测定断后伸长率的新方法——解析法

GB/T 228-2002规定了用直接法和移位法测定断后伸长率,直接法测得的断后伸长率随断口所在的位置而变化,不具备唯一性;移位法弥补了直接法的不足,但是比较麻烦。笔者提出了一种测定断后伸长率的新方法——解析法。该方法利用断口两侧伸长变形的对称性,在试样断裂后较长的一半中,已经包含了试样伸长的全部信息的特征,虚拟一个拉伸试样;这个虚拟试样断口两侧的伸长变形是对称的,继而利用GB/T 17600-1998中的断后伸长率换算公式计算得到所要求的断后伸长率。解析法得到的断后伸长率测定结果优于直接法和移位法,特别适用于对材料断后伸长率研究的工作。     

利用改进的引伸计自动测量铍材的断后伸长率

根据GB/T 228.1-2010的技术要求,金属材料断后伸长率的测量方法通常包括人工测量和利用引伸计自动测量两种方法。由于铍材拉伸试验时试验机无法夹持直接购买的标距为25mm的引伸计,为了满足标准对引伸计使用的技术要求,重新设计了引伸计的刀口,并将自动测量结果与人工测量结果进行了比较。结果表明:采用改进后的引伸计可以准确、快速地自动测量铍材试样的断后伸长率。     

多层316L不锈钢板真空扩散连接研究

实现了150层316L不锈钢板的真空扩散连接,通过拉伸测试和金相观察,得到了接头力学性能和界面组织特征.结果表明,高温退火后母材的屈服强度和拉伸强度明显下降,断后伸长率显著提高.相较于高温退火后母材的力学性能,垂直试样的屈服强度高,但拉伸强度和断后伸长率低;平行试样屈服强度高,拉伸强度与母材相当,断后伸长率低.室温和高...     

拉伸速度和制样方式对聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯拉伸性能的影响

研究了拉伸速度及制样方式对聚苯乙烯(PP)和聚丙烯(PS)材料的拉伸强度和断后伸长率的影响。结果表明:随着拉伸速度的增大,两种材料的拉伸强度均有所增加,而断后伸长率却呈现出不同的变化;PS注塑成型试样的拉伸强度和断后伸长率都明显高于压制成型试样,PP注塑成型试样的断后伸长率比压制成型试样的增加了69%,而拉伸强度几乎没有改变。     

拉伸试验机自动测量断后伸长率面临的难题及解决办法

拉伸试验机、引伸计、试样测量台和机械手等技术的进步,使很多自动或半自动的拉伸试验机投入了使用,这些拉伸机测量抗拉强度、屈服强度等应力指标可以达到很高的精度,但是,自动测量断后伸长率却可能得出错误的结果。认识、验证和解决该问题是制造和使用拉伸机的有关人员面临的一个难题。介绍了笔者和某试验机制造公司共同进行的验证直接测量和不同修正方法得到的结果,并提出了用最大力总伸长率代替断后伸长率作为塑性指标。     

不锈钢拉伸试验条件与断后伸长率测量值的关系

采用单向拉伸试验研究了不同拉伸速度、不同试样规格对不锈钢冷轧薄板断后伸长率测量值的影响。结果表明:不锈钢的断后伸长率测量值随拉伸速度的提高而下降、随试样横截面的增大而提高。说明拉伸试验条件对不锈钢薄板的断后伸长率测量值影响较大,只有在拉伸试验条件一致的情况下,断后伸长率测量值才能作为选材的依据之一。     

不锈钢棒1Cr17Ni3A断后伸长率的换算及验证

材料经过拉伸试验,其断后伸长率随着试样原始标距的不同以及在不同状态下存在很大差异,对伸长率换算中经常使用的包氏(Bauschinger)公式及奥氏(Oliver)公式进行简要介绍。通过对不同直径,不同标距的1Cr17Ni3A不锈钢棒圆形横截面拉伸试样进行室温拉伸试验,测出其断后伸长率,经过数据拟合后得到其Oliver表达式,并验证该表达式的合理性。     

铍中Be2C及硅基夹杂对铍材伸长率的影响

铍材伸长率是目前限制铍材使用的关键因素.对高伸长率和低伸长率铍材的拉伸断口进行对比分析,发现在铍材的断裂源处往往含有非金属夹杂,夹杂造成的微裂纹是铍材解理断裂的裂纹核心.通常情况下,这些夹杂是以硅为基的杂质,一般不会造成铍材伸长率的明显降低.而当杂质中存在碳元素时,形成脆、硬稳定的Be2C,因Be2C难以变形,其断裂强度较铍材更低,因此在Be2C处容易位错集束而加重应力集中,并沿Be2C内部生成主裂纹,该主裂纹与原有的微裂纹合并后,裂纹长度加长,导致铍材解理速度加快,伸长率显著降低.     

