分析物理光学法在吸收体散射特性中的应用

物理光学法是一种高频近似计算思想,其主要的思想就是对物体表面散射场进行几何形态的简化,然后利用数学和物理光学结合,将吸收体散射形态转化为光学和积分的公式,以此来计算所需数据的方法。所以在研究吸收体散射特性的时候,物理光学法发挥了较大的作用,从表面简化到结果计算都能体现其优势。     

水中目标强度的一致性时域有限差分计算

本文应用一致性时域有限差分法（FDTD）和近场-远场变换计算散射声目标的反射声压强度，找出反射声压级与目标声中心到换能器间距离的关系。数值计算中考虑了自由场和有海面及海面波浪影响时的不同情况。根据声源和目标的几何特征对入射波和散射波分别作了球面和柱面扩散修正，并将计算结果与水池实验结果进行了比较。本文的讨论可对水下目标强度测量方法提供参考。     

随机取向圆柱体粒子的毫米波消光性能研究

针对采用Mie散射理论计算非球形粒子存在的缺陷,本文应用T-矩阵方法计算了不同等效球体积半径、不同复折射率、不同波长与不同长径比的随机取向圆柱体粒子的毫米波消光性能。结果表明,圆柱体粒子的消光效率因子峰值随着复折射率实部的增大而增大;随着复折射虚部的增大,圆柱体粒子的消光效率因子减小,吸收效率因子增大;随着毫米波波长的增大,圆柱体粒子的消光效率因子峰值大小不变,峰值的位置向着粒子较大的方向移动;圆柱体粒子长径比的变化主要影响其散射性能,对吸收性能影响很小。这些结论对改善圆柱体粒子的消光性能提供了解决方法,为毫米波干扰烟幕的设计提供了一定的理论基础。     

非入射方向水下弹性目标声散射特性

本文介绍了非入射方向,水下有限长弹性圆柱目标声散射问题的求解方法。该方法假设有限长柱为具有同样半径无限长柱的一部分,通过一定的近似,推导出了在声波非入射方向,水下有限长弹性柱的声散射波形函数,并与Stanton的柱方法进行了比较,验证了该方法的正确性。通过数值仿真实验,给出了有限长弹性柱的目标强度随频率和分置角的变化关系曲线。     

掩埋物体的小掠角散射声场与回波信混比

探测掩埋物体的水声系统,通常是在一定距离之外以小掠角声波扫描海底的方式工作,现有的射线声学模型已不能进行系统性能预报。采用波数积分模型和等效源建模方法,将声波在介质中的传播和掩埋物体的散射场计算融为一体,可以高精度地进行各种形状物体、不同声波束和任意掩埋状态下的三维散射场计算。利用开发的声场模型,计算出了典型球壳的等效目标强度和信号混响比随频率、掠射角及掩埋深度的关系曲线。在此基础上,提出一种基于时反聚焦发射、水下移动平台接收的双基地探测设想,并采用开发的声场模型验证了其正确性。     

柱形地形上单浮体的辐射和散射问题

在有限水深、同轴但半径大于或等于浮体半径的圆柱体障碍物地形条件下，基于特征函数展开法，推导了垂直放置的圆柱形浮体由于波的辐射和散射作用所表现的动力学和运动学特征表达式，涉及浮体做垂荡、横荡和横摇运动所产生的辐射势，以及在入射波的作用下，由于浮体固定不动而产生的散射势，并推导了激励力、附加质量和阻尼系数表达式。采用与同轴、同半径圆柱体障碍物地形上单浮体水动力学特性相比的方式和激励力计算两种方法验证了推导的表达式，最后分析了障碍物几何尺寸对浮体水动力学特性的特有影响。     

