150t钢包自由表面旋涡的数值模拟与湍流模型的选择

钢包在非稳态浇注过程中易形成旋涡,导致钢渣及空气的大量卷入,严重危害了钢的质量.为了更好的研究旋涡,采用ANSYS CFX软件,分别采用k-ε和RNG k-ε2种湍流模型对钢包非稳态浇注过程中自由表面旋涡进行数值模拟,得到自由表面从表面旋转到旋涡贯通水口的演化过程,将两者的计算结果与相关文献以及Burgers涡模型进行相互对比,得到:两者计算的旋涡演化过程、旋涡产生临界高度无差别;两者的速度场与相关文献均一致,但RNG k-ε模型更真实的表现了旋涡的剪切流动;将两者的切向速度分布与Burgers涡对比,得到RNG k-ε湍流模型与理论模型更加吻合.综上:用RNG k-ε湍流模型计算自由表面旋涡更加正确合理.     

钢包浇注过程的数学物理模拟

采用CFD商用软件FLUENT,选取VOF气-液两相流模型和标准k-ε湍流模型对60t钢包浇注过程进行了数值模拟和物理模拟,利用水口流量和液面高度随时间的变化曲线分析了浇注过程中旋涡的产生及变化规律,得到了产生旋涡时自由液面的速度场,并与水模拟实验结果进行了比较.研究结果表明,水口直径及其水口位置对旋涡影响的数值计算结...     

带烟气回流W型辐射管热过程数值模拟

基于商业软件FLUENT同时,采用RNG k-ε模型和非预混燃烧模型,建立了带烟气回流W型辐射管燃烧器的燃烧及传热的三维数学模型,对辐射管内湍流和燃烧状况进行了模拟,并得到了出口NOx排放的计算结果;通过与相应实验数据的对比,验证了模型的可靠性.分析了辐射管内流体流动,传热和燃烧的特征,研究了燃气流量及空气预热温度对辐射管使用性能的影响;结果表明:燃气流量的提高,会增大辐射管壁面温度的不均匀性,而提高预热温度则相反;两者与辐射管加热能力呈正相关,但都会使得出口烟气内的NOx含量增大.     

狭缝射流冲击柱状凸形表面流动换热特性

采用数值方法研究了狭缝射流冲击柱状凸形表面的流动换热特性,通过四种湍流模型计算结果与实验数据对比,确定了湍流模型适用性.以压力梯度分布为依据,重点分析了狭缝射流沿柱状凸形表面的流动结构和边界层分离特点及柱状凸形表面的强化换热特性.结果表明:RNG k-ε和Realizable k-ε模型具有预测适应性;狭缝射流冲击至柱状凸形表面,气体沿表面运动,速度降低,并在流动下游发生边界层分离;量纲一的逆压梯度随量纲一的曲率半径(D/B)的减小而增大,使得边界层分离更早出现;驻点区域换热Nu随量纲一的曲率半径(D/B)的减小而获得增强,但流动进入下游后,D/B对换热基本无影响;压力梯度是影响狭缝射流冲击柱状凸形表面换热分布的重要因素.      

多排狭缝型气体射流冲击换热的三维数值模拟

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,模拟了多排狭缝型喷管的冲击射流换热特性,研究了带钢运动速度以及狭缝喷嘴Re对带钢表面局部对流换热系数以及平均对流换热系数的影响。数值计算结果表明:在实际工程应用中带钢运动速度对平均Nu数的影响可以忽略,同时得到了平均Nu数与狭缝喷口Re数间的关联式,为工程应用奠定了坚实的理论基础。     

基于二维瞬态导热反问题方法测量气体射流冲击换热系数

基于Levenber-Marquardt迭代法建立了二维瞬态导热反问题模型。结合实验,测定了厚规格材料表面射流冲击换热系数随着时间的变化规律。同时,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型建立了相应的CFD仿真模型。数值分析和实验结果表明:所建立的二维瞬态导热反问题模型能够准确计算表面换热系数;厚规格材料冷却过程中,冷却开始时,表面换热Nu数迅速上升。当冷却时间大于50s时,Nu数逐步趋于平缓并维持不变;由于材料内部横向热流的影响,瞬态实验的局部Nu数高于稳态实验的局部Nu数。     

