益生元的生理功能、制造和应用(二)

为了改变消费者的不良饮食习惯,减少环境污染及抗生素的不合理使用而导致的微生态失调,详细介绍了益生元的制备方法,同时介绍了Fm型低聚果糖、GFn型低聚果糖(蔗果低聚糖)、生产蔗果低聚糖的酶、低聚果糖的理化性质和应用、低聚木糖的生理功能和制法、木聚糖酶、低聚木糖的性质和组成.     

和她，品尝点酒文化

近年来，人们通过更健康的饮食和更多的体育运动来改善自己的健康状况，但许多人对新的改善模式倍感兴趣，因为关注自己身体的内部健康与外形同样重要。良好的消化系统对健康的身心是必要的，可以帮助我们从饮食中获取更多的营养，使我们感觉更加愉悦。现在已经有很多方法，可以帮助维持消化系统的健康并且不需要花费太多的精力。     

代谢多种低聚糖乳酸菌的筛选鉴定及其部分益生特性研究

探究了110株乳酸菌对4种低聚糖(低聚木糖、低聚果糖、菊粉和低聚异麦芽糖)的广谱代谢能力,筛选获得3株对4种低聚糖代谢能力强的乳酸菌,对其进行系统鉴定和益生特性研究。结果表明,仅8株乳酸菌不能代谢低聚糖,其余菌株可代谢1～4种低聚糖,其中可代谢4种低聚糖的菌株SNR24为发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)、菌株RP30和PC140为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。这3株菌能在以低聚糖为唯一碳源的培养基中良好生长,在11～13 h内进入稳定期,低聚糖添加量与生长量并非呈线性增长关系,菌株SNR24、RP30和PC140的最适宜低聚糖种类及添加质量浓度分别为50 g/L菊粉、30 g/L低聚异麦芽糖和50 g/L菊粉;对pH 3.0的低酸环境和质量浓度2 g/L胆盐环境耐受能力较好;在人工模拟胃肠液中的存活率为16%～70%;3株菌对多种抗生素敏感,对链霉素、环丙沙星耐药,菌株RP30和PC140对庆大霉素、四环素也耐药。综上所述,3株菌具有益生菌的潜质。     

益生元配方奶粉有益婴儿肠道健康

近日由达能集团、意大利米兰大学和荷兰伊拉斯姆斯大学共同完成的一项研究发现,婴儿经过低聚半乳糖与低聚果糖益生元喂养后,肠道内有益菌的数量出现了增长。而且在婴儿断奶后     

魔芋葡甘露低聚糖的热稳定特性以及与低聚果糖益生元的对比分析

为研究葡甘露低聚糖和低聚果糖热稳定特性,用热重分析仪在不同升温速率下测试两种低聚糖的热稳定性,采用Kissinger法、Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法计算得到低聚糖的活化能(E)、指前因子(ln A)、热力学参数以及进行机理函数的判定。结果表明,两种低聚糖的热解过程分为3个阶段,非等温升温速率下的分解峰温在220～300℃。第一阶段是低聚糖干燥脱水的过程;第二阶段低聚果糖的E和ln A均大于葡甘露低聚糖,前者受热解聚生成果二糖和果三糖,迅速结晶化导致E偏高,葡甘露低聚糖机理函数遵循三维扩散和球形对称的Jander方程;第三阶段,葡甘露低聚糖的E和ln A更高,结果表明其热稳定性高于低聚果糖,二者机理函数均遵循随机成核和随后生长的Avrami-Erofeev方程,最后确定低聚糖热解过程热力学参数,即ΔG、ΔH和ΔS。本实验研究葡甘露低聚糖和低聚果糖的热稳定特性,为其应用于食品和医药领域的加工工艺设计提供依据。     

超强益生元——低聚木糖

低聚木糖作为一种新兴的超强益生元，是国家“十五”科技攻关计划和国家“863”高技术研究发展计划，在我国现已完成产业化生产及产品高纯度生产的要求。本文阐述了超强双歧因子低聚木糖的特性及功能。通过对低聚木糖的毒理性及其改善肠道菌群作用的检验(山东省卫生防疫站依据GB15193-94，中国预防医学科学院营养与食品卫生研究所依据《保健食品功能学评价程序和检验方法》)，实验结果证实低聚木糖的安全无毒性且对肠道菌群具有改善作用。由于低聚木糖的特性和功能等方面优于其它低聚糖，使其倍受食品界的广泛关注和应用，本文同时对此进行了一些分析和探讨。     

益生元IMO保健泡腾片的研制

研究了益生元低聚异麦芽糖（IMO）保健泡腾片的制备工艺。通过测定酸碱反应的产气量和溶液的ph,确定柠檬酸和碳酸氢钠的合适配比。采用正交实验,确定泡腾片的最佳配方为：IMO49.8％、三氯蔗糖0．2％、柠檬酸25％、碳酸氢钠10％、赤藓糖醇15％,选择聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作为粘合剂,聚乙二醇6000作为润滑剂,采用酸、碱分别制粒法压片,压片效果较好。     