基本解方法解水下刚性目标三维Helmholtz外散射问题

运用基本解方法求解水下刚性目标三维Helmholtz外散射问题。研究了源点位置分布和数目对基本解方法计算结果的影响,比较了最小二乘配点法和等额配点法的计算精度。结果表明,当源点构成的形状与目标边界的形状差异大时,计算精度差,增加源点的数量可提高计算精度,运用较少的源点也可获得令人满意的精度,从而提高计算效率,但源点不宜距离目标边界过远;最小二乘配点法的计算精度较等额配点法高些。     

几率矩阵法计算涡轮分子泵叶列传输几率

本文介绍了用几率矩阵法计算涡轮分子泵叶列传输几率，并对现在的几种计算方法作了相互比较，发现几率矩阵法具有计算速度快，模型简单，且能处理几何形状复杂而其他方法难以解决的问题。     

快速预估水下圆形角反射体散射声场的修正声束弹跳方法

针对水下圆形角反射体散射声场计算速度问题,在声束弹跳法基础上,提出了一种快速预估散射声场的修正声束弹跳法。对组成圆形三面角反射体的弧形边缘进行离散化,相邻离散点与角反射体顶点构成板块元,并与声源点构成入射声束,利用几何声学计算每条声束在角反射体反射面上的反射,同时得到反射面上每条声束"照射"后再次构成的板块元,用物理声学方法计算所有板块元的散射声场,叠加求和得到整个角反射的散射声场。通过与原始的声束弹跳法计算结果的对比,两者计算结果一致,修正声束弹跳法降低了计算量。     

基于Riccati传递矩阵法分析水下有限长环肋圆柱壳的声辐射性能

采用与以往解析法和FEM/BEM不同的思路,通过运用Riccati传递矩阵法和齐次扩容精细积分法求解水下圆柱壳声振问题的一阶矩阵微分方程,提出一种新的半解析半数值法分析有限长环肋圆柱壳的声振问题。声压解析表达式由满足Helmholtz方程的基本解的线性组合表示;利用液固交界面的法向速度协调条件以及在壳体母线上配点,从而将结构的声振耦合方程转化为求解声压系数的线性代数方程组,实现了对环肋圆柱壳声振问题的求解。数值算例研究了几个重要计算参数对精度的影响;另外通过结果比较表明了该方法的有效性。该方法可以进一步推广到求解有限长环肋圆锥壳以及环肋锥壳组合壳的声振问题。     

Use of circular cylinders as surrogates for hexagonal pristine ice crystals in scattering calculations at infrared wavelengths

We investigate the errors associated with the use of circular cylinders as surrogates for hexagonal columns in computing the optical properties of pristine ice crystals at infrared (8-12-microm) wavelengths. The equivalent circular cylinders are specified in terms of volume (V), projected area (A), and volume-to-area ratio that are equal to those of the hexagonal columns. We use the T-matrix method to compute the optical properties of the equivalent circular cylinders. We apply the finite-difference time-domain method to compute the optical properties of hexagonal ice columns smaller than 40 microm. For hexagonal columns larger than 40 microm we employ an improved geometric optics method and a stretched scattering potential technique developed in previous studies to calculate the phase function and the extinction (or absorption) efficiency, respectively. The differences between the results for circular cylinders and hexagonal columns are of the order of a few percent. Thus it is quite reasonable to use a circular cylinder geometry as a surrogate for pristine hexagonal ice columns for scattering calculations at infrared (8-12-microm) wavelengths. Although the pristine ice crystals can be approximated as circular cylinders in scattering calculations at infrared wavelengths, it is shown that optical properties of individual aggregates cannot be well approximated by those of individual finite columns or cylinders.     

