水声网络中Aloha协议与MACA协议的比较分析

浅海水声信道的快衰落、长延时使水声网络媒介访问控制（MAC）层协议的性能受到了较大的负面影响。为了能更好地将无线传感器网络的MAC协议适用于水声网络,本文着重对Aloha协议和冲突避免多址接入（MACA）协议进行改进分析,借助通信网络仿真工具OPNET,比较两者在吞吐量、时延、能量损耗和分组丢失率4方面的性能结果。仿真结果表明：与Aloha协议相比,MACA协议能更好地提高性能,有利于在水声网络中使用。     

水声传感网MAC协议的研究进展

水声传感网因其广阔的应用领域和巨大的应用潜力,近年来已成为通信领域的研究新热点,MAC协议是水声传感网的重要组成部分.概述水声传感网MAC协议的研究现状,指出水声传感网的MAC协议大体可分为基于非竞争的MAC协议和基于竞争的MAC协议,并对不同类别协议的优缺点进行对比分析.针对现有各种协议在吞吐量、开销、信道利用率以及网络的扩展性等方面均存在优势和不足等,从如何更好地克服水声通信中的传播时延长、可用带宽有限、能量消耗大和移动性大等方面,提出更合理更实用的水声通信MAC协议将是该领域未来的重点研究方向.     

基于最优窗口的水声网络MAC协议研究

海洋水声信道的复杂性和多变性会对水声网络中的介质访问控制协议性能造成影响。为更好地适应水声环境,对水声网络中基于竞争窗口的MAC协议进行改进,提出了基于最优窗口的MAC协议以及窗口值的优化策略,利用开源平台NS-3对其进行仿真,分析得出了水声网络节点数量、通信带宽和数据包大小与最优窗口大小之间的关系。仿真结果表明,在最优窗口下水声网络的吞吐量得到了显著提升,这一结论将为今后构建水声网络提供理论基础和数据支撑。     

一种基于有限状态机的新型水声网络多址接入协议的实现

本文首先提出了一种新型的水声通信网络的多址接入(UAMA)协议.该协议针对水声信道传播时延长的特点,利用扩频码进行多信道预约;通过适当的控制方法,采用与传统的握手协议不同的机制,当发送方发送request_to_send(RTS)后,在选择的业务信道上立刻传输数据,而不必等收到clear_to_send(CTS)后再传输数据,在时间和空间上大大地提高了信道的利用率,因此极大地提高了网络的吞吐量.通过使用OPNET Modeler/Radio仿真器对UAMA协议进行了基于有限状态机(FSM)的建模和设计.仿真结果表明该协议能在水声环境下取得优良的吞吐性能和较低的分组传输时延.     

太赫兹网络中基于优先级调度的低开销双信道MAC协议

针对现有太赫兹通信网络双信道MAC协议存在控制开销冗余和在竞争信道时缺少优先级调度策略等问题,提出了一种太赫兹网络中基于优先级调度的低开销双信道MAC协议（Low Overhead Dual-channel MAC Protocol Based on Priority Scheduling,LO-PSMAC）,包含通信距离预判、优先级调度策略的CSMA/CA和精简THz频段MAC帧三种机制,可有效提升信道利用率和整体网络吞吐量,同时减小控制开销和降低数据平均时延。仿真结果表明,所提协议与现有太赫兹双信道MAC协议相比,MAC层吞吐量和信道利用率分别提升了7.14%和14.75%,数据平均时延降低了14.21%。     

基于规则与感知的水声网络MAC协议

针对水声网络(UAN)媒体访问控制(MAC)协议采用RTS/CTS握手机制,导致信道利用率和网络吞吐量较低的问题,提出一套信道访问规则,基于该规则设计了节点状态感知的水声网络MAC(RP-MAC)协议.当接收节点不在收发状态,并且其他邻居节点也都不在接收状态时,发送节点才会尝试发送一到多个报文给接收节点.节点通过侦听和...     

一种用于格型拓扑的水声传感器网络TDMA协议

由于海洋信道恶劣的传输条件,使设计可靠且有效的水声传感器网络MAC协议面临极大的挑战。该文针对六角格型网络的结构特点提出了G-TDMA协议,该协议通过对时隙的空间复用,提高了信道资源的利用率;并且在数据帧的发送过程中完成网络节点间的同步,从而降低同步开销;同时根据水声信道的高传输延时和起伏特性,加入了保护时间以避免数据冲突。仿真结果表明,在水声信道条件下该协议可有效地改善网络性能。     

一种有效的水声通信网络中用于半双工信道的ARQ协议

自动重传请求(ARQ)在保证通信网络可靠传输中起着关键的作用。但是，在水声通信网络中，由于水声信道的半双工以及信道的长传播时延特性，使得水声通信网络的吞叶性能受到极大的制约。本文针对水声信道长传播时延这一特点，利用扩频通信技术，将单个信道分成两个子信道；一个用于前向信道(从发送方到接收方)，另一个用于反向信道(从接收方到发送方)，从而使得对每个分组数据的响应时间大大缩短，提出了一种有效的适合于半双工特性的ARQ协议。理论分析和仿真结果表明，相对于传统的SW ARQ协议而言，该协议在水声信道下具有更优的吞吐性能。     

