Influence of Oxidation Temperature and Cr Content on the Adhesion and Microstructure of Scale on Low Cr Steels

Descalability of steels during hot rolling processes is essential in order to maintain the surface quality of steel products, because the remaining scale can be impressed into the steel, producing surface defects. Therefore, a quantitative evaluation of scale adhesion at high temperature is needed in order to find suitable heating conditions for hot rolling processes that promote the formation of scale that easily detach. Round bar shape specimens of low Cr steels were oxidized in a fuel combustion environment, and then compressed at high temperature to detach the scale. The area fraction of the remaining scale was evaluated by image analysis. Under a thick outer oxide scale, a thin continuous inner oxide layer, which consisted of Cr and Si oxides, strongly adhered to the substrate, resulting in poor descalability. On the other hand, if this inner scale changed into a discontinuous layer with a porous FeO layer beneath, the descalability improved. It was found that scales with greater descalability formed on steels containing less Cr and for oxidation at higher temperatures.     

Deformation of oxide scale on steel surface during hot rolling

Although oxide scale has significant influence on surface quality of hot-worked products, deformation of the scale during hot working has not been understood sufficiently. The authors propose an experimental technique to observe the scale as hot-worked using glass coating, in this study. Immediately after hot rolling at 1273 K, glass powder was sprinkled over a mild steel sheet. The glass coating suppresses further oxidation and separation of the scale from the steel. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the scale deforms uniformly if the reduction is small (r < 20%). If the reduction is high (r > 30%), steel is extruded through cracks in the scale to the outermost surfaces. The friction between the rolls and the sheet decreases with increasing scale thickness when the scale does not deform uniformly.     

PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF INTERFACIAL CONDITIONS IN HOT FORMING OF STEELS

1.~nonNUInericalmodellingbythefiniteelement(FE)methodhasbecomeaneffectiveandeconomyicmeansforsimulatingmetalfoeingprocesses.However,accuratemodellingdemandsthecorrectdefinitionandinputsofthedataforthethermalandphysicalpIDPertiesoftheworkpieceandtoolmaterials,theboUndaryconditionsattheworkpiece--toolinterfaceandinotherareas,inadditiontoappropriatemeshgenerationandnumericalsolutions.Althoughmostofthematerialdataareavailable,thedataforinterfacialheattransferandfrictionconditions,Whichhavesubst…     

钢坯高温抗氧化涂料应用效果试验研究

由于钢坯在加热过程中温度高、时间长,其表面氧化烧损严重,不仅降低了热连轧过程金属收得率,而且影响轧制过程中高压水的除鳞效果,产生带钢表面质量缺陷,为此出现了高温抗氧化涂料的研究和应用.在某常规热连轧生产线针对低碳钢、微合金钢、耐侯钢,试验研究了一种钢坯高温抗氧化涂料的高温防氧化效果及使用性能.结果表明,试验应用的高温抗...     

热轧钢材氧化及表面质量控制技术的发展及应用

热轧钢材表面质量是生产控制的重要指标之一,越来越受到重视。热轧钢材表面氧化铁皮的结构、厚度受氧化热力学、动力学及固相反应的影响,氧化铁皮的结构、高温力学行为和物理特性直接影响其去除效果。钢材的化学成分设计,以及热轧生产过程中加热、轧制和冷却过程中氧化铁皮的去除与控制,直接决定了最终产品氧化铁皮的厚度和结构,从而决定了其表面质量控制效果。热轧钢材表面氧化控制技术已经开始在表面缺陷控制、不同深加工方式钢材的氧化层设计、减量酸洗和免表面处理等方面得到了应用。为了充分挖掘该技术的潜力,还要根据热轧产品的用途进行深度的研究与开发。     

