三种动物慢病毒形态及形态性的比较研究

用电镜检查确定了不同感染时间的马传染性贫血病毒（EIAV）、维斯纳-梅迪病毒（MVV）和山羊关节炎脑炎病毒（CAEV）的形态和形态发生。成熟的病毒粒子为电子致密的球形，有囊膜，直径约100nm，含有1个（有时有2个或2个以上）的核芯。维斯纳-梅迪病毒和山羊关节炎脑炎病毒的核芯为球形，马传染性贫血病毒为杆形或锥形。在大部分病毒里能清晰地看到核芯壳，成熟的病毒从感染细胞的胞浆膜上出芽，在胞浆中还见到了花环状粒子和多板层结构。     

细菌细胞器的研究

细菌的细胞器通常认为比较简单,仅有细胞壁、胞浆膜、鞭毛、纤毛、荚膜、核糖核蛋白颗粒、中膜小体、核区、芽孢等结构,可是我们观察到一些与通常不同的细胞器,现叙述如下: 1.我们在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA100株经甲基丙烯酸甲脂作用后的突变株的胞浆中发现了微管。 2.我们在大肠杆菌N19株的胞浆中看到许多微丝(有的聚集成堆)。其形态和动物细胞和粘菌(PHYSARUMPOLYCEPHALUM)的微丝相似。 3.鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA100株经正定霉素作用后的突变株中看到鞭毛有4个电子致密层,胞浆膜可见4个电子     

甘薯羽状斑驳病毒和甘薯褪绿矮化病毒复合侵染甘薯引起的细胞病理学研究

2011～2012年在浙江杭州连续发现感病甘薯植株具有甘薯病毒病SPVD的典型症状,透射电镜观察发现其叶片包含有长度为600—900nm,直径为12nm的线状病毒粒子。使用特异性引物进行RT—PCR扩增及测序,其病原为甘薯羽状癍驳病毒（Sweet potato feathery mottle virus,SPFMV）和甘薯褪绿矮化病毒（Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus,SPCSV）复合侵染。运用透射电镜研究SPVD引起的细胞病理学变化,观察到叶肉细胞的细胞质中含有马铃薯Y病毒属特征性柱状内含体,其结构分类为Ⅳ型;线状病毒样粒子以束状平行排列成聚集体的方式存在于细胞质中;叶绿体伸出伪足状结构包裹线粒体。在维管束细胞的筛管和伴胞中观察到弯曲线状病毒样粒子形成的聚集体,其粒子排列交错,与叶肉细胞中平行排列的病毒样粒子聚集体不同,符合毛形病毒属特征。另外还在维管束和叶肉细胞结合的部位发现复合侵染的细胞病理学特征。本研究表明危害甘薯生产的SPVD已扩散蔓延到浙江省。     

复合侵染的蚕豆黄花叶病病原诊断

应用透射电镜、ELISA和RT-PCR技术对浙江丽水的蚕豆黄化花叶病株进行了病原诊断,电镜负染色发现病株汁液中存在线状和球状两种病毒粒子,线状粒子长度在600nm～800nm的占73%,球状粒子直径约26nm;超薄切片观察到细胞质中存在Ⅱ型风轮状内含体及大量电子致密无定型体,还有线粒体增生聚集和膜结构的增生,两类细胞病变现象出现在相邻细胞中;用BBWV 2的单克隆抗体对病汁液ELISA检测结果为阳性反应;用Potyvirus通用引物进行RT-PCR检测有1.7kb特异性扩增片段产生.根据以上结果诊断病原为蚕豆萎焉病毒2（BBWV 2）和菜豆黄花叶病毒（BYMV）,二者为复合侵染.     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在正定霉素作用下引起细胞突变的研究

关于AMES试验菌株的细胞突变,从整体细胞来看,一般可概括为两大类:1.正向突变,即由野生株变到突变株;2.逆向突变,即由突变株回变成野生株,可是这种观察仅依赖于肉眼,是不够精确的,为此我们将细菌超薄切片后用电子显微镜作了观察,同时对其生物学特性作了进一步研究。现将获得的结果叙述如下: 1.电子显微镜观察: 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA98株经正定霉素作用后的突变株的胞浆中有螺旋状结构(功能尚不清楚)。野生株和TA98株的胞浆中没有看到。     