铍中Be2C及硅基夹杂对铍材伸长率的影响

铍材伸长率是目前限制铍材使用的关键因素.对高伸长率和低伸长率铍材的拉伸断口进行对比分析,发现在铍材的断裂源处往往含有非金属夹杂,夹杂造成的微裂纹是铍材解理断裂的裂纹核心.通常情况下,这些夹杂是以硅为基的杂质,一般不会造成铍材伸长率的明显降低.而当杂质中存在碳元素时,形成脆、硬稳定的Be2C,因Be2C难以变形,其断裂强度较铍材更低,因此在Be2C处容易位错集束而加重应力集中,并沿Be2C内部生成主裂纹,该主裂纹与原有的微裂纹合并后,裂纹长度加长,导致铍材解理速度加快,伸长率显著降低.     

焊接接头几种取样方式拉伸试验结果对比分析

以304不锈钢对焊试板为研究对象,分别沿母材、全焊缝以及垂直焊缝方向进行取样,探讨了采用接头横向拉伸试验获得焊缝屈服强度的合理性,同时对比了几种取样方式所获得的抗拉强度和断后伸长率的差别。结果表明:接头横向拉伸试验获得的屈服强度介于母材试样的与全焊缝试样的之间,且使用不同标距长度的引伸计及不使用引伸计所获得的屈服强度也存在较大的差异,屈服强度的测试结果受所选引伸计的影响极为显著;接头横向拉伸试验获得的抗拉强度也介于母材试样的与全焊缝试样的之间;而接头横向拉伸试验所获得的断后伸长率则远远低于母材试样的及全焊缝试样的。     

Simple modifications for stabilization of the finite point method

A stabilized version of the finite point method (FPM) is presented. A source of instability due to the evaluation of the base function using a least square procedure is discussed. A suitable mapping is proposed and employed to eliminate the ill‐conditioning effect due to directional arrangement of the points. A step by step algorithm is given for finding the local rotated axes and the dimensions of the cloud using local average spacing and inertia moments of the points distribution. It is shown that the conventional version of FPM may lead to wrong results when the proposed mapping algorithm is not used. It is shown that another source for instability and non‐monotonic convergence rate in collocation methods lies in the treatment of Neumann boundary conditions. Unlike the conventional FPM, in this work the Neumann boundary conditions and the equilibrium equations appear simultaneously in a weight equation similar to that of weighted residual methods. The stabilization procedure may be considered as an interpretation of the finite calculus (FIC) method. The main difference between the two stabilization procedures lies in choosing the characteristic length in FIC and the weight of the boundary residual in the proposed method. The new approach also provides a unique definition for the sign of the stabilization terms. The reasons for using stabilization terms only at the boundaries is discussed and the two methods are compared. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance and convergence of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of domain integral evaluation techniques for boundary element methods

In many cases, boundary integral equations contain a domain integral. This can be evaluated by discretization of the domain into domain elements. Historically, this was seen as going against the spirit of boundary element methods, and several methods were developed to avoid this discretization, notably dual and multiple reciprocity methods and particular solution methods. These involved the representation of the interior function with a set of basis functions, generally of the radial type. In this study, meshless methods (dual reciprocity and particular solution) are compared to the direct domain integration methods. The domain integrals are evaluated using traditional methods and also with multipole acceleration. It is found that the direct integration always results in better accuracy, as well as smaller computation times. In addition, the multipole method further improves on the computation times, in particular where multiple evaluations of the integral are required, as when iterative solvers are used. The additional error produced by the multipole acceleration is negligible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于磁性法的钢中残余奥氏体含量测定方法与装置