热轧酸洗板氧化铁皮缺陷原因分析及控制措施

针对热轧表检仪不能有效识别的片状、条状、山水画状、边部粗糙酸洗氧化铁皮缺陷,介绍了其形貌特征,对热轧工艺中的影响因素进行了分析和排查,得到了缺陷的形成原因。回炉板坯重复入炉加热,氧化铁皮的生成量将会增加,容易造成酸洗后片状氧化铁皮缺陷。除鳞水压力、喷射角度、喷射面重叠量及除鳞道次对二次氧化铁皮破除能力不足时,容易产生酸洗后条状、山水画状氧化铁皮缺陷。同时,粗轧工作辊轧制公里数较长、中间坯温度过高也会对山水画状氧化铁皮缺陷有一定的影响。热轧带钢终轧或卷取温度较高,薄规格带钢板形较差时,会造成酸洗后带钢边部粗糙氧化铁皮缺陷。为此,对板坯加热工艺、粗轧及除鳞工艺、精轧及层冷工艺进行了优化,大大降低了酸洗板氧化铁皮缺陷的发生率,提高了产品表面质量。     

热轧高强钢表面氧化铁皮的控制与改善

在热成型过程中,由于氧化铁皮抛丸清除不净,导致在加热后表面覆盖一层黑色氧化铁皮,影响加热温度的测量和精确控制。利用箱式加热炉、场发射电子显微镜和电子背散射衍射仪等设备,分析了460 MPa汽车桥壳用钢在两种不同热轧工艺条件下的氧化铁皮厚度、结构的变化规律。研究表明：工艺二(低温短时烧钢,高温终轧、卷取工艺)条件下的氧化铁皮结构更易抛丸去除,经抛丸、加热模拟试验后,表面无氧化铁皮覆盖物,满足测温要求。     

武钢500MPa级免酸洗汽车大梁钢氧化皮研究

介绍了免酸洗钢氧化皮的形成机理及其影响因素,分析了在目前生产工艺下武钢热轧500MPa级汽车大梁钢表面氧化皮的形貌、结构及厚度,对带钢的终轧温度、卷取温度以及卷取后的冷却方式进行改进后,氧化皮厚度基本控制在10μm以下,以共析Fe3O4+Fe结构为主,Fe3O4比例超过80%。     

层流冷却水Cl-浓度和pH值对热轧带钢表面质量的影响

层流冷却水直接喷射到热轧带钢表面,对带钢的表面质量有较大影响。通过对标,武钢某热轧厂层流冷却水Cl-浓度、pH值均偏高。本文实验研究了层流冷却水Cl-浓度、pH值等对热轧带钢表面质量、氧化铁皮结构和厚度以及室温存放的影响。提出了冷却水Cl-浓度应控制在100 mg/L之内、pH值应控制为7.0～8.0,这样能够有效地降低带钢表面的腐蚀速率,减少带钢表面缺陷。     

热轧钢材表面氧化铁皮微观结构表征技术综述

热轧钢材氧化铁皮控制不当会引起表面缺陷,为了提高热轧钢材的表面质量,需要对其氧化产物结构和状态进行系统的分析检测,包括了解氧化铁皮的种类和结构、氧化铁皮的表面及断面形貌、氧化铁皮或氧化铁皮与钢基体界面处的元素分布等。由于目前表面分析技术种类多,且新技术不断得到应用,本文按照钢材氧化铁皮研究的表征步骤归纳了各种技术的特点和应用情况,可为钢材高温氧化理论研究和生产现场工艺优化提供帮助。     

厚规格车轮钢表面麻坑缺陷成因及控制策略

分析了厚规格车轮钢表面麻坑缺陷的微观形貌及成因,针对缺陷成因提出了相应的热轧生产控制策略。研究表明：厚规格车轮钢轧后氧化铁皮厚于常规钢种,用户开平过程中带钢表面氧化铁皮发生破碎后从带钢基体脱落,随开平过程被矫直辊压入带钢表面进而形成麻坑缺陷;采用“降温增水提速”的工艺措施,降低板坯出炉温度、精轧入口温度,增加精轧机架间冷却水量,提高精轧轧制速度,可以有效控制带钢表面氧化铁皮厚度,显著降低麻坑缺陷的发生率。     

