纺织品及服装的工业水足迹核算与评价

为在纺织工业中引入水足迹理论,加强纺织品及服装生产中的水资源管理,阐述了纺织品、服装的工业水足迹的概念,重点分析讨论了纺织品与服装工业水足迹核算和评价中的核算边界、核算方法、数据拆分原则和结果评价基准等关键问题。结合纺织品及服装生产加工工艺、耗水和产污排污特点认为：纺织品及服装工业水足迹的核算需明确时间边界和空间边界,并重点关注直接工业水足迹的核算;废水回用可有效减小工业蓝水足迹,初始工业灰水足迹能直观反映工业废水的水环境负荷;基于产量和产值的整体数据合理拆分可提高核算结果的准确度;工业水足迹的内部评价对减少单类产品的水耗和产污量更有指导意义。     

Application of novel technologies to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in the fresh pasteurised milk supply chain: A review

This review assesses the potential of three novel technologies (3-nitrooxypropanol, ultraviolet C light cold pasteurisation and biochar) to reduce the carbon footprint produced by the fresh milk supply chain at global level. In addition to the adoption of these technologies: (i) new policies should enhance the development and implementation of international standards to optimise the quality and safety of such technologies whilst facilitating their traceability; (ii) dairy firms and technology start-ups should benefit from worldwide emissions trading systems to limit technology implementation costs; and (iii) consumers could participate in the net-zero challenge by adopting easy-to-apply sustainable practices, thus reducing their milk carbon footprint.     

棉针织布的工业碳足迹和水足迹实例分析初探

结合我国纺织服装行业的发展现状,提出了工业碳足迹和工业水足迹概念,探讨了其在纺织产品上应用的可行性,并对七种棉针织印染布进行了工业碳足迹和工业水足迹实例分析.结果表明,在从纱线到成品布料加工阶段,染色阶段的工业碳足迹和工业水足迹最大;染色、洗水、漂白、热定形和定坯等工序的工业碳足迹之和占工业碳足迹的80％以上,染色、漂白和洗水等工序的工业水足迹之和占工业水足迹的85％以上.     

Water use at pulverized coal power plants with postcombustion carbon capture and storage

Coal-fired power plants account for nearly 50% of U.S. electricity supply and about a third of U.S. emissions of CO(2), the major greenhouse gas (GHG) associated with global climate change. Thermal power plants also account for 39% of all freshwater withdrawals in the U.S. To reduce GHG emissions from coal-fired plants, postcombustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems are receiving considerable attention. Current commercial amine-based capture systems require water for cooling and other operations that add to power plant water requirements. This paper characterizes and quantifies water use at coal-burning power plants with and without CCS and investigates key parameters that influence water consumption. Analytical models are presented to quantify water use for major unit operations. Case study results show that, for power plants with conventional wet cooling towers, approximately 80% of total plant water withdrawals and 86% of plant water consumption is for cooling. The addition of an amine-based CCS system would approximately double the consumptive water use of the plant. Replacing wet towers with air-cooled condensers for dry cooling would reduce plant water use by about 80% (without CCS) to about 40% (with CCS). However, the cooling system capital cost would approximately triple, although costs are highly dependent on site-specific characteristics. The potential for water use reductions with CCS is explored via sensitivity analyses of plant efficiency and other key design parameters that affect water resource management for the electric power industry.     

Sustainability of meat production beyond carbon footprint: a synthesis of case studies from grazing systems in Uruguay

Livestock production has been challenged as a large contributor to climate change, and carbon footprint has become a widely used measure of cattle environmental impact. This analysis of fifteen beef grazing systems in Uruguay quantifies the range of variation of carbon footprint, and the trade-offs with other relevant environmental variables, using a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Using carbon footprint as the primary environmental indicator has several limitations: different metrics (GWP vs. GTP) may lead to different conclusions, carbon sequestration from soils may drastically affect the results, and systems with lower carbon footprint may have higher energy use, soil erosion, nutrient imbalance, pesticide ecotoxicity, and impact on biodiversity. A multidimensional assessment of sustainability of meat production is therefore needed to inform decision makers. There is great potential to improve grazing livestock systems productivity while reducing carbon footprint and other environmental impacts, and conserving biodiversity.     

