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压水堆核电站一回路主管道材料最初为低合金管,经过不断发展,到如今二代核电站使用的双相不锈钢以及第三代核电站使用的316LN奥氏体不锈钢。这两个钢种都具有优异的力学性能、耐腐蚀性能以及抗辐照性能。但是长期在280~320℃下服役,双相不锈钢中的铁素体相会发生调幅分解,生成富Cr的α′相、富Fe的α相以及富Ni和Si的析出相G相;316LN在长期服役后在晶界附近位错塞积与杂质原子偏聚,并导致材料的晶间腐蚀敏感性增加。本文综述了目前两种材料的热老化性能研究现状,为二代核电站的延寿以及第三代核电站一回路主管道热老化研究方向提供参考。 相似文献
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阐述了影响燃料包壳表面污垢沉积行为的主要因素,通过设计并开展针对国产锆合金燃料包壳的污垢沉积试验,成功制备出含多孔基体和烟囱结构主要元素组成的燃料包壳氧化物污垢,污垢的主要成分为NiFe2O4、Fe2O3和NiO,并在污垢内部检测到LiBO2的析出,实现了对PWR堆芯燃料包壳污垢沉积的实验室模拟。 相似文献
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在模拟压水堆一回路水条件下,用静态高压釜对304L不锈钢进行了1680 h腐蚀实验,对氧化膜进行了宏观和微观分析,对均匀腐蚀和均匀腐蚀速率进行了定量评估。结果表明:304L不锈钢在很短的时间内(336 h)就形成了氧化物层。氧化物分为两层,最靠近基体的氧化物颗粒直径为50~100 nm,在细小致密的氧化物颗粒表面均匀分布着0.5~1.6 μm的多边形大颗粒。经过1680 h高温高压腐蚀实验,最靠近基体的氧化物颗粒直径增大为80~250 nm,致密细小氧化物颗粒表面分布的多边形颗粒直径增大为0.8~2.5 μm。致密细小氧化物膜具有很强的耐蚀性,腐蚀增重速率先是大幅降低,然后逐渐平缓。经过1680 h后,其均匀腐蚀速率降为2.85×10-3 mg/(dm2h)。 相似文献
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利用原位表面增强型拉曼光谱 (SERS) 研究了Inconel 600合金和Inconel 690合金在高温高压水环境中生成的氧化膜特征。结果表明,Inconel 600合金氧化膜的内层为薄且连续的Cr2O3,外层为非连续分布的FeCr2O4/NiFe2O4晶粒。Inconel 690合金腐蚀氧化膜由单一连续的Cr2O3构成。从两个方面分析了本文SERS结果与他人研究成果之间的差异。一是合金在腐蚀的早期阶段形成Cr2O3内层,随着时间增加,转变成热力学稳定的富铬尖晶石;二是由不锈钢材料制成的高压釜和回路管道,溶液中含有大量的Fe2+和Ni2+,导致氧化膜中尖晶石相的生成。提出了合金氧化膜与腐蚀时间以及高压釜 (含管道回路) 材质都存在一定的关联性。 相似文献
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通过模拟压水堆一回路水环境,对304奥氏体不锈钢在320℃含Zn分别为60和120μg/kg两种高温溶液中进行了600 h的腐蚀实验,对腐蚀后的试样表面进行了X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)分析。结果表明,试样在含锌溶液中形成了主要化学成分为Zn(Cr,Fe)2O4的致密氧化膜;提高溶液中Zn的浓度,试样的腐蚀速率降低,氧化膜中Fe含量增多。 相似文献
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利用扫描电镜 (SEM)、X射线光电子谱技术 (XPS)、和X射线衍射 (XRD) 技术,分析了国产锻造态316LNSS在加氢高温高压水中浸泡480 h后表面氧化膜的形貌和化学成分。结果表明,氧化膜最外层主要分布两种不同尺寸的氧化物颗粒,大尺寸氧化物 (~1 mm) 分布较为稀疏,而小尺寸氧化物 (200~300 nm) 分布非常紧密;锻造态316LNSS表面形成外层富Fe、内层富Cr的双层结构氧化膜,外层氧化膜主要由Fe3O4和少量氢氧化物 (Ni(OH)2 和CrOOH等) 组成,内层氧化膜主要由富Cr尖晶石结构氧化物组成。同时讨论了316LNSS在模拟压水堆一回路水中的氧化机制。 相似文献
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设计了一种管状疲劳试样,高温高压水流经试样内部,试样外部与空气接触。利用管状试样研究了316LN不锈钢高温高压水腐蚀疲劳性能,重点关注了应变速率对其疲劳性能的影响。实验结果表明,高温高压水环境降低了316LN不锈钢的疲劳强度,且疲劳寿命随应变速率降低而降低;管状试样与标准棒状试样获得的疲劳寿命相差不大,表明利用管状试样研究核电结构材料高温高压水环境疲劳性能是合理可行的。在低应变速率条件下,疲劳裂纹源区域为典型的扇形花样,呈现准解理开裂特征。疲劳裂纹扩展区为典型的疲劳辉纹特征。疲劳裂纹萌生阶段高温高压水环境效应更加显著。同时讨论了316LN不锈钢在高温高压水环境中的疲劳损伤机理。 相似文献
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通过腐蚀失重试验,获得了316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀失重曲线及均匀腐蚀速率;采用XPS、XRD、SEM等手段对腐蚀产物的组成元素、物相、形貌进行了分析。结果表明:316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的平均腐蚀速率为0.05mm/a,远小于304NG不锈钢和321不锈钢的;腐蚀产物膜主要以耐蚀性强的磁铁矿Fe_3O_4、尖晶石类氧化物FeCr_2O_4和NiFe_2O_4、镍和铬氧化物及氢氧化物等形式存在,且(铬+镍)与铁的原子比高于基体的,说明316NG不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。 相似文献
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目的研究316L不锈钢生物医用材料植入体内初期的表面行为。方法在模拟体液中,采用浸泡实验,表征了316L不锈钢浸泡不同时间的表面形貌、润湿性及耐腐蚀性。结果白光干涉测试结果表明,样品表面粗糙度随浸泡时间的延长而变大。浸泡1 d后,在样品表面出现大量无规则的腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑内出现金属的溶蚀。润湿性测试结果显示,随浸泡时间的延长,316L不锈钢的接触角减小,亲水性增强,表面能增加。电化学测试表明,浸泡1周后,316L不锈钢的自腐蚀电流为浸泡前的3倍多,腐蚀速度增大,耐腐蚀性变差。结论在模拟体液中,316L不锈钢表面存在局部腐蚀,材料的表面形貌、成分、润湿性及耐腐蚀性均发生改变。 相似文献
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M.G. Pujar N. Parvathavarthini Sidhartha S. Jena B.V.R. Tata R.K. Dayal H.S. Khatak 《Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance》2008,17(6):793-801
In the present work 316LN as well as 316 stainless steel (SS) coupons each of dimensions (0.025 × 0.018 × 0.006 m3) in well-polished condition were used as two nominal electrodes which were immersed in the aerated solution of 0.5 M NaCl.
