滚齿机床振动对齿轮几何精度的影响

滚齿机床切削加工过程中,刀刃成排轮流从切入到切出,切削力由小逐渐变大,再逐渐变小,在工件和刀具之间产生周期性的激振力,使刀刃和工件加工表面产生相对位移,对加工齿轮的几何精度产生影响。研究机床结构振动与被加工齿轮精度的关系,建立滚刀和工件加工表面产生的相对位移对齿轮几何精度影响的理论模型,定量推导出了由此相对位移产生的齿廓误差;通过大量实验,对滚刀和工件加工表面产生相对位移对应的齿轮齿廓误差进行在线精密测量;使用此齿廓误差减法运算新方法,对两组实验数据进行对比分析。结果表明:提出的运算新方法能够准确地处理数据,实验数据很好地验证了建立的理论模型的正确性,误差小于2%。     

工艺系统变形分析及精度控制技术研究

工艺系统的变形是引起工件加工误差的主要原因.本文首先分析了工件加工时的主要误差来源,分别从机床、刀具、夹具和工件变形分析四个方面全面地阐述了目前国内外关于工艺系统变形分析的研究现状,并总结了国内外常用的工件加工精度控制措施.     

A theoretical and experimental investigation of surface roughness formation in ultra-precision diamond turning

In this paper, a model-based simulation system is presented for the analysis of surface roughness generation in ultra-precision diamond turning. The system is based on a surface roughness model which takes into account the effect of tool geometry, process parameters and relative tool-work vibration. It is evaluated through a series of cutting experiments. The results indicate that the system can predict well the surface roughness profile and the roughness parameters of a diamond turned surface under various cutting conditions. With the use of the spectrum analysis techniques, the system can also help to analyze the effect of vibration on the surface quality of workpiece and to diagnose the machine faults. The potential application of the system in process optimization is also discussed in the text.     

内孔磨削在线主动测量原理及应用

本文提出一种应用数控技术对内圆磨削实现在线主动测量的新方法，该技术与常规被磨削的工件孔检测方法不同，以动态旋转的砂轮为被测量对象，采用两轴NC系统跟踪测量其轮廓母线在工件孔中的径向位置，建立了砂轮实时修整量和砂轮实时径向进给量之间的数学关系，通过信息反馈和系统计算，通过显示屏显示加工工程中被磨削孔的大小，从而使加工过程的内孔尺寸被主动控制，确保了磨削尺寸和精度得到有效测量和控制。此方法尤其适合非整圆的不易测量内孔表面的在线主动测量。     

Active vibration control for peripheral milling processes

In this paper, an active vibration control system is developed for peripheral milling processes. In this system, the workpiece is driven by a specially designed active stage to control the relative vibration between the tool and workpiece during milling processes. The stage is modeled as a control plant, and the cutting vibrations are treated as disturbances to the system. Robust mixed sensitivity method is employed in feedback controller synthesis to achieve robust disturbance rejection and stabilization. Numerical simulations and cutting experiments are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the control system. Results indicate the relative vibration between the workpiece and tool, as well as the rough of surface finish decrease significantly in the case of milling processes with the presented controller.     

基于模态分析的高速铣削主轴转速选择

分析了高速铣削的特点以及切削加工中的振动现象,研究了高速切削和普通切削中的工件振动对加工精度的影响程度,提出了在高速铣削情形下工件振动会影响加工精度的假设。然后采用振动力学中的谐响应方法分析了铣削加工中工件振动的简化模型,研究了工件在刀具作用力下的振动情形;并通过有限元分析软件进行实例仿真,结果表明在高速切削情况下工件的振动会影响要求较高的加工质量。最后,给出了利用模态分析来优化主轴转速的方法,为高速切削情况下减小振动、提高加工质量提供了一种途径。     

Stability analysis of chatter vibration for a thin-wall cylindrical workpiece

The vibration characteristics and the vibration direction angle between the beam mode and shell mode of the three-jaw clamped thin-wall cylindrical workpiece will change according to the relative position of the cutting tool to the chucking jaws. This will induce parametric vibration and cause the chatter characteristics of a thin-wall cylindrical workpiece to become more complicated than those of a solid workpiece. In this study, the three-jaw clamped thin-wall cylindrical workpiece was considered as a parametrically excited vibration system. Initially, the relationship between the parametric vibration and the workpiece system structure was investigated, and then the equivalent stability cutting depth of the thin-wall cylindrical workpiece was analyzed by a numerical calculation method. When the three-jaw clamped thin-wall cylindrical workpiece was considered as a parametric vibration system, the analytical results were consistent with the experimental results.     