Light scattering simulation by oblate disc spheres using the null field method with discrete sources located in the complex plane

The T-matrix method, which is also known as the null field method (NFM) or extended boundary condition method (EBCM), has established itself as a well known and highly regarded method for calculating light scattering by non-spherical particles. Its biggest advantage is the possibility to obtain all information about the scattering characteristics of the particle and to store it into one matrix. This enables one to do additional investigations with low efforts. Unfortunately the standard NFM fails to converge for particles with extremely non-spherical particle shapes, like long cylinders or coin-like flat cylinders. In this paper we investigate light scattering by finite particles in the form of an oblate disc sphere, which can be described as flat cylinders with a rounded edge. We use an advanced form of the T-matrix method—the null field method with discrete sources (NFM-DS). By presenting light scattering results we would like to demonstrate the potential this advanced NFM-DS offers. It allows one to calculate particle shapes with aspect ratios (relation between radius and thickness of the particle) up to 100:1 and size parameters (relation between radius and wavelength) up to 30.     

Absorption and scattering properties of dense ensembles of nonspherical particles

The purpose of this work is to show that an appropriate multiple T-matrix formalism can be useful in performing qualitative studies of the optical properties of colloidal systems composed of nonspherical objects (despite limitations concerning nonspherical particle packing densities). In this work we have calculated the configuration averages of scattering and absorption cross sections of different clusters of dielectric particles. These clusters are characterized by their refraction index, particle shape, and filling fraction. Computations were performed with the recursive centered T-matrix algorithm (RCTMA), a previously established method for solving the multiple scattering equation of light from finite clusters of isotropic dielectric objects. Comparison of the average optical cross sections between the different systems highlights variations in the scattering and absorption properties due to the electromagnetic interactions, and we demonstrate that the magnitudes of these quantities are clearly modulated by the shape of the primary particles.     

水下刚性角反射器散射特性

为了分析水下角反射器的声散射特性,提出了一种计算水下凹面目标散射声场的方法。采用ANSYS软件构建水下角反射器实体模型,再利用声学分析软件SYSNOISE对其远场散射声场进行仿真。计算了二面角反射器的目标强度,并与声束弹跳法和板块元法的计算结果进行对比,验证了该方法的适用性和精确性。对三面角反射器的散射特性进行了分析,得到了不同声波入射角度下的目标强度、目标强度随频率的变化规律以及散射方向图,结果表明,正方形角反射器的目标强度最大,三角形角反射器的散射宽度最大,角反射器目标强度不存在明显的频率效应。计算了八面角反射体的方向图,计算结果表明角反射器组合可以有效增大目标强度和散射宽度。     

Simulation of infrared scattering from ice aggregates by use of a size-shape distribution of circular ice cylinders

The scalar optical properties (extinction coefficient, mass extinction coefficient, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter) of a distribution of randomly oriented ice aggregates are simulated generally to well within 4% accuracy by use of a size-shape distribution of randomly oriented circular ice cylinders at wavelengths in the terrestrial window region. The single-scattering properties of the ice aggregates are calculated over the whole size distribution function by the finite-difference time-domain and improved geometric optics methods. The single-scattering properties of the size-shape distribution of circular ice cylinders are calculated by the T-matrix method supplemented by scattering solutions obtained from complex-angular-momentum theory. Moreover, radiative-transfer studies demonstrate that the maximum error in brightness temperature space when the size-shape distribution of circular ice cylinders is used to represent scattering from ice aggregates is only approximately 0.4 K The methodology presented should find wide applicability in remote sensing of ice cloud and parameterization of cirrus cloud scalar optical properties in climate models.     

Scattering matrix of infrared radiation by ice finite circular cylinders

Scattering matrix characteristics of polydisperse, randomly oriented, small ice crystals modeled by finite circular cylinders with various ratios of the length to diameter (L/D) ratio are calculated by use of the exact T-matrix approach, with emphasis on the thermal infrared spectral region that extends from the atmospheric short-wave IR window to the far-IR wavelengths to as large as 30 microm. The observed ice crystal size distribution and the well-known power-law distribution are considered. The results of the extensive calculations show that the characteristics of scattering matrix elements of small ice circular cylinders depend strongly on wavelengths and refractive indices, particle size distributions, and the L/D ratios. The applicability of the power-law distribution and particle shapes for light scattering calculations for small ice crystals is discussed. The effects of the effective variance of size distribution on light scattering characteristics are addressed. It seems from the behavior of scattering matrix elements of small ice crystals that the combination of 25 and 3.979 microm has some advantages and potential applications for remote sensing of cirrus and other ice clouds.     

