Thermochrome polymere und oligomere. 1. Synthese und charakterisierung

Polymers and oligomers of diethanolaniline were reacted with 2-dicyanomethylen-1,3-indandione to yield colourless adducts, which can be converted to deep blue merocyanine dyes by heating to 80–120°C.     

Siloxanylpyrroline und -pyrrolinium Derivate. Synthese und Charakterisierung

The synthesis of the title compounds was carried out by hydrosilylation of 1,4-dichlorobut-2-yne ( 1 ) with defined siloxanes ( 2a-c ) using a platinum catalyst, followed by the reaction of the received 1,4-dichloro-2-siloxanyl-but-2-enes ( 3a-c ) with primary, secondary and tertiary amines, respectively. N-Alkyl-3-(siloxanyl)pyrrolines ( 4,5,6 ) were reacted with alkyl bromides and sultones, respectively. The products were characterized by elemental analysis and ¹³C-n.m.r.-spectroscopy and posses remarkable surface activity. The X-ray crystal structure of N-ethyl-3-(1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxan-3-yl)pyrroline hydrochloride was determined.     

Tetrathiafulvalene. XVI. Spektroskopische und elektrische Eigenschaften von TTF und TTF-TCNQ-Komplexen

Tetrathiafulvalenes. XVI. Spectroscopic and Electrical Properties of TTF and TTF-TCNQ-Complexes UV-vis-spectra of mono- and dications of the TTF 2 show in comparison to those of TTF 1 and 3 that the aryl substituent in the TTF 2 is more twisted from the TTF-plane than in 1 and 3 . Absorption maxima of mono- and dications from TTF 1 and 3 lie at a significantly greater wavelength than absorption maxima of mono- and dications from TTF 2 , because a better electronic interaction between substituents in the aryl-group and the positively charged dithiolium-ring is possible. TCNQ-complexes of smoother TTF 3 also have a higher electrical conductivity than TCNQ-complexes of 2 .     

phosphororganische Antioxidantien. XII. Synthesen und NMR-Spektren phosphororganischer Antioxidantien und verwandter Verbindungen

Organophosphorus Antioxidants. XII. Synthesis and N.M.R. Spectroscopy of Organophosphorus Antioxidants and Related Compounds The syntheses of various aliphatic, aromatic, sterically hindered, and cyclic organophosphorus compounds (phosphorous acid esters, ester chlorides and ester amides, hydrogen phosphites, phosphonates and phosphates) are reported, and general procedures for preparation are given. The compounds synthesized were investigated by means of ³¹P-, ¹H- and ¹³C-n.m.r. spectroscopy, and the chemical shifts measured are listed.     

Chalkonaziridine. IV. Vergleich des spektroskopischen und massenspektrometrischen Verhaltens von trans-Chalkonaziridinen und trans-Chalkonepoxiden

Chalcone Aziridines. IV. Comparison of Spectroscopical and Mass Spectrometrical Behavior of trans-Chalcone Aziridines and trans-Chalcone Epoxides The aziridines 1 were compared with epoxides 2 by their i.r. and n.m.r. spectroscopical behavior and the threemembered ring electron densities. In the masse spectra we found not only identical path-ways i. e. the formation of M^⊕ and Ar₂CH^⊕ ions and onium or aryl fragmentation, but also differences as the formation of [M–17]^⊕ ions for 1 and carbonyl rearrangements for 2 .     

Untersuchungen zur Sulfochlorierung von Paraffinen. III. 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren aliphatischer und cycloaliphatischer Mono- und Disulfochloride

Studies on the Sulphochlorination of Paraffins. III. ¹H- and ¹³C-N.M.R. Spectra of Aliphatic and Cycloaliphatic Mono- and Disulphonylchlorides Isomeric monosulphonylchlorides of propane, butane, and heptane as well as disulphonylchlorides of propane, butane, and pentane are measured ¹H- and ¹³C-n.m.r.-spectroscopically. Including several other aliphatic and cycloaliphatic sulphonylchlorides, the use of n.m.r. spectroscopy to identification and estimation of the composition of mono- and disulphonylchloride mixtures is discussed.     

Tetrathiafulvalene. XX. Charge-Transfer,Radikalkonzentration und elektrische Eigenschaften von TTF und TSF-TCNQ-Komplexen

Tetrathiafulvalenes XX. Charge-Transfer, Radical Concentration and Electrical Properties of TTF- and TSF-TCNQ-Complexes For TTF-TCNQ-complexes the spin density increases with a higher degree of CT, estimated from the value of C-N-vibration in TNCQ. The dihydronaphthocondensed cis- and trans-TSF-TCNQ-complexes ( 11, 12 ) show the same high conductivity, whether the complex composition is 2:1 or 1:1.     

Intramolekulare Chinhydrone. III. Farbe und Charge-transfer-Wechselwirkungen

Intramolecular Quinhydrones. III. Colour and Charge-transfer Interactions The intensive colour of the crystalline intramolecular quinhydrones 2a – o depends on the substitution and the unsymmetrical bridge-structure. The solutions are yellow coloured. According to the x-ray, i.r.- and u.v./vis-results there are for 2a–o inter, but no intramolecular CT-complexes.     

Wasserstoff-Produktion aus Kohlenwasserstoffen. Fortschritte und Entwicklungstendenzen bei Synthese und Reinigung

Production of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are the preferred starting materials for the industrial production of hydrogen. Most hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of light hydrocarbons. Partial oxidation of heavy oil and residue is used for the production of H₂ and synthesis gas in large plants. In both cases gas purification was improved. Hydrogen-rich gases like coke oven gas, refinery-offgas, and offgases from the chemical and petrochemical industry have high potential for becoming a major source of hydrogen. Processes for recovering H₂ (and by-products) are condensation and rectification at low temperatures and, most attractive and versatile for the production of very pure H₂, adsorption (PSA). The environmental impact of H₂ production lies mainly in the emission of CO₂ and heat. Other forms of pollution can be considerably reduced by conventional methods. The economy of H₂ production depends essentially on price and availability of the raw materials.     

Schwermetall- und chloridhaltige Filterstäube. I. Phasenanalysen und Modellversuche zum Recycling

Flue Dusts Containing Heavy Metal Ions and Chloride.I. Phase Analysis, Model Experiments for Recycling Four flue dusts from a cement factory, an electric-furnace steelmaking plant and a municipal waste plant were analyzed by powder diffraction methods. Chloride combines above all with alkali ions or heavy metal ions, especially yielding PbCl₂ and KPb₂Cl₅. The controlled sublimation of these chloride compounds in open crucibles was developed and optimized in our laboratory. Between 850°C and 1150°C and at reaction times from 30 min up to 12 h, the chloride content decreases to below 0.1 wt-%. The sublimed phase mainly consists of alkali and lead chloride. Zinc is found in the flue dust as oxide and is enriched during this process. Recent investigations with a small waelz kiln give analogous results. With our procedure, the manufacturer by himself is able to exploit flue dusts containing a large amount of heavy metal elements and chloride which cannot be deposited. The remaining product contains mainly zinc oxide which can be recycled in the zinc industry or returned to the production process. The sublimed chloride compounds may be recycled in the potash industry.