Dimensional errors in longitudinal turning based on the unified generalized mechanics of cutting approach.: Part I: Three-dimensional theory

During the machining of a part, a new surface is generated together with its dimensional deviations. These deviations are due to the presence of several phenomena (workpiece deflection under strong cutting forces, vibration of the machine tool, material spring-back, and so on) that occur during machining. Each elementary phenomenon results in an elementary machining error. Consequently, the accuracy of the manufactured workpiece depends on the precision of the manufacturing process, which it may be controlled or predicted.The first part of this work presents a new model to evaluate machining accuracy and part dimensional errors in bar turning. A model to simulate workpiece dimensional errors in longitudinal turning due to deflection of the tool, workpiece holder and workpiece is shown. The proposed model calculates the real cutting force according to the Unified Generalized Mechanics of Cutting approach proposed by Armarego, which allows one to take into account the three-dimensional nature (3D) of the cutting mechanism. Therefore, the model developed takes advantage of the real workpiece deflection, which does not lie in a plane parallel to the tool reference plane, and of the real 3D cutting force, which varies along the tool path due to change in the real depth of cut. In the first part of the work the general theory of the proposed approach is presented and discussed for 3D features. In the second part the proposed approach is applied to real cases that are mostly used in practice. Moreover, some experimental tests are carried out in order to validate the developed model: good agreement between numerical and experimental results is found.     

基于ADAMS的数控机床进给系统动力学仿真

为了分析机床进给系统在零件加工时对其精度影响,利用三维造型软件Solid Works建立数控机床进给系统的动力学模型;利用Ansys分别建立丝杠和工作台的有限元模型,将模型导入Adams,对数控机床进给系统进行振动仿真。结果表明:固定转速下,工作台在不同位置的振幅不同,改变转速其规律相近;在不同转速下,速度越大,工作台振幅越大,并呈线性关系。     

On-line control of machine tool vibration in turning

This paper presents a system developed for on-line vibration control on a turning lathe. Relative vibration between the workpiece and the cutting tool is sensed with the help of a bifurcated bunch of optical fibres which is then phase shifted, amplified and fed back to a specially designed piezoelectric vibrator supporting the tool. Whenever a vibration occurs, leading the machine tool-cutting process system to instability, the close-dloop feedback contour, with the help of the vibrator-exciter, generates an equal and opposite force to stabilize the vibration. Results obtained by mathematical modelling and experimental investigations indicate a significant improvement in the dynamic characteristics of the machine tool resulting in considerably higher productivity, accuracy and finish.     

A unified system model of cutting chatter and its transformation function

Based on the hypothesis of linearity of non-linear machine tool chatter, a new system model of cutting dynamics is presented in this paper, which unifies the existing linear chatter theory, the non-linear chatter theory and the mechanism of the restraint of ultrasonic vibration assisted cutting on chatter.

After introducing the boundary modulation N(s), the transformation function of the new system model is deduced. Then the system model is modified according to the workpiece surface outline. The characteristic equation is deduced from the modified model.

The difference between the boundary modulation frequency and the close-loop mode frequency is analyzed according to the characteristic equation, and our experimental research verifies the analysis.

Ultrasonic vibration assisted cutting is an efficient technology to restrain machine tool chatter. The mechanism of this is that, in ultrasonic vibration assisted cutting, the modulus of the non-linear modulation N(s) is less than 1.00, so that the real cutting stiffness decreases to |N(s)| times that in traditional cutting with the same cutting condition.     