纯氧助燃钢包烘烤工艺中燃烧场的模拟

钢包烘烤预热可使钢水温度稳定在低过热度下,有利于减少铸坯缺陷,提高铸坯质量.纯氧助燃钢包烘烤工艺由于具有火焰刚性好,热损失少等优点逐渐受到青睐.钢包烘烤过程中伴随了燃烧、流动、对流和辐射传热等复杂物理化学过程,明确这些过程的相互作用机理对于提高钢包烘烤效率、节约能源具有重要意义.本文基于标准k-ε湍流模型耦合涡耗散燃烧模型和P-1辐射模型建立钢包烘烤过程多场耦合数学模型,并针对纯氧助燃与空气助燃的不同,建立计算辐射吸收系数修正的WSGGM模型,模拟了O_2的体积分数为21%、99%时钢包内的燃烧场,对比分析两种情况下温度分布以及燃烧产物CO_2和H_2O的浓度分布规律.结果表明,纯氧助燃火焰温度高,火焰刚性好;烟气量小,热损失少;纯氧助燃的燃烧产物主要为CO_2、H_2O,气体辐射能力增强,烘烤效率高.     

单孔射流冲击流动与换热过程的数值模拟

应用三种RNG k-ε湍流模型对单孔气体射流冲击流动与换热过程进行了数值仿真计算,与实验结果的比较分析表明;RNG k-e系列模型能够对射流冲击流动和换热过程进行较为准确的预测.在此基础上,进一步对局部Nu数、平均Nu数分布的分析表明:喷孔直径D对冲击点处Nu的数值大小无明显影响;射流冲击高度HI/D对Nu数的分布规律...     

30 t钢包偏心单吹流场的数值模拟

利用连续性方程、动量方程、Navier-Stokes方程、欧拉方程和k-ε双方程,运用Fluent软件的Simple算法,气液两相区采用欧拉两相流模型进行稳态下的钢包流场计算,得到了不同喷吹量及偏心位置不同时单孔吹气时,钢包内的流场三维分布图。首先通过偏心单吹死区比例的计算和流场的变化规律,确定最优单吹方案为包底0.55R处、气量为60 NL/min,然后对最优偏心单孔进行不同吹气量的流场数值模拟计算,得出钢包纵截面的流场分布图,分析发现吹气量的增加仅让钢包内钢液流动的速度提高了,但钢液的流动形态并未改变,大约在钢包的4/5高度处形成涡心,涡流运动十分明显。     

连铸钢包浇注过程中旋涡的形成机理

连铸钢包浇注末期出现的旋涡卷渣现象会对连铸钢水质量产生重要的影响,为了有效控制生产中的旋涡卷渣现象,对钢包浇注末期旋涡的产生机理开展详细研究.依据相似原理,构建了相似比为1∶6的钢包物理模型,对钢包浇注过程中旋涡产生及卷渣过程进行研究,分析了初始液面高度、出水口尺寸与布置位置、出水口结构等因素对旋涡形成规律的影响.结果表明：旋涡形成过程与初始液面高度无关;钢包出水口尺寸和布置位置对于旋涡形成过程影响显著.随着出水口直径的增大,旋涡临界高度逐渐增加;随着偏心率的增加,旋涡临界高度逐渐降低,最佳偏心率为3/4.提出三片挡块式出水口结构,可以显著降低钢包浇注末期的旋涡临界高度,降低高度达50％左右.     