三种动物慢病毒形态及形态发生的比较研究

用电镜检查确定了不同感染时间的马传染性贫血病毒 (EIAV)、维斯纳 梅迪病毒 (MVV)和山羊关节炎脑炎病毒 (CAEV)的形态和形态发生。成熟的病毒粒子为电子致密的球形 ,有囊膜 ,直径约 10 0nm ,含有 1个 (有时有 2个或 2个以上 )的核芯。维斯纳 梅迪病毒和山羊关节炎脑炎病毒的核芯为球形 ,马传染性贫血病毒为杆形或锥形。在大部分病毒里能清晰地看到核芯壳 ,成熟的病毒从感染细胞的胞浆膜上出芽 ,在胞浆中还见到了花环状粒子和多板层结构     

猪瘟病毒与辛德毕斯病毒成熟和释放特征的比较研究

电镜下观察了二种有囊膜的正链ＲＮＡ病毒－－猪瘟病毒（ＣＳＦＶ）与辛德毕斯病毒（ＳｂＶ）感染的宿主细胞。在ＳｂＶ ６Ｋ蛋白突变株感染的ＢＨＫ２１细胞中,可清楚地显示病毒从细胞质膜出芽与释放的过程,并在细胞擀中积累了大量的核衣壳。在ＣＳＦＶ感染的ＭＰＫ细胞中首次观察到较多的病毒核衣壳与成熟的病毒粒子,因而有可能对其成熟与释放方式的不同进行比较研究。此外,对病毒诱导的细胞超微病变特征进行了报道     

电镜在病毒感染诊断中的应用

本文系统温习了动物病毒分类与命名以及人类重要致病病毒电镜诊断的形态学指征。自１９６９年以来，我们应用超薄切片，负染和免疫电镜技术对６００余份病毒感染的培养细胞，实验动物组织以及少数临床样品（血清和粪便病毒提取液以及皮肤活检组织等）进行了电镜检查和诊断。检出的病毒有：触染性软疣病毒、鼠痘病毒、疱疹病毒、原病毒、人乳头瘤病毒、马脑炎病毒、乙型脑炎病毒、登戈病毒、流感病毒、鼠副流感病毒、合胞病毒、狂犬病     

狂犬病病毒的透射电镜观察及该病的传播

本文介绍某仓库役牛群中暴发一次狂犬病,流行中取病牛脑组织经实验室检查,并应用电镜对该病病毒的形态学进行了观察。狂犬病病毒在电镜下为子弹状的颗粒,宽约75～80nm,长约180nm,表面有脂蛋白膜包绕,膜上有剌突,膜内为条纹状螺旋对称的核衣壳。由于本材料为非咬伤性狂犬病流行,因而讨论了非咬伤性或非狂犬咬伤性狂犬病传播的途径。由狂犬咬伤引起的狂犬病已为人们所重视,但非咬伤性或非狂犬咬伤性所传播的狂犬病,往往为人们所忽视,以至造成严重后果。     

日本脑炎病毒感染鼠脑神经元的超微结构研究

多种节肢动物传播的人类病毒性脑炎病毒能在鼠脑神经元内复制、增殖、并产生严重的细胞病变。本研究应用透射电镜观察日本脑炎病毒(JEV)感染小白鼠后,发病动物大脑海马回神经元的超微结构病变特征以及病毒在细胞内增殖的形态特点。7—8克小白鼠,脑内接种JEV(京卫研_1A_2株)病毒悬液,发病后经麻醉取大脑海马回部位脑组织,按常规固定、脱水、Epon812包埋、半薄切片经精确定位后制作超薄切片,Phiilps EM-400T电镜观察。     

Poxvirus virions: their surface ultrastructure and interaction with the surface membrane of host cells

