planetary stage increases and decreases planet bearing reaction forces at different locations within each rotor cycle regardless of wind speed. Planet bearing reaction forces exceeded the fatigue limit at wind speeds above 12 m/s and fell below the minimum load rating at wind speeds below 7 m/s. Based on analyses of published wind spectra from 10 U.S. sites, the expected fatigue life of the planet bearings ranged from 42 to 529 years even after accounting for non-torque load sharing. At the same 10 sites, planet bearings were underloaded (below 2% of the dynamic load rating) once per rotor cycle 40–70% of the time. Underloaded bearings are susceptible to surface damage when suddenly exposed to common transient events, such as yaw, wind gusts, braking, and grid faults. The resulting surface damage can initiate premature failure via wear (e.g., micropitting) or by reducing bearing fatigue life. The results suggest that carrier bearing clearance, non-torque load sharing, and planet bearing underloading are significant contributors to the premature failures of wind turbine planet bearings.     

风电齿轮箱动态响应分析及实验测量

运用达朗伯原理建立了风电齿轮箱传动系统的纯扭转集中参数动力学模型,箱体模型采用有限元法建立,通过作用在箱体支撑孔上的轴承力建立了齿轮箱动力学模型.采用龙格-库塔法求解了传动系统的轮齿动态啮合力,计算了箱体在动态啮合力作用下的振动响应.同时对齿轮箱进行了实验测量,并把测量得到的齿轮箱振动响应数据和模型计算的结果进行了对比,验证了模型的正确性.通过这些分析,为风电齿轮箱动态设计中减少振动噪声、提高承载能力与可靠性奠定了基础.     

基于响应面法的风力机翼型气动优化设计

以某风力机翼型为研究对象,选择其设计点升阻比作为优化目标,采用基于均匀设计的响应面法对其进行气动优化设计。首先用B样条曲线对该翼型拟合并求其控制点,然后利用均匀试验设计方法建立计算试验样本点分布表并进行各样本点的CFD计算,最后建立响应面模型,进行优化设计,使设计点升阻比提高12.13%,而且在所有攻角下升力和升阻比都有所提高。算例表明,本文进行风力机翼型优化的方法节省时间,优化效果明显。     

Multi-objective structural optimization of a HAWT composite blade based on ultimate limit state analysis

An extensively automated optimization procedure is presented for a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade based on ultimate limit state analysis. Two composite materials named glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) are applied with a multi-objective of blade cost and total mass. Laminate layer thickness, material type and orientation angle are tailored for the structural performance and subjected to three design constraints which are derived from analysis of ultimate strength, fatigue failure and critical deflection, respectively. Combining FEM analysis and an evolutionary algorithm, the proposed optimization process has dramatically reduced design cost and improved blade performance.     

基于光谱分析技术的风机齿轮箱系统维护策略研究

风机齿轮箱中轴承和齿面的磨损是齿轮箱最常见的累积故障,当齿轮箱中的系统部件的累积磨损达到一定量时就会严重威胁到整个风电机组的正常运行,甚至大大降低其使用寿命。基于光谱分析技术对风机齿轮箱进行维护策略的研究,依据设备的不同累积磨损情况建立3种不同维护方式下的齿轮箱的维护策略,基于概率模型建立齿轮箱系统的时间成本模型,以最少维护时间成本为优化目标,利用蒙泰卡罗方法模拟设备随机衰退过程对巡检周期进行仿真,仿真结果表明提出的方案可行且有效。     

大兆瓦级风电齿轮箱耦合动态特性及结构噪声分析

风电齿轮箱是风电机组的重要组成部分,其动态性能的好坏直接影响整个机组的性能。建立了具有两级行星加一级平行轴齿轮传动的大兆瓦级风电齿轮箱齿轮-传动轴-轴承-箱体系统耦合非线性动力学有限元模型,采用Lanczos法对齿轮箱系统进行耦合模态分析。在综合考虑直斜齿轮时变啮合刚度、齿轮误差及齿轮啮合冲击等内部激励因素综合作用影响下,运用直接积分法对整个风电齿轮箱系统进行了动态响应求解,从而获得齿轮箱各点的振动位移、速度及加速度动态评价指标,并且对系统结构噪声进行了分析。研究结果可为大兆瓦级风电齿轮箱的动态性能优化提供参考。     