基于柔度耦合子结构法的主轴-卡盘与工件结合面参数辨识

车削加工系统振动特性参数的获得对加工精度和加工质量的控制、加工参数选择有重要意义,主轴-卡盘子结构和工件子结构结合面参数难以精确测量和解析计算。基于柔度耦合子结构法(RCSA)建立车床主轴-卡盘-工件系统工件自由端频响函数的预测模型,用遗传算法对加工系统锤击激励模态实验频响函数与其频响函数模型预报值的相对误差进行目标函数寻优,辨识出子结构间的结合面参数。结果表明:预测模型与锤击激励模态实验获得加工系统工件自由端频响函数有较好的一致性,该辨识方法可应用于车削工件表面加工精度和加工质量的控制。     

Optimal spindle speed determination for vibration reduction during ball-end milling of flexible details

In the paper a method of optimal spindle speed determination for vibration reduction during ball-end milling of flexible details is proposed. In order to reduce vibration level, an original procedure of the spindle speed optimisation, based on the Liao–Young criterion [1], is suggested. As the result, an optimal, constant spindle speed value is determined. For this purpose, non-stationary computational model of machining process is defined. As a result of modelling, a hybrid system is described. This model consists of following subsystems, i.e. stationary model of one-side-supported flexible workpiece (modal subsystem), non-stationary discrete model of ball-end mill (structural subsystem) and conventional contact point between tool and workpiece (connective subsystem). The method requires identification of some natural frequencies of stationary modal subsystem. To determine them, appropriate modal experiments have to be performed on the machine tool, just before machining. Examples of vibration surveillance during cutting process on two high speed milling machines Mikron VCP 600 and Alcera Gambin 120CR are illustrated.     

Finite element analysis of machine and workpiece instability in turning

Chatter is a well-known and self-exited vibration. The stock removal rate is highly affected by this phenomenon. In this paper instability analysis of machining process is presented by dynamic model of turning machine. This model, which consists of machine tool's structure, is provided by finite element method and ANSYS software, so that, the flexibility of machine's structure, workpiece and tool have been considered. The model is evaluated and corrected with experimental results by modal testing on TN40A turning machine in which the natural frequencies and the shape of vibration modes are analyzed. Finally, the stability lobes obtained from this model are plotted and compared with experimental results.     

Modeling and measurement of active parameters and workpiece home position of a multi-axis machine tool

The complex structures of a multi-axis machine tool may produce inaccuracies at the tool tip caused by dimensional errors in the machine's link parameters. This paper addresses two important issues for precision machining: (1) which link parameters (denoted as active parameters) of a machine tool can affect the machining accuracy of a workpiece and (2) how to measure the active parameters by using a grinding wheel as a measuring probe. To achieve this, a modified Denavit–Hartenberg (D–H) notation is introduced to model a multi-axis machine tool. The NC data equations are then derived in terms of the machine's link parameters. It is found that the link parameters of a machine tool can be divided into two types: active and nonactive parameters. The prerequisite for obtaining an accurately machined workpiece is to have correct values of the active parameters and the workpiece home position. Based on the developed NC data equations of a multi-axis machine tool, this paper also addresses the technique of using a grinding wheel as a measuring probe to determine the active parameters and the workpiece home position. Experimental results are also given with illustrative examples.     

A new dynamic model for drilling and reaming processes

This paper presents a new computer simulation model for drilling and reaming processes. The model is made of four parts: the force model for the cutting lips, the force model for the chisel edge, the dynamic model for the machine tool (including the cutter) and the regenerative correlation between the force and machine tool vibration. The models for the forces and the machine tool are similar to the existing models. The key to the model is the regeneration correlation between the cutting forces and the machine tool vibration. It uses a new 3D chip formation model to describe the interaction between the cutter and the workpiece. The model can predict the dynamic forces and chatter limit. It also reveals several interesting phenomena, such as how the feed and the point angle of the drill affect the chatter limit. The model is implemented using C++ language with an interface to I-DEAS™ CAE software system. The simulation results are validated experimentally by both drilling and reaming under various cutting conditions. The experiment results show that the simulation is accurate with average error about 10%. A number of research issues are also proposed for the future work.     

