On the acting pressure in laser deep drawing

Through the continuing trend of miniaturization new cost efficient and fast methods for processing of small parts are required. In this paper a non-mechanical process for the forming process of micro deep drawing is presented. This new pulsed laser based deep drawing process utilizes an initiated plasma shock wave at the target, which forms the sheet. Several pulses can be applied at one point and therefore high forming degrees can be reached without increasing the energy density. In this article the pressure of the shock wave is measured and optimized. Furthermore laser deep drawing of samples made out of pure aluminum, copper and stainless steel sheet metal with thicknesses of 20 and 50 μm are shown. Finally the forming behavior after single pulses is presented.     

Tribological behaviour of DLC-films and their application in micro deep drawing

In this work, the tribological behaviour of DLC-coated as well as uncoated tools was characterized by tests on a tribometer. Special attention was paid to assess how the failure mechanisms of the films proceed, for example, whether the so-called “eggshell effect” plays a role in the failure of the films. Compared to the uncoated tools, the DLC-coated tools showed a significantly lower friction coefficient to the work piece material stainless steel X5CrNi18-10. As the contact pressure was varied from 215 to 330 N/mm², which is comparable to the maximum contact pressure in deep drawing, no damages in form of cracks or flaking were observed. Furthermore, lubricant-free micro deep drawing was performed with DLC-coated tools made of tool steel X153CrMoV12. Though no lubricant was used, the experimentally measured punch force was lower than that from experiments using lubricant with uncoated tools. This indicates that the DLC-coating has a great application potential in micro forming.     

拉拔工艺参数对微型直齿沟槽铜管成形的影响

利用高速充液旋压技术加工出直径为6mm的沟槽管;然后,采用多级拉拔成形方法加工出直径为3～6mm的微型直齿沟槽铜管。在分析其加工成形机理的基础上,重点研究拉拔工艺参数对沟槽管成形的影响规律。结果表明：在微型直齿沟槽铜管成形过程中,随着拉拔成形直径的缩小,壁厚增加,槽深和槽宽均减小;同时,壁厚随着拉拔模具角的增加而减小,而槽深和槽宽随着拉拔模具角的增加而增加;随着拉拔级次压缩率的增大,拉拔力增大,过大的拉拔级次压缩率会导致微型直齿沟槽铜管拉拔成形轴向沟槽产生断裂。随着拉拔模具角的增大,拉拔力先减小后增大,并且存在一个最小值区域。当拉拔模具角α=16°时,拉拔力最小,此为最佳拉拔模具角。     

金属薄板微成形技术的研究进展

文章阐述了金属薄板微成形的基本概念和金属微成形中的尺寸效应,综述了微拉深、增量成形、微弯曲和冲裁等薄板微成形技术的研究现状,并简单介绍了作者的研究成果,展望了薄板微成形技术的发展方向和趋势。     

Friction aided deep drawing of sheet metals using polyurethane ring and auxiliary metal punch. Part 1: experimental observations on the deep drawing of aluminium thin sheets and foils

Friction aided deep drawing based on the Maslennikov process is investigated as a method to facilitate the deep drawing of sheet metals with poor drawability. Aluminium foils and thin sheets of 0.1–0.4 mm in thickness are used as a model for the material with poor drawability. An auxiliary metal punch is used together with a polyurethane ring to increase the drawing efficiency and to improve the dimensional accuracy of the drawn cup. The effect of drawing conditions such as thickness, hole diameter and the hardness of the polyurethane ring on the cup height are mainly investigated. Also, the optimum number of drawing operations required to achieve a given drawing ratio is examined by repeating compression and unloading the polyurethane ring. The experimental results show that even for foil and thin sheets, deep cups with drawing ratios of 2.25 and with good shape and dimensional accuracy can be obtained by repeating the drawing operation about ten times. The achievable drawing ratio is appreciably larger when compared with that obtained by the conventional deep drawing process.     

A novel superplastic dieless drawing using fracture phenomenon for fabrication of metal tubular microneedles

A new dieless drawing using fracture phenomenon is proposed to fabricate superplastic microneedles with ultrafine tip diameter. The fracture type of high ductility after superplastic deformation is used for fabrication of ultrafine tip. The tapered shape of the microneedles is controlled by varying the drawing speed. Shape control was realized using a fixed water-cooling coil for a needle length below 70 mm. Heating temperature and drawing acceleration affect the tip outer diameter. The microneedle with a tip outer diameter of about 50 μm is fabricated under optimized drawing conditions. The fabricated microneedles can be used for medical and biotechnology applications.     

A new theoretical model of material inhomogeneity for prediction of surface roughening in micro metal forming

For prediction and prevention of surface roughening in micro metal formings, a new model to represent material inhomogeneity and an original method to determine the material inhomogeneous parameters were proposed. A series of micro deep drawing were carried out by employing metal foils with thickness of 0.05 mm and average grain size of 16.7 μm. The validity of the proposed model and method were verified with respect to prediction of surface roughening in the tested micro deep drawings. It has become clear that the proposed model and method for predicting product accuracy in manufacturing medical and electrical micro parts.     