阐述了磁性法测定钢中残余奥氏体含量的原理和方法,并研制了一种基于磁性法的钢中残余奥氏体含量测定装置。该测定装置可以实现换向法、甩脱法和动态法等3种残余奥氏体含量测定方法,其中换向法和甩脱法以不同方式静态测定残余奥氏体含量,动态法能够在试件拉伸过程中连续、快速地动态测定残余奥氏体含量与应变的对应关系。该测定装置以LabVIEW为平台,构成了虚拟仪器系统,对数据进行采集、分析和处理,实现了可视化操作、自动测量、曲线显示和数据保存等功能。使用该装置采用3种方法分别对M50NiL轴承钢中的残余奥氏体含量进行了测定,试验结果表明该测定装置能够精确地测定钢中的残余奥氏体含量。     

聚合物熔体界面张力测定方法的研究进展

在聚合物共混体系中,界面张力对聚合物相容性有着重要影响,决定着相与相之间的粘接性,成为控制其最终相态结构的一个重要因素,是研究多相聚合物相态结构的基础。文中综述了聚合物熔体界面张力的测定方法,这些测定方法主要有热力学方法、流变学方法以及动力学方法三大类;介绍了每种方法的基本原理,并对其优缺点及适用范围进行了简单说明。其中,动力学方法是使用最多、相对准确的,对该方法进行了重点介绍,并且讨论了动力学方法中熔体粘弹性对界面张力测定的影响。     

Combined hybrid approach to finite element schemes of high performance

Based on a combination of Hellinger–Reissner principle with its dual, a mixed/hybrid method of non‐saddle point type has been presented in the previous papers. In the paper, an application of the method to two‐dimensional elasticity problems is considered in a manner of combination of mathematical analysis with numerical investigation. How to construct a combined hybrid scheme of high performance is discussed, and several four‐node quadrilateral CH‐elements are systematically verified. In brief, this paper shows that for the hybrid element scheme, the energy compatibility condition, introduced in Zhou (Combined hybrid finite element method without requirement for Babuska‐Brezzi condition, to appear) is the ultimate key to the achievement of high performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高分子田菁胶化学结构式修饰方法综述

田菁胶是从田菁种子胚乳中提取的一种天然多糖类高分子有机物。天然的化学结构反映出的理化性质限制了其应用和推广。化学结构式的修饰改进是扩大其应用的有效手段。修饰改进后的田菁胶无毒、无污染,在石油开采、煤开采、纺织、印刷、造纸和食品等领域得到了广泛应用。文中对羧甲基法、羟乙基法、羟丙基法、交联法、羟烷基-羧甲基法、羧甲基-羟烷基法、阳离子法、酶解法、氧化法和两性法等田菁胶化学结构式的主要修饰改进方法进行了详述。总结了修饰改进技术注意事项,并对前景进行了展望。     

Recent developments of free mesh method

This paper presents the recent advances on Free Mesh Method by the authors. In this method, elements are locally created at each node in an autonomous manner, so that only nodal information is necessary without global meshing. The method has been tested with various applications such as heat conduction, fluid and fracture analyses, and reliable solutions were obtained with good parallel efficiency. Modifications of Free Mesh Method have been further proposed, and the accuracy of solution has been improved.The overall review of the recent advances has demonstrated the effectiveness of Free Mesh Method. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纳米氧化锌材料的制备方法及结构表征

文章介绍了纳米ZnO材料的常用制备方法，如应用较多的气-固-液法、气相法、水热法和有着较好应用前景的电化学法，以及各类纳米ZnO材料的结构表征，并展望了纳米ZnO材料的发展前景。     

YAG透明陶瓷纳米粉末的制备方法及其应用分析

钇铝石榴石(YAG)具有良好的力学性能和优异的光学特性,适宜用作激光基质材料或其他特种光学组件。而要制备透明、输出功率大的块体YAG,纯度高、粒度细而均匀的前驱体粉末是必要的。总结和综述了近年来YAG前驱体粉末的多种制备技术,如传统固相法和高能球磨法以及液相法中的溶胶-凝胶法、燃烧法、水热法和共沉淀法等,分析了这些方法的优缺点,指出了燃烧法相对较为简单,制备成本较低,可获得质量较高的前驱体粉末,是一种较有前景的制备方式。