钢包水口偏心率对浇注过程影响的数学模拟

 钢包的水口偏心率会显著影响浇注末期汇流旋涡的形成和发展过程。基于钢包特征设置合理的水口偏心率,有利于控制旋涡形态、抑制旋涡的危害。但是偏心率的变化如何改变流场,对浇注过程产生哪些影响,目前的研究并不充分。通过数值模拟方法,研究了水口偏心率对钢包流场和旋涡的影响规律,同时定义了“影响度”指标,定量分析了偏心率对浇注过程中表征流场和旋涡特性的14个物理量(如水口流量、旋涡角速度、湍动能、水口含气率等)的影响程度。结果表明,水口偏心率和各物理量之间存在非线性关系;不同物理量变化的临界点不同,普遍为0.5~0.7,旋涡的稳定性和容器壁面是影响临界点的主要因素。     

浇注钢包环出钢口四孔透气塞吹氩控制下渣工艺北大核心CSCD

针对浇注钢包环出钢口四孔透气塞吹氩控制下渣工艺,建立了某钢厂130 t钢包三维DPM-VOF耦合数学模型以计算浇注钢包下渣过程,并通过冷态实验验证了该模型的有效性。利用该模型研究了不同偏心率对下渣行为的影响,揭示了该工艺控制下渣的行为规律,并分析了吹氩流量对控制下渣的影响。结果表明,随着偏心率的增大,不同浇注高度下的最大切向速度减小,汇流漩涡临界高度降低。环出钢口四孔透气塞吹入氩气后,气泡流股的汇聚有效地减弱了水口上方钢液的周向旋转速度,大幅降低了汇流漩涡下渣临界高度。4个气泡流股的气液两相流会抑制流向水口钢液的径向流动速度,由排流沉坑引起的下渣也得到明显抑制。随着吹氩流量的增加,下渣临界高度呈降低趋势。就本研究而言,控制下渣的最佳吹氩流量为30 L/min。     

Two-phase sink vortex suction mechanism and penetration dynamic characteristics in ladle teeming process

At the late stage of continuous casting (CC) ladle teeming,sink vortex can suck the liquid slag into tundish,and cause negative influences on the cleanliness of molten steel.To address this issue,a two-phase fluid mechanical modeling method for ladle teeming was proposed.Firstly,a dynamic model for vortex suction process was built,and the profiles of vortex flow field were acquired.Then,based on the level set method (LSM),a two-phase 3D interface coupling model for slag entrapment was built.Finally,in combination with high-order essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) and total variation diminishing (TVD) methods,a LSM-based numerical solution method was proposed to obtain the 3D coupling evolution regularities in vortex suction process.Numerical results show that the vortex with higher kinetic energy can form an expanded sandglass-shape region with larger slag fraction and lower rotating velocity;there is a pressure oscillation phenomenon at the vortex penetration state,which is caused by the energy shock of two-phase vortex penetration coupling.     

Simulations of the Ladle Teeming Process and Verification With Pilot Experiment

The ladle teeming process was investigated by 2D axis‐symmetrical mathematical models and a pilot‐plant experiment. Different turbulence models, including the low Reynolds number k–ε model and the realizable k–ε model both with an enhanced wall treatment (EWT) and a standard wall function (SWF), were used to simulate this process. All of these turbulence model predictions generally agreed well with the experimental results. The velocity distributions in the nozzle were also predicted by these turbulence models. At the late stage of the teeming process, the drain sink flow phenomenon was studied. The combination of an inclined ladle bottom and a gradually expanding nozzle was found to be an effective way to alleviate a drain sink flow.     

Numerical Simulation for Effect of Inlet Cooling Rate on Fluid Flow and Temperature Distribution in Tundish

 The fluid flow in tundish is a non-isothermal process and the temperature variation of stream from teeming ladle dominates the fluid flow and thermal distribution in tundish. A numerical model was established to investigate the effect of inlet cooling rate on fluid flow and temperature distribution in tundish based on a FTSC (Flexible Thin Slab Casting) tundish. The inlet cooling rate varies from 0.5 to 0.25 ℃/min. Under the present calculation conditions, the following conclusions were made. When the stream temperature from teeming ladle drops seriously (for inlet cooling rate of 0.5 ℃/min), there is a “backward flow” at the coming end of casting. The horizontal flow along the free surface turns to flow along the bottom of tundish. The bottom flow shortens the fluid flow route in tundish and deteriorates the removal effect of nonmetallic inclusions from molten steel. Nevertheless, when the inlet cooling rate decreases to 0.25 ℃/min, the horizontal flow is sustained during the whole casting period. The present research provides theoretical directions for temperature control in teeming ladle and continuous casting tundish during production of advanced steels.     

