岩体风化程度两级模糊综合评判研究

通过引入弹模弱化系数KE和粘聚力弱化系数Kc，建立了岩体强度和变形参数与其风化程度的联系。由于影响岩体风化程度的因素多而复杂且影响程度不同，特总结了四类20项主要影响因素，采用两级模糊综合评判方法对黄麦岭磷矿采场边坡岩体的风化程度进行研究，取得较满意的结果。     

堆石料劣化及其对大坝安全运行影响的研究

在现有土石坝工程中,一些易风化的软岩已被广泛应用于坝体的填筑,在坝体长期运行过程中,堆石料含水率和温度变化的影响等会造成其力学性质的劣化,随着全球大气环境污染加剧,酸雨对其力学性质的影响也将日趋显著。堆石料是天然形成的,一般而言已有的生命周期可能比大坝的使用周期长得多,但在某些情况下岩石的力学特性会在很短甚至几个月内发生较大变化,堆石料力学性质的劣化会使其强度参数降低从而导致大坝安全稳定性下降,同时使坝体产生附加后期变形。现有的大坝设计中把岩体分成全风化、强风化、弱风化等,一般只考虑风化的现状,很少考虑工程建成以后岩体因风化而对其寿命和功能的影响。随着科技的进步,特别是环境岩土工程的进步,对风化现象从定性描述到定量研究的条件正在逐步成熟。针对单线法和双线法两种试验方法,分别提出了一个能够考虑堆石料风化影响的计算模型,可用于定量分析大坝使用周期内的坝体应力变形特性的变化,在此基础上对大坝内易风化软岩的分区布置进行了探讨。     

粘土矿物与斜坡失稳

作为微米级材料，粘土矿物的单晶尺寸及特殊晶体结构使其集合体-粘土呈现低渗透性、分散-凝絮性及粘滞性等重要工程特性。除沉积岩斜坡含粘土矿物外，76％以上的斜坡岩石造岩矿物还可形成次生粘土矿物。粘土矿物广泛分布于原生沉积岩、三大岩类风化带及第四系松散堆积物构成的斜坡中。泥屑岩因含粘土矿物而易于失稳，且水稳定性差。次生粘土矿物的形成将引起源矿物、矿物集合体及岩块的强度与变形特性的显著变化，诱发岩石向松散介质转化。宏观结构面是粘土矿物最主要的形成和聚集场所，结构面及其内侧一定范围内不同成因粘土矿物的淀积将导致结构面及岩体强度的衰减。粘土矿物是滑坡滑带的常见矿物组分；粘土滑带可以在滑体与滑床之间起到润滑作用。滑带中粘土矿物的含量越多，其润滑效应越显著。粘土型滑带还具有隔水边界之功效，可将滑体与周围介质隔离，使之成为独立水文地质单元，提高坡体拦截、吸收渗入水的能力及斜坡稳定对降雨过程的敏感度。粘土矿物可以促进斜坡时效变形，甚至成为斜坡破坏的关键因素，对斜坡演化及失稳的贡献是显著的。     

Weathering of metapelites from the Quadrilátero Ferrífero mineral province,southeastern Brazil

Low-grade metamorphic rocks are known for their low mechanical strength and high weatherability. In the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, an important mineral province located in southeastern Brazil, this set of features results in frequent issues with mining and road slope instability, mainly associated with phyllites. Despite the significant iron ore production that occurs in this province, little is known about the geotechnical properties of the materials constituting the weathering front. Here, we report work aimed at investigating the changes in the basic properties of phyllites at four weathering grades. The methodology used included the field classification and mapping of four weathering grades in order to assess their spatial distribution on a road slope, as well as sampling for geological characterization by petrography and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, the authors performed a physical characterization of all weathering grades, including index properties, mercury porosimetry, and strength data obtained with a Schmidt hammer both in the field and in the laboratory as well as using the point load test (PLT). Results showed the relevance of structural features such as discontinuities and metamorphic foliation observed in the weathering morphology in situ, with different weathering intensities occurring along the slope. Changes in the porosity and pore size distribution in the weathering front were nonlinear, as were resistance variations. The difficulty involved in performing the macroscopic identification of weathering grades due to the very fine texture of the rock as well as microstructural heterogeneities are likely causes of the observed variability in phyllite properties. This fundamental knowledge may aid the prediction of short-term and long-term scenarios for slope stability based on rock weatherability.