Design and implementation of tuned viscoelastic dampers for vibration control in milling

Passive means of vibration attenuation have been employed successfully and efficiently in machining systems such as turning and milling. Traditional approach to controlling vibration in a milling system is to develop control mechanisms for cutting tools or machine spindles. However, due to the nature of milling operations where the cutting tools rotate at high speed, the passive vibration control methods find very limited application with the traditional approach. In order to utilise the potential of the passive vibration control methodology in milling applications, the milling operation should be viewed as a system comprising an elastic structure and operation parameters. Dynamics of this closed-loop system should improve with improvement in dynamics of any of the system components, especially within the elastic structure that comprises the cutting tool, the machine tool, the workholding system and the workpiece. Although the level of improvement will vary depending on which component of the elastic chain is targeted for this purpose. This paper presents the development and testing of tuned viscoelastic dampers (TVDs) for vibration control through their application on a workpiece in milling operations. This work targets workpiece held on a palletised workholding system for the control of unwanted vibration and thus deviates from the traditional approach where cutting tool and/or machine spindles are targeted for vibration control strategies. Palletised workholding systems, due to their compact design, offer an opportunity to design passive damping mechanisms that are easier to implement in the case of a milling system. The TVD developed through this research is based on a commercially available viscoelastic damping polymer. Advantage of such materials is their high damping performance over a wide range of excitation frequencies. The TVD design process has used a unique combination of analytical modelling with experimental FRF data. Modal impact testing showed that the application of the TVD reduced the amplitude of vibration acceleration by 20 dB for the target mode. Since the target mode corresponded to torsional vibration, the TVD was effective in two planar coordinates, i.e. X and Y. In addition, the TVD also significantly reduced the amplitude of a vibration mode far from the mode it was designed for. The system has been tested experimentally to demonstrate significant reduction in vibration amplitudes during a milling process. The milling tests with different combinations of cutting parameters show that multi-TVD approach is always valid regardless of the parameters being used. The only requirement for TVDs to function effectively is that the natural frequency of the system, for which the TVDs are designed, is excited during the milling process.     

CNC磨削加工中砂轮几何工艺参数自动检测的建模

为了确保CNC工具磨床上用金刚石砂轮磨削工件的精度，金刚石砂轮的几何形状和其相对工件的位置要有严格的要求，为此本文系统地给出了应用电感式位移传感器对砂轮动态几何形状、砂轮与工件相对位置等工艺参数的自动检测建模方法，运用此方法检测砂轮动态几何参数，可以改善被加工工件的精度。     

基于激光三角法的自由曲面零件测量

针对超细长螺旋曲面工件廓形误差脱机测量所用测量设备不能满足工件长度和工件稳定旋转等方面要求的难题,提出了一种基于激光三角法的自由曲面零件测量系统,该系统通过利用机床对工件的定位、夹紧、支撑以及有关运动和控制机构,增配激光检测系统,增配运动部件实现的。构建完成了在机激光检测硬件技术平台;通过对采集所得的点云数据进行分析处理,绘制出被测工件的截面廓形。结果表明:该系统提高了检测的效率和准确性,提高了细长螺旋曲面零件的精度,从而实现了螺旋曲面廓形的精确测量。     

An error control approach to tool path adjustment conforming to the deformation of thin-walled workpiece

Producing an accurate part mainly depends on the position and orientation of the cutting tool with respect to the workpiece which is mainly influenced by the rigid body motion of the workpiece and the elastic deformation of workpiece-fixture-cutter system. For the purpose of minimizing the machining error, a new modification strategy of the nominal tool path is not that directly compensate the control commands of the machine tools, but that modify the cutter location source file (CLSF) from the computer aided manufacturing (CAM) system by means of the proposed modification model on the basis of the prediction deviation, namely, the deviation of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece in computer numerical control (CNC) machining operation. Therefore, it is not only simpler, but also easier implemented by common manufacturing engineer. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by a machining example.