Virions of vaccinia and orf viruses were examined by ultrahigh-resolution scanning electron microscopy using a non-coating method. Intracellular mature particles of vaccinia virus appeared to be covered with a net and ultrastructurally their surface consists of many fine ridges and globules, while the surfaces of orf virus mature particles recovered from infected cells consist of spirally running protrusions. The ridge-like structures of vaccinia virus were presumed to correspond to surface tubules shown by negative staining of this virus, while the spiral protrusions of orf virus were presumed to correspond to spiral threads having a criss-cross appearance by the same staining. Using scanning electron microscopy in which the samples were prepared by the conventional method, we observed: (i) many virions, i.e. one or two hundreds, or occasionally more reaching about one thousand particles, of the IHD strain of vaccinia virus, (ii) many or a moderate number of virions, i.e. about one hundred or fewer particles, of the 58 strain of cowpox virus and (iii) rather few virions, i.e. several tens or fewer particles, of the Iwate strain of orf virus on the free surface of each cell infected with these viruses. It must be noted that the number of virions detected considerably differed in respective cells examined. Virus budding was frequently observed at the cell surface of monolayer cells infected with vaccinia virus but it was never detected with cowpox or orf virus, indicating a difference in the mechanism of virus release between vaccinia and the other two viruses. When whole cells infected with vaccinia virus were examined by a combination of high-voltage and scanning electron microscopies, virions on the cell surface and those inside the cells were clearly differentiated. All virions on the cell surface had an envelope, and some of the envelopes had a slack and/or one or more bulges.     

Budding of fowlpox and pigeonpox viruses at the surface of infected cells

Chick embryo fibroblasts and chorioallantoic membranes infected with fowlpox virus (FWPV) or pigeonpox virus (PPV) were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Immature virus particles were observed in finely granular areas, i.e. virus factories, of the cytoplasm. These particles had various forms depending on their stages of development. Many tubular structures were also seen in these regions. Mature virus particles with ellipsoidal or brick-shaped forms enclosing electron-dense cores were detected throughout the cytoplasm. Notably, there was a high frequency of virus budding at the cell surface, but only occasional virus wrapping in the cytoplasm. Another remarkable feature of the infected cells was accumulation of many virions just beneath the plasma membrane, indicating that this phenomenon is closely related to virus budding. Based on the observed frequency of budding, this mechanism seems to be the predominant way for FWPV and PPV to exit the cell.     

Ultrastructure of Felis catus whole fetus (Fcwf-4) cell culture following infection with feline coronavirus

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) consists of two biotypes based on their growth in cell culture and their antigenicity. Infections with FCoV are highly prevalent in the cat population worldwide. In this study, Felis catus whole fetus (Fcwf-4)cell culture was infected with FCoV UPM11C/08. Virus multiplication in cell culture was monitored and examined under the transmission electron microscope. The virus particles revealed the characteristic morphology of feline FCoV represented by envelope viruses surrounded by peplomers. Virus attachment and entry into the cell occurred 15?h post-infection (pi), and the myriad of virus particles were observed both extracellularly and intracellularly after 48?h pi. Thereafter, intracellular virus particles were observed to be present in vacuoles or present freely in the cytoplasm.     

猴艾滋病病毒(SRV—1)形态发生学观察

本文报导了猴艾滋病D型逆转录病毒(SRV—1)接种实验猴前后,有相同形态学特征,描述了培养细胞内外,有五种形态的病毒颗粒;(1)偏心位置核心病毒颗粒;(2)锥形或棒形核心病毒颗粒;(3)等电子密度圆形病毒颗粒;(4)圆环形核心病毒颗粒;(5)带尾形病毒颗粒。同时描述了病毒出芽释放连续过程和细胞内A型颗粒形态。带尾形病毒颗粒,以前未见有报导。     

Nature of the endogenous retrovirus-like particles of the rat liver

Previously virus-like particles (VLP) with properties resembling retroviruses were isolated from the liver of Wistar rats. Molecular hybridization and CRIA test were used for further analysis of the VLP. The CRIA method showed that VLP preparation lacked antigenic determinants of the major internal protein of C-type virus. By the dot hybridization technique no homology was detected between VLP and Mo-MuLV DNA, however VLP RNA was found to be homologous to IAP (interstitial A particles) DNA of mice. VLP proviral DNA was detected in the rat genome by the blot hybridization technique. Thus, it was concluded that VLP resemble IAP. A possible role of rat IAP expression is discussed.     