基于BEM-GDW综合理论对风力机叶片优化

基于一种新的风力机气动性能理论——BEM-GDW综合理论,考虑实际年风速分布概率,以年发电量最大为目标,结合遗传算法搜索寻优,建立叶片优化设计程序。运用此程序,对某2MW水平轴风力机叶片进行优化设计。优化后的风力机叶片的扭角、弦长及相对厚度的分布均保持光滑并连续性过渡,便于生产和加工。同时叶片捕风能力与年发电量较之原叶片都大大提高,具有一定的理论和工程实用价值     

功率分流技术在风电齿轮箱中的应用

从功率分流的原理、功率分配、实例应用等方面对差动行星齿轮传动中的功率分流技术进行了探讨,对风电齿轮箱的设计有一定的指导和帮助。     

波浪补偿系统差动行星传动多目标模糊可靠性优化设计

将模糊可靠性设计应用于波浪补偿系统的差动行星传动装置优化设计,在一般优化设计方法的基础上,建立以波浪补偿系统差动行星传动机构“体积最小”、“径向尺寸最小”、“传动效率最高”、“行星轮轴承温升最小”、“外啮合膜厚比最大”和“外啮合齿根最大滑动率最小”等为分目标的多目标模糊可靠性优化设计数学模型,研究处理多目标优化问题的模糊决策方法以及基于遗传算法的混合离散变量离散化处理方法,得到多目标模糊优化问题的求解方法。结合实例进行分析计算,经对比分析得出模糊可靠性优化设计更接近工程实际的结论。     

兆瓦级风电齿轮箱行星架有限元分析

以兆瓦级风电齿轮箱中的行星架为研究对象,利用CAE技术对大转矩单侧板分开式行星架进行有限元分析,探究行星架侧板与行星轴组装后在过盈联接处的接触情况.在考虑过盈配合的影响及行星轴受载情况下,分析行星架各部分应力与变形的变化规律及其分布情况.对行星架结构进行改进,通过有限元分析,验证了改进结构设计合理.     

基于遗传算法的风力机叶片优化

绍了遗传算法的基本知识并提出了风力机叶片优化设计模型,采用全局优化的方法,以叶片各截面年发电量最大为设计目标,叶片各截面处的弦长和扭角为优化变量,使用遗传算法进行了搜索寻优。以1.5 MW 风力机为例,利用 MATLAB 软件中已开发的优化程序设计并优化叶片,把用全局优化方法设计的叶片与 Glauert 方法所设计的叶片进行了比较,同时把所设计的叶片与已有叶片相比,结果表明其输出功率明显增加,从而说明了该方法的有效性。     

基于包络加窗同步平均的行星齿轮箱特征提取

行星齿轮箱由于行星轮通过效应、太阳轮与行星架的旋转及时变工况,导致其振动响应存在时变传递路径及非平稳性等特点,且传统的同步平均将不能直接应用于行星齿轮箱。笔者在国外加窗同步平均的基础上提出一种能有效克服时变传递路径及非平稳性的基于包络信号角域加窗同步平均的行星齿轮箱故障特征提取方法。首先,基于谱峭度提取出行星齿轮箱振动信号的包络信号;其次,再利用计算阶比跟踪技术对包络信号进行等角度重采样,行星架每旋转一圈,选择合适的窗函数对角域信号进行多齿宽加窗截取;最后,验证齿轮啮合齿序特征,根据重排齿序对加窗信号进行重构振动分离信号,对振动分离信号进行角域同步平均,提取行星齿轮箱故障特征。行星齿轮箱故障实测信号分析表明,该方法能有效提取行星齿轮箱故障特征。     

基于响应面法的小孔节流静压气体轴承多目标优化

以小孔节流静压气体轴承为研究对象,针对其承载力和刚度较低、质量流量较大的缺点,运用响应面设计方法全面分析节流器参数对轴承性能的影响以及参数间的交互影响,得到拟合公式用于预测目标函数,并以最大承载力、最大刚度和最小质量流量为设计目标,采用精英策略的多目标遗传算法优化轴承性能。研究表明:节流器参数对轴承性能的影响极显著,同时,参数间的交互作用对目标函数均有影响;节流孔直径是承载力和质量流量的显著交互影响参数,偏心率是刚度的显著交互影响参数。得到的二阶多项式拟合公式可以近似计算轴承性能,可用于预测目标函数。采用多目标优化使轴承承载力提高57.1%,刚度提高50.2%,质量流量减少40%,显著提高了轴承性能。     