Correlated current and potential electrochemical noise (EN) signals were collected at 1 Hz sampling frequency for 1 h daily
over a period of 30 days. The detrended EN data were used to calculate the noise resistance (R
N) as well as the spectral noise resistance at zero frequency (R
SNo) values and other statistical parameters. To study the nature of pits and distribution of their diameters as well as depths,
extensive observations of the pitted and the blank specimens were carried out using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).
The current and the potential records of the two alloys showed distinct differences in their corrosion behavior. It was observed
that within less than 4 h of immersion, 316SS showed signals indicative of unstable pitting and onset of stable pitting was
noticed after 48 h of exposure. However, until about 24 h, 316LN showed just the random signals and unstable pitting was observed
after 28 h. The signals clearly indicated continuous growth of the stable pits in 316SS as against the repassivation of the
unstable pits in 316LN after 7 days exposure. It was observed that R
N values showed a continuous decrease in the case of 316SS, but were quite stable in the case of 316LN over the exposure period.
Concurrent to these observations it was observed that 316SS specimen was extensively pitted. The frequency distributions of
pit diameters as well pit depths were observed to be highest at 10-20 μm and 5-10 μm, respectively. However, pits with as
large as 70-80 μm diameter and as deep as 20-25 μm too were observed. No pits were observed in case of 316LN even after 30 days
of exposure, an observation that corroborates well with the stable R
N values. Thus, in the present investigation, the long-term tests using EN technique coupled with CLSM studies conclusively
prove that many unstable pits initiated in 316SS turn into stable ones resulting in insidious localized corrosion attack whereas
the unstable pits initiated in 316LN get passivated in the simulated coastal environment. 相似文献
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采用电化学测试法、点腐蚀试验法、盐雾腐蚀试验法和慢应变速率测试法,分别对比研究了核级316NG控氮奥氏体不锈钢和321奥氏体不锈钢的局部腐蚀行为,并利用扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜等分别观察腐蚀后不锈钢的表面形貌。结果表明:316NG和321不锈钢晶间腐蚀再活化率分别为3.83%和4.47%,点腐蚀速率分别为10.74g/(m2·h)和45.97g/(m2·h),盐雾腐蚀速率分别为2.14×10-2 g/(m2·h)和12.32×10-2 g/(m2·h),应力腐蚀开裂敏感指数分别为0.078和0.10;316NG不锈钢中N和Mo元素提高了其耐局部腐蚀性能,因此其耐局部腐蚀性能均优于核电站结构材料321不锈钢的。 相似文献
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Yo Seob Lee Dae Whan Kim Dok Yol Lee Woo Seog Ryu 《Metals and Materials International》2001,7(2):107-114
The effect of grain size on creep properties of type 316LN stainless steel has been investigated at 600°C under different
stresses. The initial strain at the beginning of creep tests decreased with the decrease of grain size. This was confirmed
by the Hall-Petch relationship. The steady state creep rate decreased to a minimum value at the intermediate grain size (dm=80–130 μm) and then increased with the further increase of grain size. This result agreed with Garofalo's model stating that
grain boundaries act simultaneously as both dislocation sources and barriers to dislocation movement. The rupture elongation
at the intermediate grain size was minimal due to the cavity formed easily by carbide precipitates in the grain boundaries. 相似文献