Scattering of light by polydisperse, randomly oriented, finite circular cylinders

We use the T-matrix method, as described by Mishchenko [Appl. Opt. 32, 4652 (1993)], to compute rigorously light scattering by finite circular cylinders in random orientation. First we discuss numerical aspects of T -matrix computations specific for finite cylinders and present results of benchmark computations for a simple cylinder model. Then we report results of extensive computations for polydisperse, randomly oriented cylinders with a refractive index of 1.53 + 0.008i, diameter-to-length ratios of 1/2, 1/1.4, 1, 1.4, and 2, and effective size parameters ranging from 0 to 25. These computations parallel our recent study of light scattering by polydisperse, randomly oriented spheroids and are used to compare scattering properties of the two classes of simple convex particles. Despite the significant difference in shape between the two particle types (entirely smooth surface for spheroids and sharp rectangular edges for cylinders), the comparison shows rather small differences in the integral photometric characteristics (total optical cross sections, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter of the phase function) and the phase function. The general patterns of the other elements of the scattering matrix for cylinders and aspect-ratio-equivalent spheroids are also qualitatively similar, although noticeable quantitative differences can be found in some particular cases. In general, cylinders demonstrate much less shape dependence of the elements of the scattering matrix than do spheroids. Our computations show that, like spheroids and bispheres, cylinders with surface-equivalent radii smaller than a wavelength can strongly depolarize backscattered light, thus suggesting that backscattering depolarization for nonspherical particles cannot be universally explained by using only geometric-optics considerations.     

Anomalous diffraction theory for arbitrarily oriented finite circular cylinders and comparison with exact T-matrix results

A general method is developed to formulate extinction and absorption efficiency for nonspherical particles at arbitrary and random orientations by use of anomalous diffraction theory (ADT). An ADT for finite circular cylinders is evaluated as an example. Existing ADT's for infinite cylinders at arbitrary orientations and for finite cylinders at the normal incidence are shown to be special cases of the new formulation. ADT solutions for finite cylinders are shown to approach the rigorous T-matrix results when the refractive indices approach unity. The importance of some physical processes that are neglected in the ADT approximation are evaluated by comparisons between ADT and rigorous calculations for different particle geometries. For spheres, van de Hulst's ADT and Mie theory are used, whereas the ADT that we present and T-matrix calculations are used for cylinders of different diameter-to-length ratios. The results show that the differences in extinction between ADT and exact solutions generally decrease with nonsphericity. A similar decrease occurs for absorption at wavelengths of relatively strong absorption. The influence of complex refractive index is evaluated. Our results suggest that ADT may provide a useful approximation in parameterization and remote sensing of cirrus clouds in the Christiansen bands where the real part of the refractive index approaches unity and/or where relative absorption is strong.     

声波在声子带隙材料中的传输

研究了声波在二维声子带隙材料中的传输特性,把声子带隙材料作为一个散射体进行处理。在远场近似下（kr〉〉1）,计算了声波在有限范围内声子带隙材料中的传输系数,得到了与带结构符合很好的计算结果。     

大粗糙度起伏下一维海面声散射建模与分析

针对起伏海面高频声散射计算问题,提出了一种改进的基尔霍夫(Kirchhoff)近似方法。该方法考虑了海面的阴影区和亮区之间的多次散射声场,可对小入射角下大粗糙度起伏海面的散射声场进行计算。以一维余弦和高斯谱海面散射声场的有限元计算结果为标准解验证了所提方法的准确性和适用性。利用该方法计算了一维余弦海面的散射强度,分析了不同入射声波频率和角度下海面散射强度的分布情况,并解释了Bragg散射的产生机理,同时讨论了不同海面均方根高度和相关长度情况下高斯谱海面散射强度的变化规律。