益生元IMO保健泡腾片的研制

研究了益生元低聚异麦芽糖(IMO)保健泡腾片的制备工艺。通过测定酸碱反应的产气量和溶液的pH,确定柠檬酸和碳酸氢钠的合适配比。采用正交实验,确定泡腾片的最佳配方为:IMO49.8%、三氯蔗糖0.2%、柠檬酸25%、碳酸氢钠10%、赤藓糖醇15%。选择聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作为粘合剂,聚乙二醇6000作为润滑剂,采用酸、碱分别制粒法压片,压片效果较好。     

益生元IMO保健泡腾片的研制

研究了益生元低聚异麦芽糖（IMO）保健泡腾片的制备工艺。通过测定酸碱反应的产气量和溶液的pH，确定柠檬酸和碳酸氢钠的合适配比。采用正交实验，确定泡腾片的最佳配方为：IM049．8％、三氯蔗糖0．2％、柠檬酸25％、碳酸氢钠10％、赤藓糖醇15％。选择聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作为粘合剂，聚乙二醇6000作为润滑剂，采用酸、碱分别制粒法压片，压片效果较好。     

膳食纤维与益生元在婴幼儿奶粉中的应用研究进展

膳食纤维作为一种新兴的营养配料,在保健品、食品中获得了良好的应用,但是在婴幼儿配方食品中一直没有突破。2012年1月12日,卫生部批准水溶性膳食纤维-聚葡萄糖作为营养强化剂应用于婴幼儿配方食品,对婴幼儿食品市场是一个福音。本文着重从发达国家对聚葡萄糖在婴幼儿食品中开展的相关试验入手,进一步探讨聚葡萄糖在婴幼儿食品中应用的可行性,为推动婴幼儿食品健康做出一些前瞻性的研究。     

Growth, Viability and Activity of Bifidobacterium spp. in Skim Milk Containing Prebiotics

Growth, activity and mean doubling time (T_d) of five Bifidobacterium species in the presence of four types of prebiotics, and concentrations of acetic and lactic acids were determinted during fermentation and after 4 weeks of refrigerated storage. The T_d was lowest for B. animalis with raftilose and inulin. Retention of viability of bifidobacteria was greatest with hi‐amylose corn starch (hi‐maize). The average pH of skim milk at the end of 4 wks storage averaged 4.34 (for B. animalis with raftilose) to 4.07 (for B. longum with inulin). The highest levels of acetic acid and lactic acid were produced by B. pseudolongum with lactulose and B. infantis with lactulose, respectively.     

Prebiotics enhance magnesium absorption and inulin-based fibers exert chronic effects on calcium utilization in a postmenopausal rodent model

Abstract: Age‐related changes in calcium metabolism play a role in the development of osteoporosis. A 4‐wk feeding study was conducted in 5‐mo‐old ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague‐Dawley rats to assess the effect of various dietary fibers on mineral metabolism and bone health parameters. There were 6 treatment groups: sham‐Control, OVX‐Control, OVX rats receiving daily estradiol (E₂) injections, and OVX rats receiving an AIN‐93M diet supplement with either an inulin‐based fiber (Synergy1® or Fruitafit HD®) or a novel fiber (polydextrose) at 5% wt. of diet. Calcium and magnesium metabolic balances were performed after early (3 d) and late exposure (4 wk) to dietary treatments. Rats receiving polydextrose had significantly higher net calcium absorption efficiency and retention than all control groups and a trend (P≤ 0.10) for higher calcium absorption when compared to inulin‐based fibers after early exposure but the advantage did not persist over long‐term exposure. The inulin‐based fibers had positive chronic effects on calcium metabolism that were related to changes in the gut, that is, production of short chain fatty acids and higher cecal wall weights. All fibers improved magnesium absorption and retention in early and late metabolic balances; effects on magnesium metabolism were more pronounced than for calcium. Practical Application: Steady growth in US middle‐aged and elderly populations has led to higher incidences of several chronic diseases including osteoporosis, a bone disease that primarily affects postmenopausal women. Recent research suggests that certain dietary fibers (prebiotics) enhance mineral absorption and may impart bone health benefits. This work examines the impact of prebiotic supplementation on mineral metabolism and bone health using a postmenopausal rat model. Study findings will aid future investigations in ascertaining the factors related to potential bone health benefits of prebiotic which will aid in developing an effective prebiotics food product/supplement that will address the bone health needs of consumers.     