碳足迹评价及其在造纸行业的应用

介绍了碳足迹的概念及其起源,并对碳足迹评价体系作了系统介绍,最后对碳足迹评价在造纸行业的应用进行了探讨.     

Freeze-dried snacks obtained from frozen vegetable by-products and apple pomace – Selected properties,energy consumption and carbon footprint

Valorisation of food waste is one of the goals that food industry needs to achieve in terms of sustainable development. The aim of the research has been to analyse selected properties of freeze-dried vegetable snacks obtained from wholesome waste derived from the fruit and vegetable industry, such as frozen vegetable by-products and apple pomace as well as to estimate carbon footprint as the technological process output on the basis of the energy used for the purpose of producing snacks. Properties of snacks, such as water content and activity, shrinkage, density, porosity and hardness, were determined using common methodology. The water content of the finished products was very low (<1.5%) and determined the water activity below 0.02. Technological operations, such as grinding, caused destruction of the cell structure of the ingredients, which subsequently made the product structure inhomogeneous and more dense than most of the freeze-dried plant tissues. The snacks were porous and featured by hardness of 79.43–113.26 N. The colour depended on their composition, and freeze-drying caused the products to brighten significantly. The estimated carbon footprint (CF) depended on the technological process. Freeze-drying had the most significant impact upon the CF, accounting for 86–87%. The use of apple pomace powder as a structure- and texture-forming additive constitutes the subject matter representing great prospects for further research.     

Invited review: Sustainable forage and grain crop production for the US dairy industry

A resilient US dairy industry will be underpinned by forage and crop production systems that are economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable. Land use for production of perennial and annual forages and grains for dairy cattle must evolve in response to multiple food security and environmental sustainability issues. These include increasing global populations; higher incomes and demand for dairy and other animal products; climate change with associated temperature and moisture changes; necessary reductions in carbon and water footprints; maintenance of soil quality and soil nutrient concerns; and competition for land. Likewise, maintaining producer profitability and utilizing practices accepted by consumers and society generally must also be considered. Predicted changes in climate and water availability will likely challenge current feed and dairy production systems and their national spatial distribution, particularly the western migration of dairy production in the late 20th century. To maintain and stabilize profitability while reducing carbon footprint, particularly reductions in methane emission and enhancements in soil carbon sequestration, dairy production will need to capitalize on genetic and management innovations that enhance forage and grain production and nutritive value. Improved regional and on-farm integration of feed production and manure utilization is needed to reduce environmental nitrogen and phosphorus losses and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Resilient and flexible feed production strategies are needed to address each of these challenges and opportunities to ensure profitable feeding of dairy cattle and a sustainable dairy industry.     

纺织产品碳足迹研究进展

碳足迹作为核算和评价产品的生产活动造成的温室气体负荷量的一种重要方法,受到广泛的研究和示范。回顾了碳足迹的概念,综述了当前纺织产品碳足迹的研究进展,对纺织产品碳足迹核算和评价中的核算边界、各类投入的碳排放系数、公共投入的拆分原则、核算结果比较评价的质量基准等关键问题进行了思考和探讨。结合中国纺织工业在纺织产品工业化规模生产方面的特点和优势,提出了重点开展纺织产品在工业生产阶段的碳足迹研究和示范的建议,为进一步开展纺织产品碳足迹研究提供参考。     

欧盟纺织产业链上的绿色循环及废旧纺织品处理关键问题

"碳中和"愿景下纺织行业的碳排放与绿色可持续发展间的矛盾日益凸显,纺织行业降污减碳不能只关注末端废旧纺织品处理,应该从产业链上降低对环境的消极影响.欧盟在实现纺织产业低碳循环发展和应对废旧纺织品上采取了一系列实践措施,从欧盟纺织产业现状和挑战、纺织产业链上的绿色低碳措施、废旧纺织品的处理及关键问题3个方面介绍了欧盟纺织...     

Research on carbon footprint clothing sales北大核心

Carbon emissions of the clothing sales should not be ignored in the process of the garment life cycle carbon emissions. This paper describes in detail how the clothing goes from the factory to consumers, and discusses the source of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from the two aspects of the traditional marketing and network marketing. And then, this paper mainly discusses the clothing sales carbon footprint, and to calculate the carbon footprint by drawing the clothing from the factory to the flow chart, determining boundary, collecting data and other steps, and then evaluates of the impact according to the results of the analysis. Quantitative evaluation of carbon footprint of clothing sales can help us reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributes to the sustainable development of clothing industry.     

Plant biotechnology--genetic engineering to enhance plant salt tolerance

Plants not only provide food to humans and animals, but also provide a large number of non-food products of industrial and chemical importance. Moreover, they have the ability to purify the air, soil and water on the earth. Various trials to genetically improve the potential of plants are actively in progress. Salt-tolerance would be an especially important ability to bestow upon plants for agricultural and industrial purposes, because high salinity conditions are ubiquitous on earth and represent major barriers to growth. Enhancement of resistance against both hyper-osmotic stress and Na+ toxity is necessary for successful molecular breeding of salt tolerant plants. Introduction of genes for osmolyte bio-synthesis is useful to increase hyperosmotic tolerance of plant cells. It is introduced in this review that genetically engineered ectoine synthesis results in increased hyperosmotic tolerance of tobacco cells. High concentrations of Na+ reduce cellular activity by interfering with vital Na+-sensitive enzymes and by affecting K+ transport. Understanding the regulation of K+ and Na+ homeostasis is thus indispensable for enhancement of plant Na+ tolerance. My research group is investigating the Na+ efflux activity of the yeast Na+-ATPase (Ena1) when installed in the plasma membrane of plant cells, and the rice K+-Na+ co-transporters (HKT) that contribute to the regulation of K+ and Na+ uptake in root cells.     

碳足迹与纺织工业

碳足迹研究是低碳经济背景下的热点话题。文章介绍了国内外关于控制及减少碳排放的方法,并探讨了在纺织工业实施碳足迹评价的可能性及可能遇到的困难。     

VARIABILITY IN PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DRIED WHEYS FROM COMMERCIAL SOURCES

Variability in physicochemical characteristics of dried wheys was determined for samples collected from six commercial sources. Eight dried whey samples were collected from each plant over a six month period. The pH in water, percent ash, alkalinity of ash, solubility in water and in acid, and Browning Indexes with and without pronase digestion were determined for each dried whey. Whey proteins were evaluated by gel electrophoresis. Variability of pH in water and of percent ash were low for dried wheys from individual plants, however considerable variability existed in the other characteristics, both between plants and between samples from individual plants. Gel electrophoresis may be useful in evaluating the effects of whey processing and drying on whey proteins.     

Environmental impact judgments of meat,vegetarian, and insect burgers: Unifying the negative footprint illusion and quantity insensitivity

Climate-related risks for natural and human systems increase with global warming. Meat production contributes considerably to global greenhouse gas emissions. Changes in consumption patterns can help reduce this impact – e.g., by replacing meat with plant or insect-based alternatives. For this to happen, it is important to understand how such products are perceived in terms of their environmental impact. Two cognitive biases – the negative footprint illusion and quantity insensitivity – have been shown to affect this perception. The present study (N = 501; M_Age = 47.8, SD = 16.8; 48.9% female) tries to replicate both biases in the context of meat, vegetarian, and insect burgers. In an online experiment, participants viewed pictures of a variety of meals and rated their environmental impact on a “carbon footprint scale” (between-subject design). We found that footprint ratings of a prototypic fast food meal consisting of fries, water, and either a vegetarian or an insect burger did not significantly differ from the ratings given to the meal without the burger (“negative footprint illusion”), while the addition of a meat burger increased the rating. Furthermore, we found that participants’ judgments were insensitive to the quantity of the presented burgers, and they reacted only to the type of the burger patty (“quantity insensitivity”). We did not find that “green consumer values” – the tendency to express the value of environmental conservation through one’s purchase and consumption behavior – influenced the estimation. Throughout all conditions, beef burgers consistently received higher footprint ratings than vegetarian and insect burgers. While we could not strictly replicate the original results, we conclude that our findings are still consistent with previous studies and can enrich the understanding of the underlying cognitive processes causing them. Specifically, we propose that both biases can be attributed to the same general-purpose heuristic of intuitive judgment – namely, “attribute substitution”, and the “prototype heuristic” in particular.     

生态足迹与印染

由于生态足迹概念比较具体、形象,其核算方法简便易行,目前对生态足迹的研究主要集中于水足迹及碳足迹的标准制定、模型建立及测算上。生态足迹分析法能改善资源的管理。纺织印染行业不仅是高耗水耗能行业,也是高废水废物排放行业,资源的有效利用率影响纺织印染行业的未来发展。以纺织品为研究对象,介绍了产品生态足迹的计算方法,包括水足迹的连锁求和法和步进式累积法和以PAS 2050：2008、ISO 14040：2006、ISO 14044：2006为参考标准来计算产品碳足迹的5个步骤。阐述了发展纺织印染行业生态足迹的意义。     

Determination of CO2 origin (natural or industrial) in sparkling bottled waters by 13C/12C isotope ratio analysis

This paper describes an isotope control method designed to identify the origin of CO₂ in sparkling bottled waters. The method is based on the analysis of the ¹³C/¹²C ratio in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of carbonated bottled water. Natural carbonated natural water has δ¹³C_PDB (DIC) values between −8‰ and +7‰. Generally, the industrial carbon dioxide injected into mineral bottled water is produced from hydrocarbons by burning or chemical processing. Hydrocarbons, and their derived CO₂, are characterised by a low ¹³C/¹²C ratio. Thus, a single analysis distinguishes the carbon dioxide in the bottled water (i.e. either from a natural source or added exogenous CO₂ of industrial origin). Rarely, CO₂ can be obtained from other industrial sources, mainly as a by-product of fermentation plants. Nevertheless, the carbon isotope fingerprint allows detection of the industrial gas injected in most of these cases.     

Life cycle inventory and carbon and water FoodPrint of fruits and vegetables: application to a Swiss retailer

Food production and consumption is known to have significant environmental impacts. In the present work, the life cycle assessment methodology is used for the environmental assessment of an assortment of 34 fruits and vegetables of a large Swiss retailer, with the aim of providing environmental decision-support to the retailer and establishing life cycle inventories (LCI) also applicable to other case studies. The LCI includes, among others, seedling production, farm machinery use, fuels for the heating of greenhouses, irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, storage and transport to and within Switzerland. The results show that the largest reduction of environmental impacts can be achieved by consuming seasonal fruits and vegetables, followed by reduction of transport by airplane. Sourcing fruits and vegetables locally is only a good strategy to reduce the carbon footprint if no greenhouse heating with fossil fuels is involved. The impact of water consumption depends on the location of agricultural production. For some crops a trade-off between the carbon footprint and the induced water stress is observed. The results were used by the retailer to support the purchasing decisions and improve the supply chain management.     

印刷品碳足迹评价研究发展鍵

碳足迹是评价绿色生产的重要概念.印刷品碳足迹评价在欧洲国家率先开展,相应的印刷品碳足迹评价标准也先后出台.本研究基于碳足迹的概念,提出了印刷品碳足迹的概念.然后,分析了国际碳足迹评价研究的发展,重点介绍国内外印刷品碳足迹计算方法与应用的研究现状.基于此,提出我国印刷行业应该加大对印刷品碳足迹计算相关的研究,建立可靠的数据库,开发有效的印刷品碳足迹计算工具和标准,并制定行之有效的政策和法规.     

Life cycle carbon footprint of shale gas: review of evidence and implications

The recent increase in the production of natural gas from shale deposits has significantly changed energy outlooks in both the US and world. Shale gas may have important climate benefits if it displaces more carbon-intensive oil or coal, but recent attention has discussed the potential for upstream methane emissions to counteract this reduced combustion greenhouse gas emissions. We examine six recent studies to produce a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis of the carbon footprint of both shale and conventional natural gas production. The results show that the most likely upstream carbon footprints of these types of natural gas production are largely similar, with overlapping 95% uncertainty ranges of 11.0-21.0 g CO(2)e/MJ(LHV) for shale gas and 12.4-19.5 g CO(2)e/MJ(LHV) for conventional gas. However, because this upstream footprint represents less than 25% of the total carbon footprint of gas, the efficiency of producing heat, electricity, transportation services, or other function is of equal or greater importance when identifying emission reduction opportunities. Better data are needed to reduce the uncertainty in natural gas's carbon footprint, but understanding system-level climate impacts of shale gas, through shifts in national and global energy markets, may be more important and requires more detailed energy and economic systems assessments.