AOPAN/RC纳米纤维膜的制备及对金属离子吸附性能

采用静电纺丝技术制备聚丙烯腈/醋酸纤维素(PAN/CA)纳米纤维膜,通过化学改性制备偕胺肟化聚丙烯腈/再生纤维素(AOPAN/RC)纳米纤维膜,研究了纳米纤维膜对单一金属离子(Fe~(3+))和混合金属离子(Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Fe~(3+))的吸附性能。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线能谱仪等测试对纳米纤维膜进行了表征,并通过静态接触角测定纳米纤维膜亲水性能。研究表明,改性后制备的AOPAN/RC纳米纤维膜的亲水性能得到较大改善,同时纳米纤维膜能够高效吸附溶液中的金属离子,纳米纤维膜对单一组分Fe~(3+)的饱和吸附可达411.21mg/g,对于混合金属离子溶液,纳米纤维膜对其吸附能力顺序为Fe~(3+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+),而且纳米纤维膜具备优良的重复使用能力。     

Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) composite membranes for heavy metal removal

The effective removal of toxic heavy metals from environmental samples still remains a major topic of present research. Metal-chelating membranes are very promising materials as adsorbents when compared with conventional beads because they are not compressible, and they eliminate internal diffusion limitations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a novel adsorbent, Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA)/chitosan) composite membranes, for the removal of three toxic heavy metal ions, namely, Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) from aquatic systems. The Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) composite membranes were characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The immobilized amount of the Procion Green H-4G was calculated as 0.018+/-0.003 micromol/cm(2) from the nitrogen and sulphur stoichiometry. The adsorption capacity of Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) composite membranes for selected heavy metal ions from aqueous media containing different amounts of these ions (30-400mg/l) and at different pH values (2.0-6.0) was investigated. The amount of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) adsorbed onto the membranes measured at equilibrium, increased with time during the first 45 min and then remained unchanged toward the equilibrium adsorption. The maximum amounts of heavy metal ions adsorbed were 43.60+/-1.74, 68.81+/-2.75 and 48.22+/-1.92 mg/g for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II), respectively. The heavy metal ion adsorption on the pHEMA/chitosan membranes (carrying no dye) were relatively low, 6.31+/-0.13 mg/g for Cd(II), 18.73+/-0.37 mg/g for Pb(II) and 18.82+/-0.38 mg/g for Hg(II). Competitive adsorption of the metal ions was also studied. When the metal ions competed with each other, the adsorbed amounts were 12.74+/-0.38 mg Cd(II)/g, 28.80+/-0.86 mg Pb(II)/g and 18.41+/-0.54 mg Hg(II)/g. Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) membranes can be regenerated by washing with a solution of nitric acid (0.01 M). The percent desorption achieved was as high as 95%. These novel membranes are suitable for repeated use for more than five adsorption/desorption cycles without any considerable loss in adsorption capacity. Adsorption equilibria were well described by Langmuir equation. It can be concluded that Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) membranes may effectively be used for the removal of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions.     

海藻酸钠/聚乙烯亚胺凝胶球的合成及对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能和机制

海藻酸钠(SA)是一种生物质材料,具有来源广泛、价格低廉的特性,被众多科研人员用于实验室研究,制备成吸附剂去除水溶液中的金属离子。但目前制备的大多数SA基吸附材料是实心水凝胶状,具有比表面积较低、吸附速率慢、吸附容量小的缺点。本研究以SA为基体,向其中添加碳酸钙和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI),以戊二醛为交联剂,经冷冻干燥后制备出多孔的SA/PEI凝胶球,探究其对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性。通过改变实验条件,研究pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附温度、吸附时间等对SA/PEI凝胶球吸附性能的影响;引入吸附动力学和热力学模型对吸附过程进行分析;采用FTIR、Zeta电位、SEM、XPS对SA/PEI凝胶球合成及吸附Cr(Ⅵ)机制进行综合分析。结果表明,SA/PEI凝胶球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率与初始浓度呈负相关;该吸附过程符合拟二级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型,且该吸附反应是自发的吸热过程,在温度为318.15 K、pH值为2时,Langmuir等温吸附拟合所得最大吸附量为262.83 mg/g。SA/PEI凝胶球对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机制主要为静电作用导致的物理吸附。      

添加剂对制备对称状PVDF膜的结构与蛋白吸附性能的影响

以聚偏氟乙烯(PvDF)为膜材料,通过浸没沉淀法制备得到开放性网络状对称结构的PVDF膜.考察不同添加剂对膜结构的影响.结果表明,与溶剂磷酸三乙酯(TEP)相容性良好的添加剂(乙醇,聚乙二醇,乙酸乙酯)所成膜表面结构均匀,孔隙率较大,蛋白吸附量较高;与溶剂相容性较差的添加剂(水,甘油)使得铸膜液组成接近于分相区,成膜过...     

Dual‐Layer Superamphiphobic/Superhydrophobic‐Oleophilic Nanofibrous Membranes with Unidirectional Oil‐Transport Ability and Strengthened Oil–Water Separation Performance

Thin porous membranes with unidirectional oil‐transport capacity offer great opportunities for intelligent manipulation of oil fluids and development of advanced membrane technologies. However, directional oil‐transport membranes and their unique membrane properties have seldom been reported in research literature. Here, it is proven that a dual‐layer nanofibrous membrane comprising a layer of superamphiphobic nanofibers and a layer of superhydrophobic oleophilic nanofibers has an unexpected directional oil‐transport ability, but is highly superhydrophobic to liquid water. This novel fibrous membrane is prepared by a layered electrospinning technique using poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP), PVDP‐HFP containing well‐dispersed FD‐POSS (fluorinated decyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes), and FAS (fluorinated alkyl silane) as materials. The directional oil‐transport is selective only to oil fluids with a surface tension in the range of 23.8–34.0 mN m^–1. By using a mixture of diesel and water, it is further proven that this dual‐layer nanofibrous membrane has a higher diesel–water separation ability than the single‐layer nanofiber membranes. This novel nanofibrous membrane and the incredible oil‐transport ability may lead to the development of intelligent membrane materials and advanced oil–water separation technologies for diverse applications in daily life and industry.     