     

三峡地区泥灰质岩石在岩溶和风化过程中力学性质的变化

三峡地区泥灰质岩石的岩溶问题是新近发现的重大工程地质问题。泥灰质岩石具有灰岩和泥岩双重特性，在其中的钙质成分被溶蚀的同时，泥质成分遭受风化，从而使岩性和岩石结构发生变化，岩石的力学强度不断降低，有的岩石己属于较软岩范围。岩溶、风化形成的松散土层具有易滑性，易于发生变形破坏。泥灰质岩石作为移民迁建地基可能因溶蚀、风化而发生地质灾害。防止水向地基的入渗是防治该区地质灾害的关键。     

坝陵河大桥边坡稳定性工程地质评价

通过论述坝陵河大桥的地形地貌、地质构造、水文地质特征、地震烈度及岩溶发育情况,对边坡稳定性进行了较为详细的评价,结果表明自然边坡是稳定的,具备建桥条件。     

The effect of weathering on durability and deformability properties of granitoid rocks

In this paper, the effects of weathering on durability and deformability properties for three different types of granitoid rocks were investigated. Five weathering grades ranging from fresh to completely weathered rocks were considered for each rock type. Deformability has been evaluated based on failure strain, tangent and secant modulus. For measuring these parameters, at least five uniaxial compressive strength tests with axial strain recorded were conducted on each weathering grade. To assess the weathering effect on the durability behavior of these rocks, a slake durability test was performed up to 40 cycles. The obtained results indicated that uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus dramatically decrease with increasing weathering grade. After moderately weathering grade, remarkable damage was observed in the structure and fabric of considered rocks. The results from slake durability tests showed that the slake durability index for each weathering grade has a certain changes trend which can be used in determination of the weathering grade and the long-term durability assessment. Moreover, the results showed that for evaluation of the long-term durability of the mentioned rock types, at least eight cycles should be considered, while two cycles were sufficient for estimation of weathering grade.     

Investigation of mechanical properties of soft rock due to laboratory reproduction of physical weathering process

The focus of the present study is on soft rocks (moderately weathered granite and artificial rock) that have suffered physical weathering due to changes in temperature and confining pressure. Unconfined compression tests were conducted on moderately weathered granite, and triaxial compression tests were conducted on artificial rocks. Two test plans were conducted to study the effect of weathering. In the first plan, the specimens suffered weathering process cycles under unconfined conditions, followed by triaxial tests with different confining pressures (0 kPa, 30 kPa, 60 kPa, and 90 kPa). In the second plan, the specimens suffered weathering process cycles under a certain confining pressure (0 kPa, 30 kPa, 60 kPa, and 90 kPa), and the shear strength and initial Young's modulus in each weathering cycle was then studied. Finally, based on the formula of the shear wave velocity and initial Young's modulus, the relationships between normalized shear strength and normalized shear wave velocity were found. These relationships can be used in a further study to understand rock strength on site by detecting the shear wave velocity.The results of this study show that artificial rocks (cement treated sand, CTS) can be used as a homogeneous material to simulate soft rock. In the stress-strain curves, the initial Young's modulus showed no significant change when increasing the confining pressure. The initial Young's modulus showed a nonlinear decrease when the weathering process cycle increased. When soft rocks suffer the weathering process at a certain confining pressure, the relationship between normalized shear strength and normalized shear wave velocity was linear. When soft rocks suffer the weathering process at different confining pressures, the normalized shear strength under a lower confining pressure dropped faster than when the confining pressure was higher.     

Influence of weathering on the engineering properties of Harsit granitic rocks (NE Turkey)

Weathering and hydrothermal alteration of the granitic rocks in the Eastern Black Sea Region (NE Turkey) are important phenomena affecting the engineering projects in the region. The study investigated the probable paths of rock-forming mineral transformations due to weathering in the Harsit granitoid rocks, the changes of the major oxides as a consequence of weathering and the effects of weathering on the engineering properties. To identify the changes in the major oxides, the volume concentrations were considered in relation to the dry density. Chemical leaching during weathering was shown to be significant in changing the minerals. It was concluded that the engineering properties of the weathered granitic rocks can be most reliably predicted by P-wave velocity.      

基于岩石长期强度特征的岩质边坡时效变形过程分析

基于对岩体流变特性的认识,从岩石材料内在物理力学性质受环境影响随时间劣化与岩石内部细观损伤积累的角度出发,通过引入岩体细观表征单元体的强度退化模型,开展岩质边坡的时效变形与破坏特征的研究。首先模拟了含顺坡软弱结构面边坡的时效破坏模式,分析了软弱结构面分布和强度劣化特性对边坡长期稳定性的影响；其次对一含有明显的软弱结构面的软硬互层岩质边坡,进行了时效变形破坏的实例分析。由于岩体的流变特性,岩体强度参数随时间的推移而逐渐衰减,致使边坡稳定程度降低。特别是对于含有明显的软弱结构面及软岩层的边坡,软弱结构面及软岩层的长期强度特性不容忽视。对含有明显的软弱结构面的软弱互层边坡蠕滑破坏的控制和治理,应在顾及时间效应的基础上,着重考虑长期强度、渗控和开挖卸荷等主要因素。研究成果可望对类似边坡的安全评价和设计提供一定的参考。     

Departure of soft rock mass from undrained response in drilled shaft and plate load tests

The average degree of consolidation of soft rock mass in the immediate vicinity of the base of drilled shaft or plate load tests was evaluated using the Biot Three-Dimensional Consolidation Theory. The compressibility parameters of soft rock mass were estimated using the contact pressure and displacement relationships obtained from the in situ drilled shaft and plate load tests. It was found that typical drilled shaft and plate load tests on soft rocks are drained to partially drained, with the average degree of consolidation dependent on the rock type and weathering condition, foundation diameter, and the loading stage. It was also determined that drained behavior is observed under service conditions due to the low compressibility of soft rocks in the early stages of loading.     

南京地铁工程勘察中声波测试与分析

通过将声波测井及岩芯波速测量等方法运用于南京地铁工程勘察中,利用声波测井结果与岩芯物性参数对比,进行多参数综合分析,为岩体风化程度与岩体强度变化分析提供了有效的参数。原位声波波速测量,给出了岩体波速随深度的分布特征;通过原位测井波速与室内岩芯波速的对比测量,分析了不同强度岩石在不同测量条件下的差异;对原位测井波形特征的振幅变化、衰减特性分析,可进一步了解岩体的结构性质,从而证明声波测井是工程地质勘察中一种快速、经济、有效的岩体原位测试方法。     

Effect of weathering on the geomechanical properties of the Miocene basalts in Malatya,Eastern Turkey

Miocene volcanic rocks are widely exposed in the eastern Taurids, Turkey. The geomechanical properties and weathering degree of the Middle–Upper Miocene basalts were determined at the Boztepe dam site in Malatya, eastern Turkey. An engineering geology map of the Boztepe dam site was made and the joint sets and the degree of weathering determined in the field. The degree of weathering and RQD values were obtained on some 1,195 m of core which was then compared with a series of geomechanical tests including unit weight, porosity, water absorption, uniaxial compressive strength and compressive wave velocity. The geomechanical properties were compared with the weathering classifications of ISRM (Rock characterization, testing and monitoring, p 211, 1981) and Kilic (Environ Eng Geosci 4:475–483, 1999)      

Effects of experimental frost–thaw cycles on sandstones with different weathering degrees: a case from the Bingling Temple Grottoes,China

Numerous ancient sandstone grottoes remain in northwest and central China, and weathering issues have significantly influenced their preservation conditions. The dramatic naturally cyclic changes in water content and temperature in the environment have been considered to be the main drivers of the physical weathering that commonly occurs at these archaeological sites. Therefore, comparing and understanding the behaviors of sandstone with different weathering degrees under variable environmental conditions would be helpful for further study on predicting the type, location and extent of deterioration of sandstone relics in a small region (such as the surrounding rock of grottoes). This study examines Cretaceous sandstones with two weathering degrees from Bingling Temple Grottoes, China. Standard thin section photomicrographs provide petrographic and mineralogical data and show that the sandstones have identical lithologies. Three types of specifically designed frost weathering tests are then conducted on the samples. After every six weathering cycles, the weathering processes are suspended, and the corresponding parameters, such as dry weight loss, dry density, effective porosity, porosity, P wave velocity, surface hardness and drilling resistance, are measured. At the end of the weathering cycles, the sample variations in grain size distributions are compared, and statistical tests are performed to show the statistical significance of the results. The results indicate that similar deterioration patterns occur on the samples with two weathering degrees under the same weathering tests. The increase in effective porosity surpasses that of the porosity only when the weathering effect is large enough. Furthermore, sandstone with a high degree of weathering might be more susceptible to changes in the internal pores due to its greater initial interconnectivity. In an open system, physical weathering (frost–thaw and dry–wet cycles) would cause the superficial grain size distributions of different rocks to become relatively uniform. Finally, when exposed to the same weathering process, the decreases in the overall mechanical strength in the two sandstones do not differ significantly, but the loss of superficial strength may be different.

     

含软弱夹层边坡的地震时程响应分析

基于动力响应时程分析原理,结合西部某含软弱夹层风化岩质边坡工程实例,借助AD INA有限元程序采用以下方法分析边坡地震动力响应:首先进行静力有限元分析,确立初始应力场,然后输入地震波,研究位移、应力、和加速度的动力响应结果。研究表明:软夹层对边坡动力特性影响显著,计算取得了比较满意的结果。     

A proposed weathering classification for basalts and their engineering properties (Turkey)

Most of the volcanic rocks widespread in Turkey are basalt. The effect of weathering processes on the physical and mechanical properties of this type of rock is important. To assess these properties and relations to each other, a study was undertaken in the Niksar region. A detailed investigation was carried out on basalts in the road cuttings of the Niksar ring road and Ünye-Akku?-Niksar highway alignments. A new classification system for basaltic rocks which are substantially influenced by weathering is proposed. The basic engineering properties of the basalt representing each weathering grade were determined. The properties tested are dry density, porosity, coefficient of permeability, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and Young’s modulus. Interrelationships were determined for all test results. It is concluded that there is a substantial degradation in the engineering properties of the rock beyond a specific degree of weathering.     

岩石风化程度特征指标的分析研究

岩石风化程度的划分及工程特性研究，对于工程基础面高程的选择以及工程环境或工程材料的利用具有重要意义。关于岩石风化程度划分目前多是采用工程地质定性评价方法，依赖定性的不确定判据进行岩石风化程度划分带有很大随意性。因此，研究和发展定量分析评价方法是必要的。岩石经过风化作用，形成的风化裂隙具有无方向性、不规则发育等特点，与构造作用形成的微裂隙有着本质区别；风化作用改变了岩石的矿物成分，岩石在风化过程中表现出来的阶段性，反映了岩石的不同风化程度。基于对风化岩石显微裂隙的发育状况及其次生充填特点、长石蚀变性质、粘土矿物成分变化等定性资料的分析研究，给出了定量化的统计，建立了岩石风化程度划分的判据。给出的定量指标很好地反映了风化岩石质量，且与反映岩石风化程度的一些物理力学指标存在良好相关性。     

饱水软岩力学性质软化的试验研究与应用

软岩遇水后力学性质软化规律的研究,是水–岩相互作用研究的重要课题之一,在重大工程的设计与实践中具有重要意义。通过对华南地区广为分布的红色砂岩、泥岩及黑色炭质泥岩等几种不同类型的典型软岩在不同饱水状态的试验设计和力学性质测试,重点探讨了软岩软化的力学规律性。试验按照天然状态、饱水1,3,6和12个月等饱水时间点进行采样分析,测定其不同饱水时间点的单轴抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗剪强度及其随饱水时间的变化规律。结果表明:软岩与水相互作用后,其抗压强度、抗拉强度及抗剪强度变化的定量表征关系一般服从指数变化规律,各力学强度指标将随着饱水时间的延长而不断降低,最终将趋向稳定;6个月的饱水时间点为软岩力学强度趋于稳定的临界点。以此研究获得的软岩参数为基础,采用非线性有限元强度折减法对广东省东深供水改造工程中BIII2边坡稳定性进行了分析计算,结果表明:在塑性应变区贯通前,该边坡主断面的稳定性系数为0.83,说明BIII2边坡处于不稳定状态。这与实际边坡所处的状态非常一致。表明该试验研究结果用于工程计算中具有较好的意义,亦可为华南地区类似工程的设计、施工和长期稳定性分析等提供具有重要价值的参考。     

软岩冻融损伤的水-热-力耦合研究初探

冻融力学研究正温、负温环境交替变化对材料的物理力学性质的影响。由于软岩为强度低、孔隙度大、胶结程度差、含有大量膨胀性粘土矿物的松散、软弱岩层。因此,软岩的水-热-力耦合不是一个简单的过程。初步提出了软岩的水-热迁移机理,进而提出了软岩水-热-力耦合的基本数学模型。最后用ANSYS软件模拟了隧道围岩温度场与应力场,得到了隧道围岩冻胀力的分布趋势。     

Weathering of the massiac gneiss (massif central,France)

Weathering profiles of gneissic rocks in tropical and temperate climates are here compared and represent a most relevant concern for geotechnical engineering. The understanding of the physico-chemical weathering processes is very important for an adequate interpretation of the geotechnical behaviour of those materials. The weathering profile of the Massiac gneiss developed in a temperate climate, is described in relation to its mineralogical and textural changes, as well as the characterization of the main index tests and geotechnical parameters as strength and deformability. The relevance of anisotropy in the different weathering grades is evaluated.