无线数据通信网中的信道接入协议研究

信道接入协议（MAC）是无线数据通信协议的重要组成部分。由于无线信道是一个开放、共享的信道，网络节点在通信过程中存在隐终端和暴露终端问题。基于目前无线通信常用的MAC协议存在的问题，着重分析了基于扩频码的信道接入协议，该协议利用扩频码的正变特性，使得网络中各节点可以同时占用信道而互不干扰，较好地解决了信道争用问题，提高了系统效率。同时指出，在选择MAC协议时，应根据无线网络的拓扑结构及特点灵活选择，以提高网络性能。     

水声网络通信性能分析

该文根据水声信道传播特性及水声网络结构特征,建立了基于水声网络的通信性能分析模型,并仿真分析了对等网络和汇聚网络两种水声网络结构的通信性能与节点间距、网络规模、工作繁忙度以及发射功率等因素的联系,结果表明通过适当的网络设置和协议设计能够优化网络的通信性能,并且存在使通信带宽效率最优的水声网络节点间距。该文的研究成果对水声网络应用具有指导意义。     

RIPT: A Receiver-Initiated Reservation-Based Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks

Although there are many MAC protocols that have been proposed for terrestrial wireless networks with a wide variety of aspects, these protocols cannot be applied directly in underwater acoustic networks due to the channel's uniqueness of having low data rate and long propagation delay. In order to achieve a high throughput, both characteristics must be taken into account in the MAC design. We propose a random access MAC protocol for multi-hop underwater acoustic networks based on receiver reservation, which we shall call the "Receiverinitiated Packet Train" (RIPT) protocol. It is a handshakingbased protocol that addresses the channel?s long propagation delay characteristic by utilizing receiver-initiated reservations, as well as by coordinating packets from multiple neighboring nodes to arrive in a packet train manner at the receiver. Our simulation results have confirmed that the RIPT protocol can achieve our goal of having high and stable throughput performance while maintaining low collision rate.     

Packet data messaging over TETRA: network performance analysis

In this paper, we address various aspects of packet data transmission in terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA) networks giving particular emphasis on the performance of applications transmitting small messages between a number of radio terminals and a fixed server. The utilization of such applications is constantly increasing in public safety networks and so does the need to dimension and configure TETRA networks to meet their reliability, delay and loss requirements. We present simulation results for a variety of practical scenarios such as loading the packet data channel (PDCH) with different mobile station (MS) populations engaged in transmitting packet data (PD) at various rates. We quantify key performance indicators of the PDCH such as packet delay and packet loss rate. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of non-PD MS population—i.e., the loading of main control channel (MCCH)—on the average packet delay. Our results provide an insight of how network loading parameters interact with the protocol performance and may help in dimensioning and planning TETRA networks, and in particular, in determining the number of PD terminals that can be supported in a cell for a given traffic profile and QoS requirements.     

WLAN throughput improvement via distributed queuing MAC

This paper analyzes the performance of a MAC scheme for wireless local area networks (WLANs) that makes use of distributed queues to improve radio channel utilization. Analytical values for the maximum throughput performance are derived as a function of the system parameters. The obtained results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the legacy 802.11 MAC protocol in terms of maximum stable throughput. This benefit is obtained from eliminating back-off periods and collisions in data packet transmissions while minimizing the needed control overhead. The proposal also makes performance to be independent of the number of nodes transmitting in the system and provides stability for high load conditions.     

A hybrid reservation-based MAC protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Due to the characteristics of underwater acoustic channel, such as long propagation delay and low available bandwidth, media access control (MAC) protocol designed for the underwater acoustic sensor network (UWASN) is quite different from that for the terrestrial wireless sensor network. However, for the contention-based MAC protocols, the packet transmission time is long because of the long preamble in real acoustic modems, which increase the packet collisions. And the competition phase lasts for long time when many nodes are competing for the channel to access. For the schedule-based MAC protocols, the delay is too long, especially in a UWASN with low traffic load. In order to resolve these problems, a hybrid reservation-based MAC (HRMAC) protocol is proposed for UWASNs in this paper. In the proposed HRMAC protocol, the nodes reserve the channel by declaring and spectrum spreading technology is used to reduce the collision of the control packets. Many nodes with data packets to be transmitted can reserve the channel simultaneously, and nodes with reserved channel transmit their data in a given order. The performance analysis shows that the proposed HRMAC protocol can improve the channel efficiency greatly. Simulation results also show that the proposed HRMAC protocol achieves better performance, namely higher network throughput, lower packet drop ratio, smaller end-to-end delay, less overhead of control packets and lower energy overhead, compared to existing typical MAC protocols for the UWASNs.     