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利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜手段研究了几种典型的热轧钢板表面翘皮缺陷,结果表明,热轧板表面翘皮缺陷皮下成分主要有氧化铁,二次氧化颗粒,夹渣等3种组成情况。根据翘皮缺陷皮处的能谱分析结果可以判断引起热轧板表面翘皮缺陷的原因主要有表面氧化铁皮的轧入、铸坯中的气泡、铸坯表面或边部开裂、侧压定宽机参数的调整不当、结晶器保护渣的混入等,详细讨论了热轧钢板表面翘皮缺陷产生的原因。     

锯条体用冷轧钢带表面缺陷分析

通过化学分析、SEM、X-ray分析等方法,探讨了用于双金属锯带的锯条体用冷轧钢带表面缺陷的形成机制。结果表明:1)在钢带样品的表面有一层12μm厚的氧化层,该氧化层是以Fe3O4为主的复合型氧化物。氧化层中有许多龟型裂纹,一部分从基体剥离形成麻点,另一部分鼓起但仍与基体相连形成鱼鳞状起皮;2)在氧化层与基体之间,有7μm厚的过渡区,该过渡区为氧化脱Cr、Mn、C区;3)钢带样品经球化退火形成的球状碳化物,主要存在于钢带的基体中,少量存在于过渡区,极少量存在于氧化层;4)这些氧化层及过渡区是在钢带热轧和/或球化退火过程中形成的,在其后的冷轧工序中被压入过渡区。     

Microstructural analysis of cracking phenomenon occurring during cold rolling of (0.1~0.7)C-3Mn-5Al lightweight steels

An investigation was conducted into the cracking phenomenon occurring during the cold rolling of lightweight steel plates. Four steels of varying C contents were fabricated and steel plates containing C contents of 0.5wt% or higher were cracked during the initial stage of the cold rolling. The steels were basically composed of ferrite grains and -carbides in a band shape, but the volume fraction and thickness of κ-carbide band increased as the C content increased. Microstructural observation of the deformed region of fractured tensile specimens revealed that deformation bands were homogeneously formed in wide areas of ferrite matrix in the steels containing C contents of 0.3 wt% or lower, while κ-carbide bands were hardly deformed or cracked. In the steels containing high C contents of 0.5 wt% or higher, on the other hand, microcracks were initiated mostly at fine proeutectoid ferrite located within κ-carbide bands, and were grown further to coalesce with other microcracks to form long cracks. To prevent the cracking, thus, the proeutectoid ferrite should be minimized by the hot rolling in the (α+γ) two phase region. As practical methods, the content of C below 0.5% or Al above 5% was suggested to expand the (α+γ) phase region.     

低碳低硅钢氧化铁皮缺陷分析研究

针对河北钢铁股份有限公司唐山分公司1 700 mm生产线生产热轧酸洗带钢时氧化铁皮压入缺陷严重的问题,分析了缺陷产生的根本原因是带钢化学成分中Si含量较低,精轧时产生的三次氧化铁皮压入带钢表面而致。同时,试验分析了Si含量对氧化铁皮起泡行为的影响。结果表明：低硅钢（w(Si)＜0.03%）在900~1 100 ℃范围内氧化铁皮生长迅速,极易起泡、破裂,易产生月牙形氧化铁皮压入缺陷;此外,氧化铁皮过厚、破裂易导致工作辊氧化膜剥落,粗糙辊面易造成氧化铁皮、氧化膜压入缺陷。为此,提出了采用“低温快轧”的措施,可避免该缺陷的产生。     

Effects of oxide layers on surface defects during hot rolling processes

An oxide layer, which developed on the surface of a commercial hot rolling mill, was examined by forcibly stopping the roller between mill stands during activity. Liquid quartz was sprayed on the strip to prevent further oxide layer growth during cooling after stopping the hot-rolling mills. Then the thickness and shape of the oxide layer was examined in a cross-sectional view using an optical microscope. The thickness of the oxide layer increased through the 1^st and 2^nd passes of hot rolling, and then decreased through successive rolling, because the thickening rate by growth is larger than the thinning rate by deformation in high temperature. The temperature distributions of the oxide layer as well as the strip were predicted using the thermo-mechanical finite element method. As thermal conductivity of the oxide layer is low, the temperature deviation of the oxide layer increases and average temperature decreases as the thickness of the oxide layer increases, suggesting the increased formation of surface defects. With these results, a new cooling device was installed between the hot rolling mills to decrease the surface temperature and the thickness of the oxide layer, resulting in improved surface quality of the strip.     