铝锂合金的温热拉深成形性能

在数值模拟研究压边力、毛料直径、凸凹模圆角半径、变形温度等对5A90铝锂合金板材拉深成形影响的基础上,采用正交试验设计方法对拉深成形工艺参数进行优化设计,并进行相应的拉深成形试验。研究表明,变形温度对拉深成形影响最显著,其次是毛料大小的影响,而变形速度和压边力的大小对拉深成形影响较小。通过对试验结果的计算、分析和总结,获得了5A90铝锂合金板材拉深成形的最佳工艺参数组合,在最佳工艺参数条件下,铝锂合金的极限拉深系数达到了0.45。     

Analysis of punch velocity dependent process window in micro deep drawing

Micro forming is an appropriate technology to manufacture very small metal parts, in particular for bulk production, as they are required in many industrial products resulting from micro technology. Deep drawing provides a great application potential for the manufacturing of parts with complex shapes, even in very small dimensions. Concerning the so called size effects micro deep drawing is widely investigated. However, this process is carried out usually under laboratory conditions with a relatively low punch velocity, for example 1 mm/s. At the same time, the light weight of the forming tools for micro deep drawing makes it possible to vary the punch velocity in a relatively large range. Furthermore, raising the punch velocity is very meaningful for mass production in industry. Thus micro deep drawing with the punch diameter of 1 mm was performed with different punch velocities (1, 10 and 100 mm/s) in this work, whereby the process behaviour, especially the experimentally acquired process window changes with variation of punch velocities. The analysis in this work shows that the velocity dependent friction coefficients are responsible for the difference in process windows under different punch velocities.     

Process control at the sealing line during sheet metal hydroforming

Sheet metal hydroforming is a deep drawing process that uses a pressure medium for load transmission. The process is mainly influenced by the control of the blank holder force and the fluid pressure. This report describes investigations of a newly developed process-control system. Process variables can be controlled by the sealing state of the tool. The detection is performed by a CCD-camera system that allows the continuous recording of occurring leakages. Different control strategies can be used to control the multiple process parameters. This paper describes the performance and the limits of the aforementioned technology.     

铝合金板材电磁脉冲拉深实验与有限元模拟

在金属板材的电磁脉冲拉深成形中,采用一种使成形件凸缘部分的材料可以径向流动的方法。形成了一种拉深—胀形特点相结合的成形工艺,可以提高材料的拉深极限。在此基础上通过改变电压和板料直径等工艺参数,可获得更大拉深高度。     

汽车座椅外侧板单动拉延成形工艺分析及优化

以某型号汽车座椅外侧板为例,采用Auto Form软件对座椅外侧板拉延成形过程进行模拟分析,并根据分析结果预测出拉延过程中的拉裂风险。通过调整零件的圆角半径和修改局部结构,消除了开裂风险,降低了最大减薄率。为取得更好的成形效果,选取压边力、摩擦系数、冲压速度、凸凹模间隙4个重要成形工艺参数进行正交试验及参数优化,得出最优工艺方案为:压边力250 k N、摩擦系数0.13、冲压速度1000 mm·s-1和凸凹模间隙2.42 mm,最终零件的最大减薄率为24.33%,最大增厚率为6.54%。采用优化后方案进行实际拉深试模,得出零件的成形性能与有限元模拟结果一致,工件质量完全符合设计要求。     

Process layout avoiding reverse drawing wrinkles in hydroforming of sheet metal

Sheet metal forming processes like the fluid form process or hydromechanical deep drawing have the potential for the manufacture of parts having high precision, large drawing ratio, and low costs especially for small and medium lot sizes. In deep drawing using a separating membrane between the liquid and the sheet the process layout for drawing of complex parts must avoid not only the typical failures of bottom fracture, first and second order wrinkles, but also an additional type of wrinkles which are maybe created at the beginning of the process. The development of these wrinkles is described using an analytical model, which was validated by experimental results. The model was used to develop the process layout for deep drawing of a complex sheet metal part.     

基于神经网络的材料性能参数和摩擦系数的实时识别

在板材拉深成形智能化控制过程中 ,为了避免缺陷的产生 ,必须适时地改变控制工艺参数 ,而最佳控制参数要根据材料的性能参数和摩擦系数来预测。根据拉深成形过程的特点及生产过程中自动化程度的要求 ,建立了材料性能参数和摩擦系数识别的人工神经网络模型。利用神经网络这种新一代信息处理工具实现了材料性能参数和摩擦系数的实时识别 ,为实现板材拉深成形过程的智能化控制奠定了基础     

A new method for production of variable thickness aluminium tubes: Numerical and experimental studies

Tube drawing is one of the mostly used techniques for producing tubes in various sizes. In this method, tube passes through the die and mandrel to produce constant wall thickness tube. In some applications like transportation industry, design necessities cause requirement for these kinds of tubes. Furthermore some manufacturing processes like tube hydroforming dictate have a tube with variable thickness. In this study, with a modification made to the classical tube drawing process, the sinking and fixed-mandrel tube drawing methods were mixed together to produce tubes with variable thickness in the axial direction. An optimization method, namely the leapfrog optimizer for constrained minimization, was coupled with a finite element model to study design specifications i.e. effect of initial tube geometry on this new process. The obtained results from finite element method (tube drawing force, the minimum and maximum final thickness of tube) were compared with the experiments performed in the designed and manufactured machine and acceptable agreement was observed. Based on these results, the maximum and minimum thicknesses in the final produced tube are mostly dependent on the thickness and outer diameter of initial tube respectively.     