Comparison and Evaluation of the T-Lohi MAC for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

This paper introduces T-Lohi, a new class of distributed and energy-efficient media-access protocols (MAC) for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWSN). MAC design for UWSN faces significant challenges. For example, acoustic communication suffers from latencies five orders-of-magnitude larger than radio communication, so a naive CSMA MAC would require very long listen time resulting in low throughput and poor energy efficiency. In this paper, we first identify unique characteristics in underwater networking that may affect all MACs, such as space-time uncertainty and deafness conditions. We then develop T-Lohi employing a novel tone-based contention resolution mechanism that exploits space-time uncertainty and high latency to detect collisions and count contenders, achieving good throughput across all offered loads. T-Lohi exploits a low-power wake-up receiver to significantly reduce energy consumption. We evaluate design choices and protocol performance through extensive simulation. Finally, we compare T-Lohi against a few canonical MAC protocols. The results show that the energy cost of packet transmission is within 3?9% of optimal, and that Lohi achieves good channel utilization, within 30% utilization of the theoretical maximum. We also show that Lohi is stable and fair under both low and very high offered loads. Finally, we compare Lohi with other alternatives, including TDMA, CSMA, and ALOHA. Except for TDMA under heavy load, Lohi provides the best utilization in all cases, and it is always the most energy efficient.     

EHM: a novel efficient protocol based handshaking mechanism for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Underwater Media Access Control (MAC) protocol design faces more challenges due to the unique characteristics of acoustic communication such as the long propagation delay and limited bandwidth. The long propagation delay in underwater causes the hidden terminal and spatially unfair problem. In this paper, we propose an efficient MAC protocol for multi-hop underwater acoustic sensor networks, which we shall call the EHM—Efficient Handshaking Mechanism. It is a handshaking-based protocol that addresses the hidden terminal and spatially unfair problem, and the EHM protocol can improve the channel utilization by allowing a node to receive data packets from multiple potential senders simultaneously. This method can reduce the relative proportion of time spent on control packets. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated via simulations. Experiment results show that the EHM protocol outperforms in channel utilization, fairness of transmission and end-to-end packets delay.     

RIM-MAC：一种适用于水下传感网接收者发起的多会话MAC协议

声通信是水下传感网的主要通信方式之一,但是它具有长延迟和低带宽的特点,这是水下传感网MAC（media access control）协议研究面临的主要挑战。为提高网络吞吐量,提出了一种接收者发起的多会话MAC协议（RIM-MAC）。它利用接收者发起会话,通过一次会话的4次握手完成所有邻居数据分组的传输,有效地减少握手次数。同时利用侦听到的本地信息（邻居延迟图和邻居的传输调度）避免信道冲突并发起多个会话,这解决了长传播延迟带来的信道利用率低的问题。RIM-MAC通过增强节点间并行传输的能力,在接收者和发送者两端提高时空复用率,与经典水下MAC协议比,网络吞吐量提高了至少36%。除此之外,基于自适应数据轮询策略提出了一种网络负载公平算法（FTA）,它保证了网络中竞争节点间的信道访问的公平性。仿真实验表明,在长传播延迟的场景下,RIM-MAC取得了比典型的水下传感网MAC协议更好的吞吐量性能。     

A Scalable CSMA and Self-Organizing TDMA MAC for IEEE 802.11 p/1609.x in VANETs

vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been a key topic for research community and industry alike. The wireless access in vehicular environment standard employs the IEEE 802.11p/1609.4 for the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer implementation for VANETs. However, the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) based mechanism cannot provide reliable broadcast services, and the multi-channel operation defined in IEEE 1609.4 divides the available access time into fixed alternating control channel intervals (CCH) and service channel (SCH) intervals, which may lead to the low utilization of the scarce resources. In this paper, a novel multichannel MAC protocol called CS-TDMA considering the channel access scheduling and channel switching concurrently is proposed. The protocol combines CSMA with the time division multiple access (TDMA) to improve the broadcast performance in VANETs. Meanwhile, the dwelling ratio between CCH and SCH changes dynamically according to the traffic density, resulting in the improvement of resource utilization efficiency. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of our mechanism and comparisons are made with three existing MAC protocols, IEEE MAC, SOFT MAC and VeMAC. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of CS-TDMA in the reduction of transmission delay and packet collision rate and improvement of network throughput.     

一种高效低时延的宽带电力线通信网多跳MAC协议

针对IEEE1901.1宽带电力线通信媒体接入控制(Medium Access Control,MAC)协议涉及到信标时隙利用不充分和控制开销过大等问题,提出了一种高效低时延的宽带电力线通信网多跳MAC协议(Efficient and Low Delay Multi-hop MAC,ELDM-MAC).采用基于节点层级号的信标时隙分配机制,根据邻居表和时隙分配信息计算能够提前进入到载波监听多路访问时隙(Carrier Sense Multiple Access,CSMA)的时间,减少了信标时隙的浪费,提高了信道利用率;同时采用基于拓扑信息的信标帧高效广播机制,删除不大于自身层级号的节点和大于且在两跳范围内的非子孙节点的时隙分配信息,降低了网络控制开销.仿真结果表明,ELDM-MAC协议在信道利用率、平均时延和控制开销等方面都优于IEEE1901.1 MAC协议,更适用于宽带电力线通信网络的实际应用场景.