The Effect of Temperature on the Formation of Oxide Scales Regarding Commercial Superheater Steels

This study addresses the surface changes of three commercial steels (a low alloy ferritic 10CrMo9-10 steel, a Nb-stabilized austenitic AISI347 steel, and a high alloy austenitic Sanicro 28 steel) by comparing the oxide scale thicknesses, chemical compositions, and surface morphologies of samples after pre-oxidation at 200, 500 and 700 °C with different exposure times (5 and 24 h) under humid or dry conditions. With all three steels, the oxide scale thickness increased as functions of temperature and exposure time, the effect of temperature being more prominent than the effect of exposure time. The presence of water resulted in thicker oxide scales at the studied low alloy ferritic steel, whereas in the two austenitic steels, the presence of water increased chromium diffusion to the oxide scale rather than the scale thickness. The oxide layers characterized and analyzed in this paper will be further studied in terms of their abilities to resist corrosion by exposing them under corrosive conditions. The results regarding the corrosion resistance of the steels will be published in a sequel paper.     

Curling of hot-rolled steel sheet caused by surface oxide scale

Rolled sheets may turn up or down after passing the roll gap. The curling occurs under asymmetric conditions, e.g., different roll speeds, diameters, frictions, etc. Even under apparently symmetric conditions, the curling incidentally occurs in hot rolling. In this study, low carbon sheets with controlled upper and lower oxide scale were hot-rolled with 15% reduction in thickness. The rolled sheets always curled toward the side with thin oxide scale and that severe curling occurred when upper and lower oxide scales deformed differently. It is concluded that surface oxide scale is a hidden factor to cause curling in hot steel rolling.     

基于氧化特性分析的IF钢连退麻点缺陷产生机理

首钢现行工艺下IF钢热卷铁皮厚度达到10 μm以上,边部铁皮略薄,中部铁皮较厚,随着卷取温度的升高,铁皮厚度增加且对应酸洗时间延长;不同卷取温度下的热卷酸洗后均发现小麻坑缺陷。本文利用差热分析手段研究了IF钢的高温氧化机理,发现IF钢抗氧化性低,随温度升高铁皮增厚明显,精轧区间以FeO铁皮结构为主,在1 150 ℃左右发生明显的内氧化,界面形成大颗粒氧化质点。综合分析得出：IF钢带钢连退后麻点缺陷产生的主要机理为热卷的铁皮较厚,热轧过程压入钢板表面所致。为此,提出了控制措施,即降低热轧过程温度,改变层冷模式,加大精轧用水量,提高精轧轧制速度,降低冷轧酸洗速度等,有效减少了麻点缺陷的发生概率。     

不同冷却工艺对热轧钢筋表面氧化锈蚀的影响

热轧钢筋在运输和储存过程中其表面会产生锈蚀,影响钢筋的使用及外观质量。分析了钢筋表面锈蚀产生的原因,利用扫描电镜和电子背散射衍射技术,对比了轧后空冷、气雾冷却和穿水冷却工艺下钢筋的抗锈蚀性能,分析了不同冷却工艺对热轧钢筋表面氧化铁皮厚度和结构的影响。结果表明:钢筋表面锈蚀与其表面氧化铁皮厚度、结构和完整性有关,与空冷及穿水冷却相比,气雾冷却工艺通过优化冷却路径,可以获得厚度为10~20 μm、主要由FeO+Fe₃O₄构成的致密复合氧化铁皮,能够对钢筋基体起到保护作用,从而能够延缓钢筋表面生锈,并降低生产成本。