A developed process for deep drawing of metal foil square cups

Deep drawing of non-axisymmetric cross-section cups from thin sheets or metal foils has become increasingly important, especially for miniaturization of mechanical components. However, with a thin sheet thickness, conventional deep drawing processes are not able to offer reasonable drawing ratios due to early formations of localized wrinkling and fractures at cup corners. In this paper, a friction aided deep drawing process has been developed to increase the deep drawability of thin sheets and metal foils. Productions of square cups have been chosen to verify the current proposed process since the shape provides recognizable non-homogeneous deformation, which can then be compared to conventional processes. In the proposed process, a circular blank holder of a square hole is divided into eight identical segments of 45°. During the deep drawing process, four of the eight segments will move radially inward while the other four segments will move radially outwards cyclically under a pre-determined blank holding pressure. A finite element model of the technique was used to simulate virtual experiments to evaluate and optimize the controlling parameters that influence the cup height and forming process. Taguchi and Pareto ANOVA statistical methods were subsequently used to determine the optimum conditions for best cup height. The results have shown that the new technique is capable of producing deep square cups from soft aluminum sheet (Al-O) of 0.5 mm thickness with a high drawing ratio of 3.3. In addition, it was also observed that the radial displacement was the most significant parameter in influencing the cup height.     

Tribological behavior of micro structured surfaces for micro forming tools

Mechanical micro machining processes, like milling and grinding are appropriate technologies for the flexible production of precise molds with complex shapes for metal forming processes. In most cases machining strategies are orientated towards form accuracy of the desired forming tool only. Thus, the generation of tribologically advantageous surfaces is often carried out in subsequent machining steps like honing. In micro scale the subsequent treatment of complex surfaces is very difficult. For that reason it is desirable to create the shape and a suitable surface texture with one tool in one step.This paper is focusing on the comparison of the tribological behavior of polished surfaces with structured surfaces machined by micro milling and micro grinding processes. Micro milling tools and grinding pins with ballend shape are used to create micro structured surfaces. The machining strategy (tool path and line pitch) was varied for both tool types in the same manner. The experiments were carried out on hardened cold working steel using tungsten carbide micro cutters with TiAlN coating and micro grinding pins with an abrasive diamond layer. White light interferometry was used to characterize the machined surfaces and determine the surface parameters. Moreover, a strip drawing test was set up to investigate the tribological behavior of the system consisting of the machined surfaces and thin sheet metals. The results of the strip drawing test suggest a relationship between micro structure and tribological behavior. Finally, the dependencies between machining technology, surface parameters and tribological behavior will be discussed.     

Fracture behavior of thin foils

The downscaling of manufacturing processes leads to a rise in new challenges in process design. Amongst these challenges is a decrease in the limiting drawing ratio observed in micro deep drawing of metal foils. Furthermore, fracture occurs at punch force levels well below those predicted by common equations. In this paper it is proposed that these phenomena can be accounted for by non-uniformities in the flow behavior of the material due the large difference between grain sizes. The localized strains before fracture - as recorded by digital image correlation - of stretch formed aluminum foils are presented and the strain evolution is examined. Evidence to verify the hypothesis is gathered by implementing the observed flow non-uniformities into a finite element simulation and comparing the computed results to the experimental ones.     

计算机仿真技术在现代冲压成形过程中的应用

将传统冲压成形工艺与现代冲压成形工艺进行比较，详细介绍了计算机仿真技术在现代冲压成形中的应用步骤，并通过具体的实例说明计算机仿真技术对现代冲压成形的贡献。     

STUDY ON THE PROBLEMS OF CONTACT IN THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SHEET FORMING

1.IntroductionThesimulationofshellformingprocessisoneofthemostactiveaspectsintheresearchofFEManalysisforplasticformingatpresent,itsanalyzingobjectismainlymetalandplasticformingprocess.Therigidviscthplasticfiniteelementmethodisoneofanalysismethodsofsheetformingprocesses.Thismethodisusedinanalyzingpolymerblowmolding[1],vacuumforming,superplasticforming[Z13]andsheetmetalformingI4'sl.Inthismethodtheproblemofcontactisoneofthekeytechnicalproblems,whichisalwaysthekeydifficultytosolveinFEManalysis…