Effect of slag cover on heat loss and liquid steel flow in ladles before and during teeming to a continuous casting tundish

Mathematical modeling of transient fluid flow and heat transfer of melt in the ladle has been carried out, both before and during teeming of the melt to a tundish. The model involves solution of the transient, two-dimensional form of the turbulent Navier-Stokes' equation along with the equations of turbulence energy, energy dissipation rate of turbulence energy, and thermal energy conservation in the cylindrical coordinate system. Two different heat loss conditions have been assumed to occur from the top free surface of the melt in the ladle. When the ladle has an insulating layer of slag, temperature stratification occurs within the melt with the coolest melt in contact with the ladle bottom. The degree of temperature stratification increases with the increase in holding time. Pouring of the melt from such a ladle to the tundish, however, results in near uniform ladle stream temperature during the 47 minutes of pouring period considered in the present study. This is especially true if the melt in the ladle is held for a period of 20 minutes prior to teeming. When the melt in the ladle loses an appreciable amount of heat from the top due to a thin layer of slag, the average temperature of the melt drops considerably during the holding period although there is no temperature stratification. Pouring from such a ladle results in a continuous decline of the ladle stream temperature, even though the pouring starts after a holding period of 5 minutes. Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University     

Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in the Ladle during Teeming

A two dimensional axisymmetric model was developed to predict the heat flux in a steelmaking ladle during the teeming process. The model predicts dynamically the flow fields in both liquid phase and gas phase along with the movement of the liquid upper surface. The model also predicts the temperature distributions in the liquid metal, gas phase and all layers in the ladle wall. Industrial measurements using infrared radiation camera inside the ladle after teeming and at the wall outside the ladle during the whole process were carried out. The model predictions were found to be in agreement with the measured data. It was found that the heat transfer to the surrounding atmosphere and the conductivity of the highly insulating layer were the most important factors for the heat loss. The decrease of the thickness of the working lining was found to have limited effect on the total heat flux.     

Physical Modeling of Fluid Flow in Ladles of Aluminum Equipped with Impeller and Gas Purging For Degassing

In the current study a transparent water physical model was developed to study fluid flow and turbulent structure of aluminum ladles for degassing treatment with a rotating impeller and gas injection. Flow patterns and turbulent structure in the ladle were measured with the particle image velocimetry technique. The effects of process parameters such as rotor speed, gas flow rate, and type of rotor on the flow patterns and on the vortex formation were analyzed using this model, which control degassing kinetics. In addition, a comparison between two points of gas injection was performed: (a) conventional gas injection through the shaft and (b) a “novel” gas injection technique through the bottom of the ladle. Results show that the most significant process variable on the stirring degree of the bath was the angular speed of the impeller, which promotes better stirred baths with smaller and better distributed bubbles. A gas flow rate increment is detrimental to stirring. Finally, although the injection point was the less-significant variable, it was found that the “novel” injection from the bottom of the ladle improves the stirring in the ladle, promotes a better distribution of bubbles, and shows to be a promising alternative for gas injection.     

钢包浇注过程中旋涡临界高度控制

为了有效控制钢包浇注过程中汇流旋涡的临界高度,以150 t钢包为原型,基于相似原理,采用1∶3的物理模型,通过水模拟研究了钢包初始液位、静置时间、水口位置、水口结构和阻旋装置对汇流旋涡形成过程的影响.结果 表明,初始液位对旋涡的形成影响较小,而静置时间和水口位置的影响显著.在逆时针注水情况下,随着静置时间的增加,旋涡起...