Interrelation of erythropoiesis and lymphopoiesis in experimental infectious processes and in viral leukemogenesis

Interrelation of erythropoiesis and immune response was studied in mice of various lines infected with mycoplasma species, Shigella flexneri 2a and Rauscher leukemia virus (R-MLV). Intensity of erythropoiesis was estimated by the endocolonization data of sublethally irradiated mice and 59Fe incorporation, while immune reactivity--by generation of splenic antibody-forming cells in response to immunization with sheep erythrocytes. The inverse correlation between the ability of infectious agents to enhance erythropoiesis and to depress immune reactivity was found. Enhanced state of erythropoiesis was observed with concomitant diminished immune response when R-MLV and M. arthritidis or S. flexneri 2a (strain 516) were used. There was a positive correlation between the ability of mycoplasmae and shigellae to activate erythropoiesis and their stimulatory effect on R-MLV reproduction tested by the spleen focus-forming units (SFFU) enumeration technique. Possible role of mononuclear phagocytes in the phenomena mentioned is discussed.     

侵染西瓜的黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒快速检测

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒（ CGMMV）是危害西瓜生产的重要病害,造成西瓜果实腐烂,失去商业价值。应用透射电子显微镜和单抗dot?ELISA技术对采自浙江温岭的西瓜病叶进行快速病原检测,电镜负染色观察到病株汁液中存在大量刚直杆状的病毒粒子,超薄切片观察到细胞质内存在整齐排列的杆状病毒聚集体,与烟草花叶病毒属（ Tobamovirus）的形态特征相符;进一步采用dot?ELISA技术进行血清学检测,显示西瓜病叶与CGMMV特异性抗体呈阳性反应,检测结果表明感染西瓜的杆状病毒为CGMMV。从而为侵染西瓜的CGMMV提供快速检测途径。     

Morphological and antigenic variations of human T cell leukemia virus type I particles in human lymphocytes

HTLV-I particles grown in 4 human lymphocyte cultures were observed by electron microscopy. Particles in all cell lines showed marked size and structural variations that were characteristic of each cell line. Profiles of size-distributions were found to be similar among virus particles of the same origin in different cell lines. Immunogold electron microscopy using monoclonal antibody to HTLV-I-p15, -p19, or -p24 revealed varying reactivities of individual particles. By double-labeling technique using antibody to HTLV-I-p19 or -p24, particles were found to be classifiable into 4 groups: p19+p24+, p19+p24-, p19-p24%, and p19-p24-. Each cell line showed the characteristic profile of distributions of virus particles of each group as observed at different in vitro passage levels. These antibodies reacted with certain structures in the extracellular space and in the cytoplasm. Results of this study demonstrate variations in morphology and antigenicity, as well as the morphogenesis of HTLV-I particles in different host cells.     

IGBT模块焊料老化状态监测方法及热网络模型优化

焊料老化是绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)模块内部传热能力退化和结温估计偏离的主要诱因。利用壳温与焊料老化程度间的对应规律构建了两者的量化关系,提出了焊料老化状态监测方法。采用与功率损耗无关的参数对恶化Cauer热网络(CTN)有效传热面积进行表征,提出了焊料裂纹诱导的结温低估补偿机制;考虑温度相关的异质材料导热系数及比热容参量,抑制了温升引起的材料传热特性退化影响。在此基础上,通过对传统CTN模型的优化,克服了传热路径无法自适应配置问题。仿真结果表明,所提方法可有效减小传热退化对模型计算结果的影响,实现对IGBT模块热行为动态变化的精确模拟,且结温估计结果相较传统CTN模型的更为精确。