Integrated aero-structural optimization design of pre-bend wind turbine blades

In the optimization design of a pre-bend wind turbine blade, there is a coupling relationship between blade aerodynamic shape and structural layup. The evaluation index of a wind turbine blade not only shows on conventional ones, such as Annual energy production (AEP), cost, and quality, but also includes the size of the loads on the hub or tower. Hence, the design of pre-bend wind turbine blades is a true multi-objective engineering task. To make the integrative optimization design of the pre-bend blade, new methods for the blade’s pre-bend profile design and structural analysis for the blade sections were presented, under dangerous working conditions, and considering the fundamental control characteristics of the wind turbine, an integrated aerodynamic-structural design technique for pre-bend blades was developed based on the Multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO). By using the optimization method, a three-dimensional Pareto-optimal set, which can satisfy different matching requirements from overall design of a wind turbine, was obtained. The most suitable solution was chosen from the Pareto-optimal set and compared with the original 1.5 MW blade. The results show that the optimized blade have better performance in every aspect, which verifies the feasibility of this new method for the design of pre-bend wind turbine blades.

     

风力机齿轮箱布局的多目标可靠性优化设计

针对风力机齿轮箱布局设计中存在的问题,采用多目标可靠性优化设计方法,以风力机齿轮箱的箱体体积和齿轮体积最小化为设计目标,建立了风力机齿轮箱布局的多目标可靠性优化设计模型,分析比较了3种常见传动方案对风力机齿轮箱布局的影响,以某型号1.5 MW风力机齿轮箱为例进行了优化分析。研究结果表明,采用该设计方法得到的齿轮箱箱体体积和齿轮体积加权和值比以齿轮体积为目标的单目标设计方法更低。同时,分析结果表明,提高输入转速可大大降低齿轮箱成本。     

风力发电机组主轴胀套联接有限元分析

建立了风力发电机组主轴胀套联接的有限元模型,利用非线性有限元软件MSC.MARC的接触分析功能,对胀套在极限工况下进行了强度分析,并分析了行星架和主轴接触面上的法向接触应力和变形。研究了摩擦系数,间隙配合量等对应力的影响,验证了此胀套在极限载荷下能否满足强度要求,并为胀套,行星架及轴的设计以及它们之间装配条件的选择提供理论依据。     

横风下高速列车流线型头型多目标气动优化设计

为改善高速列车的横风气动性能,建立高速列车流线型头型的多目标优化设计方法,以横风下高速列车的侧力和升力为优化目标,对高速列车流线型头型进行多目标自动优化设计。建立高速列车流线型头型的参数化模型,提取出5个优化设计变量,利用计算流体动力学方法进行高速列车流场计算,并结合多目标遗传算法,实现横风下高速列车流线型头型的自动寻优设计。通过相关性分析,得到影响侧力和升力的关键优化设计变量,并进一步研究关键优化设计变量和优化目标之间的非线性关系。经过多目标优化设计,获得一系列的Pareto最优头型,这些头型的横风气动性能均得到明显改善。同时为保证无风环境下高速列车的基本气动性能不发生恶化,最终筛选出8个Pareto最优头型。对于这8个Pareto最优头型,相对于原始头型来说,横风下的侧力最多可降低3.06%,横风下的升力最多可降低19.60%,无风时的气动阻力最多可降低4.51%,无风时的气动升力最多可降低9.68%。     

大型风力机叶片的耦合优化方法

为了降低兆瓦级风力机叶片的制造成本,通过耦合叶素动量理论与复合材料欧拉伯努利梁强度设计理论,综合考虑风能效率和成本,以叶片的风能效率成本最小化为优化目标,提出了大型风力发电机叶片的多学科优化设计方法。并基于该方法,对某50 m风力机叶片进行了优化设计。研究结果表明,该方法能够找到风能效率与成本的平衡设计点,叶片风能效率成本比传统设计方法设计的叶片减少了8.84%。