鼠李糖乳杆菌利用不同益生元的增殖及耐受性研究

作者旨在通过对比鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactiplantibacillus rhamnosus）与不同益生元组合后,在生长情况、pH和胆盐耐受性及乳酸产量方面的变化筛选出鼠李糖乳杆菌与益生元的最佳组合。结果表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌GG（L. rhamnosus GG, LGG）、鼠李糖乳杆菌HN001在以低聚半乳糖为唯一碳源生长时,最大生物量分别为1.253、1.552,最大比生长速率分别为0.316、0.290 h^-1,乳酸产量分别为3.654、10.914 g/L,与其他益生元组合相比,表现出显著优势。为验证这两种组合在不同胁迫条件下的生长情况,进一步测定了其在不同pH和胆盐质量浓度下的耐受性。这两种组合在1 g/L胆盐条件下的最大生物量分别为0.712和0.694,在pH 4.0条件下的最大生物量分别为0.639和0.728,与其他组合相比存在极显著差异。该研究结果有助于推动鼠李糖乳杆菌与低聚半乳糖组合在食品、医疗等领域的广泛应用,为后续益生菌-益生元组合产品的开发提供了理论依据。     

食品工业中常用益生素和化学益生素研究进展

本文综述益生素和化学益生素的定义、作用机理及近年在食品工业中常用益生素和化学 益生素的最新研究进展。     

Survival and Activity of Probiotic Lactobacilli in Skim Milk Containing Prebiotics

ABSTRACT: Seven strains were cultured anaerobically at 37 °C for 48 h in 12% (w/v) reconstituted skim milk containing 5% (w/v) Hi-maize, lactulose, inulin, or raftilose. Their viability was determined before and after 4 wk of storage at 4 °C. Doubling time (Td) was also determined. Concentrations of acetic and lactic acids produced during fermentation and storage were determined. The Td ranged from 301 to 751 min. In general, the viability of lactobacilli after storage was greatest with inulin. The pH after storage in skim milk ranged from 4.34 (for ASCC 1520 with raftilose) to 4.10 (for ATCC 15820 with inulin). Survival of lactobacilli in prebiotic was strainspecific but in general their survival was enhanced.     

Physiological Changes of Surface Membrane in Lactobacillus with Prebiotics

Synbiotics are always considered to be beneficial in healthy manipulation of gut environment; however, the purpose of this research was to investigate the dominance of synbiotic over the individual potential of probiotics and prebiotics. Four different types of prebiotics, fructo‐oligosaccharides, raffinose, inulin, and cellobiose, were evaluated based on their varying degree of polymerization, combined each with 2 different Lactobacilli strains, including Lactobacillus paracasei 276 and Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. The effects of synbiotics combination on the surface structure were evaluated by analyzing auto‐aggregation, membrane hydrophobicity, and adhesion to Caco‐2 cells. Our results showed that both Lactobacilli exhibited significantly greater degree of attachment to Caco‐2 cells (23.31% and 16.85%, respectively) when using cellobiose as a substrate than with other prebiotics (P < 0.05). Intestinal adhesion ability was in correlation with the percent of auto‐aggregation, both Lactobacillus exhibited higher percent of auto‐aggregation in cellobiose compared to other prebiotics. These behavioral changes in terms of attachment and auto‐aggregation were further supported with the changes noticed from infrared spectra (FT‐IR).     

添加益生元对酸乳凝胶过程及微观结构的影响

为研究菊粉、低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖3 种益生元对酸乳凝胶过程及微观结构的影响,以未添加益生元的酸乳为对照,利用光学微流变仪、Turbiscan稳定分析仪和扫描电子显微镜分别检测添加益生元酸乳在发酵期间及后熟贮藏期间流变学参数、稳定性和微观结构,并进行对比研究。结果表明：添加菊粉更有助于酸乳形成较为均匀、疏松的微观结构;含低聚果糖的酸乳固液平衡值低于0.5,更有利于增强酸乳的固体性质;添加低聚半乳糖的酸乳微观稳定性较好。因此,3 种益生元对酸乳的凝胶过程及微观结构的影响各不相同,未来还可对3 种益生元进行复配处理,添加到酸乳中进一步探究对其综合品质的影响。     

Overview of the Mechanistic Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Cancer Chemoprevention

Despite of strides in modern cancer therapeutic strategies, there has not been a successful cure for it until now and prognostic side effects and substantial toxicity to chemotherapy and subsequent homeostatic imbalance remains a major concern for professionals in this field. The significance of the human microbiome in the pathogenesis of cancer is being recognized, documented, and established worldwide. Probiotics and prebiotics are some of the most extensively researched approaches to modulate the microbiota for therapeutic purposes, and research on their potential to prevent and treat cancer has sparked an immense amount of interest. The characteristics of probiotics and prebiotics allow for an array of efficient applications in cancer preventive measures. Probiotics can also be administered coupled with chemotherapy and surgery to alleviate their side effects and help promote the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs. Besides showing promising results they are accompanied by potential risks and controversies that may eventually result in clinical repercussions. This review emphasizes the mechanistic potential and oncosuppressive effects of probiotic and prebiotics through maintenance of intestinal barrier function, modifying innate immune system, immunomodulation, intestinal microbiota metabolism, inhibition of host cell proliferation, preventing pathogen colonization, and exerting selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells.