离子液体中芳香醛选择性还原胺化反应研究

以离子液体为反应介质,对一系列还原胺化反应进行了研究.结果表明,经过缩合、还原两步连续反应,芳香醛与胺的产品收率在70%～98%,还原剂硼氢化钠在BMImBF4离子液体中对还原胺化反应表现出很好的还原能力和选择性,该合成反应条件温和,离子液体可稳定重复使用12次以上.     

有机胺法分解氯化铵的工艺

采用有机胺法在无水条件下分解氯化铵制取氨气和氯化氢,对有机胺的筛选和氯化铵分解工艺进行系统研究,分别考察了释放氨气过程和释放氯化氢过程中各反应条件对反应的影响,通过对多种有机胺[三己胺、三(2-乙基已基)胺、三辛胺和三月桂胺]分解氯化铵的反应进行比较,筛选出最优有机胺用于实现对氨气和氯化氢的高效分离。实验表明:与其他有机胺相比,三己胺具有反应时间更短、氨气和氯化氢收率更高的优势。释氨过程中当三己胺与氯化铵以及异戊醇与氯化铵的摩尔比分别为1.4和6.84,氮气流量140mL/min时,在132℃下反应3.5h,氨气收率可达到97.5%;释氯化氢过程中当非极性有机溶剂十四烷与三己胺盐酸盐的摩尔比为11:1,氮气流量260mL/min时,在223℃下反应4.5h,氯化氢收率可达94.65%。     

环酰菌胺的合成

以(2,3-二氯-4-羟基苯基)偶氮苯为原料,制备了2,3-二氯-4-羟基苯胺,收率为90%;然后与1-甲基环己基甲酰氯反应制备标题化合物环酰菌胺,此步反应收率达92.4%.两步反应总收率为83.2%.     

环十二烷基胺的合成研究

环十二烷基胺（Ⅰ）可以由硝基环十二烷的还原［１，２］、或环十二碳烯在硫酸存在下与氢氰酸加成［３，４］或环十二酮（Ⅱ）的还原胺化法来制备。其中后者是为最简洁、合理的方法。前人曾报道Ⅱ与氨反应，催化氢化还原的方法获得较高收率的Ⅰ［５］：Ｏ（Ⅱ）＋ＮＨ３Ｈ...     

5-(N-乙基-N-2-羟乙基胺)-2-戊胺的合成

以5-氯-2-戊酮为原料,先进行羰基保护、与乙基乙醇胺反应之后脱保护,再进行羰基还原氨化,经4步反应合成5-(N-乙基-N-2-羟乙基胺)-2-戊胺(俗称羟基氯喹侧链),总收率53.8%,纯度99.0%(GC)。重要原料乙基乙醇胺回收率达95%。     

2-氰基乙基戊胺的合成

以甲苯和正丁醇的混合溶液作溶剂,正戊胺与丙烯腈反应合成2-氰基乙基戊胺;验证了溶剂种类和用量,原料配比,反应温度及时间对正戊胺转化率、2-氰基乙基戊胺选择性、单程总收率的影响;最佳工艺条件为:溶剂为混合溶剂[m(甲苯):m(正丁醇)=2:1],m(溶剂):m(正戊胺)=3.0~4.0,n(丙烯腈):n(正戊胺)=1.0,反应温度为50~60℃,丙烯腈滴加时间50min,保温反应时间100min;单程总收率可达83.6%,产品纯度可达98.0%以上。     

2-(N,N-二甲胺基)丙酸十二醇酯的合成研究

以 2 氯丙酸、正十二醇为原料 ,氯化铁催化 ,甲苯共沸回流带水酯化 ;再与二甲胺在三乙胺的作用下胺化 ,合成了透皮吸收促进剂 2 (N ,N 二甲胺基 )丙酸十二醇酯 (DDAIP) ,合成总收率达 72 5 %。考察了催化剂的用量、物质的量比及反应时间对反应的影响 ,确定出反应的最佳工艺条件为 :n(正十二醇 )∶n (2 氯丙酸 )∶n(FeCl3 ·6H2 O)∶n(甲苯 ) =1∶1 4∶0 0 4 5∶9 4 ,回流反应 4 5h制得 2 氯丙酸十二醇酯 ,收率为 83 8% ;n(2 氯丙酸十二醇酯 )∶n(二甲胺 )∶n(三乙胺 )∶n(氯仿 ) =1∶ 4∶1 5∶11,室温反应 16h制得DDAIP ,收率为 86 5 %。     

胺化法合成羟基香茅醛

羟基香茅醛有多种合成路线，目前多以香茅醛为原料，用亚硫酸氢钠法来合成。此合成方法在生产过程中往往产生大量废酸水难于处理，而用胺化法来合成羟基香茅醛避免了前者不足之处，本文重点介绍胺化法合成工艺。     

羰基化合物直接还原胺化合成伯胺催化剂研究进展

胺类化合物是一类重要的化工原料和中间体，在农药、医药、染料、高分子聚合物等领域有着广泛的应用。通过羰基化合物（醛或酮类）的还原胺化来制备胺类化合物是当前的研究热点。研究表明，贵金属基和非贵金属基的多相和均相催化剂均能够高效催化醛或酮类的还原胺化反应。本文对近年来羰基化合物直接还原胺化（或一锅法）合成伯胺的研究现状进行了综述，包括还原胺化反应、催化剂、反应条件、底物适用范围和催化作用机制等，其中重点阐述了直接还原胺化催化剂的研究进展。文章指出：通常多相催化剂具有活性高以及可重复使用等优点，而均相催化剂的优势在于催化效率高，伯胺选择性高；另一方面，以Pd、Rh、Ru等为代表的贵金属催化剂催化性能优异，但价格昂贵，因此可采用Co、Ni等性能同样优异但价格相对低廉的非贵金属催化剂以降低成本。文中提出，催化效率高、反应条件温和、普适性高的羰基化合物还原胺化催化剂应成为未来重点研究方向。     

元素量比对Cu-Ni二元脂肪醇胺化催化剂性能的影响

制备了Cu、Ni元素量比不同的以CaCO3为载体的9个催化剂,进行了各催化剂样品对月桂醇催化胺化的评价实验,用XPS进行催化剂还原后Cu、Ni价态的分析,通过XPS谱峰的计算机拟合得到了催化剂还原后Cu、Ni元素还原程度的定量结果。实验结果表明,催化剂的选择性(主要表现为胺化副产物双长链烷基叔胺的含量)和催化剂中Ni的还原性能密切相关。当催化剂中Ni2+不易还原时,胺化评价产物中双长链烷基叔胺的质量分数小于2 1%,当催化剂中x(Ni0)分别为22 7%、20 4%、14 8%及7 9%时,催化剂胺化评价产物中双长链烷基叔胺的质量分数分别为13.0%、11.7%、10.8%及5.2%。催化剂还原后Ni0的比例越大,则胺化反应产物中双长链烷基甲基叔胺的质量分数越高,催化剂的选择性越差。     

Photochemical behavior of poly(organophosphazenes). X. Photo-cross-linking phenomena in poly[bis(4-isopropylphenoxy)0.8 (4-benzoylphenoxy)1.2 phosphazene]

The synthesis and photochemical behavior both in solution and in the solid state of poly[bis(4-isopropylphenoxy)_0.8 (4-benzoylphenoxy)_1.2 phosphazene] is described. The main reaction of this material under illumination with light of a wavelength longer than 340 nm is the intramolecular abstraction of an hydrogen atom by the excited benzophenone substituent from the 4-isopropylphenoxy moiety geminally substituted on the same phosphorus of the phosphazene chain. In this way highly reactive radical species are produced which induce very efficient photo-cross-linking of the phosphazene copolymer and insolubilization. The efficiency of this process in the solid state is examined in view of the potential application of this material as a polyphosphazene-based negative photoresist.     

High activity Ni/MoS2 catalysts obtained from alkylthiometalate mixtures for the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene

An efficient method for improving the catalytic properties of unsupported Ni/MoS₂ catalysts is mixing thiometalate precursors applying the appropriate precursors and thermal conditions. High active catalysts for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) are prepared by the controlled decomposition of physical mixtures of Ni(diethylentriamine)₂MoS₄ (NDTA-TM) and [(Propyl)₄N)]₂MoS₄ (TPA-TM). The catalysts with a higher content of NDTA-TM are very active with a high selectivity for the direct desulfurization pathway (DDS) due to the synergistic effect of nickel. In addition the presence of a large amount of carbon may produce single-slabs of nickel promoted carbon containing molybdenum sulfides. The activity enhancement is attributed to an increased number of NiMoS active sites originated by the chemical interaction between the precursors NDTA-TM and TPA-TM during the mixing procedure. Furthermore, the carbon content in the final products is related to the enhancement of the activity and the preference of the DDS pathway. The controlled decomposition of mixtures of NDTA-TM + TPA-TM yields catalysts which are about twofold more active than an industrial NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst. This improvement may be attributed to an intense interaction of the precursors during the synthesis causing a re-dispersion of nickel atoms from NDTA-TM over the surface of carbon containing molybdenum sulfide provided by the precursor TPA-TM, increasing the amount of active sites. The catalysts from mixtures of (NH₄)₂MoS₄ (A-TM) and NDTA-TM behave similarly to the pure precursors.     

Evaluation of electrolytes for redox flow battery applications

A number of redox systems have been investigated in this work with the aim of identifying electrolytes suitable for testing redox flow battery cell designs. The criteria for the selection of suitable systems were fast electrochemical kinetics and minimal cross-contamination of active electrolytes. Possible electrolyte systems were initially selected based on cyclic voltammetry data. Selected systems were then compared by charge/discharge experiments using a simple H-type cell. The all-vanadium electrolyte system has been developed as a commercial system and was used as the starting point in this study. The performance of the all-vanadium system was significantly better than an all-chromium system which has recently been reported. Some metal-organic and organic redox systems have been reported as possible systems for redox flow batteries, with cyclic voltammetry data suggesting that they could offer near reversible kinetics. However, Ru(acac)₃ in acetonitrile could only be charged efficiently to 9.5% of theoretical charge, after which irreversible side reactions occurred and [Fe(bpy)₃](ClO₄)₂ in acetonitrile was found to exhibit poor charge/discharge performance.     

Dielectric,magnetoelectric and magnetodielectric properties in CMFO-SBN composites

The paper reports synthesis of Sr_0.5Ba_0.5Nb₂O₆ (SBN) and Co_1.2−xMn_xFe_1.8O₄ (CMFO) via ceramic and hydroxide co-precipitation routes respectively. The nanopowders of SBN-CMFO0.1 (MSBN0.1) and SBN-CMFO0.3 (MSBN0.3) are compacted to form the desired magnetoelectric (ME)/magnetodielectric (MD) composites. The Bi₂O₃ is used as a sintering aid. The Bi₂O₃ at three weight percent is observed to cause agglomeration of SBN and CMFO particles and improve the magneto-mechanical coupling. The composites are investigated for their ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, dielectric, magnetoelectric (ME) and magnetodielectric (MD) properties. The results on the magnetocapacitance (M_c) are observed interesting and could be correctly understood in terms of the stress induced variation in the dielectric constant. The MC is observed to remain fairly constant between 10 to 500 kHz and possess a useful magnitude of M_c nearly 4%.     

A method for disentangling β-Si3N4 seeds obtained by SHS

The manufacture of β-Si₃N₄ seeds by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) presents some advantages, such as the low production costs, compared to other preparation methods based on sintering of α-Si₃N₄ powders and subsequent leaching out of the glassy phase. However, SHS process produces seed clusters that must be disentangled before use as reinforcing particles. Different mechanical and chemical treatments were tried to achieve good seed dispersion, proving that a combined treatment based on a hot basic etching and a short time attrition milling gave almost agglomerate-free particles with adequate features for seeding use.     

All solid-state lithium polymer secondary batteries using spinel Li4/3Ti5/3O4 as an active material

Present paper describes electrochemical performance of the all solid-state lithium polymer battery (LBP) using spinel-type Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ which has been known as the potential candidate of anode materials.The assembled LPB with Li|solid polymer electrolyte(SPE)|Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ construction showed stable charge-discharge cycles more than 300 times at 1 C condition. On the other hand, strong charge-discharge rate dependence for the specific capacity and initial capacity loss was indicated. Such a poor rate performance stemmed from low diffusivity of Li⁺ ion in the by-products produced by the decomposition of SPE components at the SPE|Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ interface.     

A Highly Flexible Green Synthesis of 3,4,5-Substituted Furan-2(5H)-ones Using Nano-CdZr4(PO4)6 as Catalyst under Microwave Irradiation

A concise and efficient method for the synthesis of 3,4,5-substituted furan-2 (5H)-ones was achieved through a three-component reaction of amines, dialkyl acetylene dicarboxylate, and aromatic aldehydes using nano-CdZr₄(PO₄)₆ as catalyst under microwave irradiation. This method has several advantages such as, high efficiency, short reaction times, simple workup, and recyclability of the catalyst up to seven runs without considerable loss of activity.     

CaCO3 addition effect on the hydration and mechanical strength evolution of calcium aluminate cement for endodontic applications

Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) hydrates conversion can be inhibited by adding CaCO₃, leading to C₃A·CaCO₃·11H (3CaO·Al₂O₃·CaCO₃·11H₂O) formation. However, despite its benefits, the stability of this monocarbonate hydrate is not fully understood, especially when the samples are kept in contact with liquid during the curing step. Thus, taking into account the increasing interest in the CAC application as a biomaterial in the endodontic area, this work addresses the evaluation of the mechanical strength and phase transformations of a commercial cement (Secar 71) containing 15 or 20 wt% of CaCO₃. Compressive strength, apparent porosity, dimensional linear changes, X ray diffraction and thermogravimetric tests were carried out to evaluate samples immersed in water and kept at 37 °C between 1 and 30 days of curing. According to the collected results, CAH₁₀ and C₂AH₈ formation were inhibited in CaCO₃ containing compositions and the presence of the C₃A.CaCO₃.11H phase led to a significant cement mechanical strength increase. Nevertheless, the partial decomposition of this monocarbonate hydrate was detected at 37 °C in the range of 1-7 days and the continuous hydration of CA and CA₂ also affected the compressive strength behavior of the evaluated samples.     

The Partition Behavior of Zn(II) using Halide Ions Extractants in Aqueous Peg‐Based Two‐Phase Systems

Abstract

The partition behavior of Zn(II) has been studied in aqueous polyethylene glycol PEG(1550) – (NH₄)₂SO₄ two‐phase system using halide ions (Cl^?, Br^? and I^?) as extracting agents, at two different values of salt stock solution pH. The efficiency of extractants increase in this order: Cl^?>Br^?>I^?. The extracted species were estimated from the distribution coefficients' values determined as a function of halide ions concentration, and the “conditional extraction constants” were calculated. The experimental results suggest that the Zn(II) partition in presence of halide ions in such systems is the result of two competitive processes. The IR spectra of solidified PEG‐rich phases show that the passing of metal species into PEG‐rich phases bring a supplementary water contribution, which makes the extraction process to occurs until it reaches an “equilibrium state”, dependent on the hydrophobicity of these phases and not on the type of extracted metal species.     

Three-dimensional g-C3N4/MgO composites as a high-performance adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution

ABSTRACT

A novel, three-dimensional material of g-C₃N₄/MgO was prepared by pyrolysis method. The adsorption behavior for Pb(II) onto g-C₃N₄/MgO was systematically investigated. The adsorption experiments confirmed that the g-C₃N₄/MgO exhibited remarkable adsorption performance owing to its rough morphology and abundant active sites on the surface. The maximum adsorption capacities for Pb(II) reached to 220.3, 226.2 and 235.1 mg/g at 308 K, 318 K and 328 K, respectively. The optimum adsorbent dosage was 1.0 g/L. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm could be well described by the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.