PAAS高吸水树脂对重金属离子盐溶液的吸液及吸附性能

用聚丙烯酸高吸水树脂(PAAS)研究了单一和混合重金属离子硝酸盐溶液中的吸液和吸附性能.在Pb2 、Ni2 、Cd2 、Zn2 、Mn2 和Cu2 的一、二元溶液中,PAAS的吸液倍率随时间延长而增加,约50min达吸液平衡,一元金属离子溶液中平衡吸液倍率为160～190g/g,而对Cr3 溶液,最大为120g/g;二元金属离子混合溶液中平衡吸液倍率都在150～180g/g之间,有Cr3 存在时平衡吸液倍率最小.对上述单一金属离子的吸附量随时间延长而增加,约180min达吸附平衡,平衡吸附量顺序为:Pb2 ＞Cd2 ＞Ni2 ＞Cu2 ＞Zn2 ＞Mn2 ＞Cr3 .对二元混合金属离子溶液,吸附量随时间增加而增加,30min后逐渐变慢,约70min后达吸附平衡.     

羽毛角蛋白/PVA复合纳米纤维膜的制备及表征

以羽毛角蛋白(FK)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料,水为溶剂,通过静电纺丝技术制备了FK/PVA复合纳米纤维膜.探讨了复合纳米纤维中FK与PVA的相容性,研究了FK的添加对纤维膜微观形貌、结晶度、热稳定性、亲水性等性能的影响.SEM结果表明,在聚合物总质量分数为14％的条件下制备的FK/PVA复合纳米纤维,表面平整光滑,平均直径为250～320 nm,FK含量越大,直径越小.FTIR结果表明,FK与PVA具有良好的相容性,分子间存在氢键作用力.XRD结果表明,FK的加入破坏了PVA分子的规整排列,复合纳米纤维膜的结晶度下降.TG分析与接触角测试结果表明,随着体系中FK配比的增大,复合纳米纤维膜的热稳定性和亲水性均得到提高.     

静电纺羽毛角蛋白/聚乙烯醇/聚氧化乙烯纳米纤维膜的交联改性及表征

采用氧化法从鸡毛中提取角蛋白(FK),将其与聚乙烯醇(PVA)和聚氧化乙烯(PEO)共混,利用静电纺丝技术成功制备出FK/PVA/PEO三元共混膜。为了增强共混膜的综合性能,加入乙二醛对其进行交联改性,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、热重分析(TG)、接触角实验及电子万能试验机对交联前后共混膜的形貌、结构、热稳定性、耐水性以及力学性能进行测试和表征。结果表明:当乙二醛/FK质量比从0%增加至8%时,纤维平均直径由(249.76±38.02)nm增至(399.67±53.44)nm,接触角由(42.1±5.1)°增至(84.9±7.1)°。当乙二醛/FK质量比为6%时,抗拉强度和杨氏模量达到最大,分别为4.57 MPa和6.64 MPa。     

Preparation and properties of biomimetic porous nanofibrous poly(l-lactide) scaffold with chitosan nanofiber network by a dual thermally induced phase separation technique

A biomimetic nanofibrous poly(l-lactide) scaffold decorated by chitosan nanofiber network inside the macropores was fabricated using a dual thermally induced phase separation technique. The first phase separation was used to build a nanofibrous poly(l-lactide) scaffold with interconnected macropores, where chitosan nanofibers about 500 nm in diameter were incorporated via the second phase separation. The content of nanofibrous chitosan was determined to be 5.76 in weight percentage by elemental analysis. The composite scaffold showed the highest protein adsorption of 7225 ± 116 μg/cm³ and the most hydroxyapatite crystal deposition in the mineralization. Compared with non-nanofibrous poly(l-lactide) scaffold, nanofibrous poly(l-lactide) scaffold exhibited a much faster degradation, but it could be restrained by the introduced chitosan nanofibers. The bone mesenchymal stem cell culture results indicated that the cells would rather attach and stretch along the chitosan nanofibers in the composite scaffold that showed the highest viability and the best cytocompatibility may be attributed to the biomimetic nanofibrous network and good cell affinity of chitosan nanofibers.     

Fabrication,characterization and in vitro drug release behavior of electrospun PLGA/chitosan nanofibrous scaffold

In this study both aligned and randomly oriented poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/chitosan nanofibrous scaffold have been prepared by electrospinning. The ratio of PLGA to chitosan was adjusted to get smooth nanofiber surface. Morphological characterization using scanning electron microscopy showed that the aligned nanofiber diameter distribution obtained by electrospinning of polymer blend increased with the increase of chitosan content which was similar to that of randomly oriented nanofibers. The release characteristic of model drug fenbufen (FBF) from the FBF-loaded aligned and randomly oriented PLGA and PLGA/chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds was investigated. The drug release rate increased with the increase of chitosan content because the addition of chitosan enhanced the hydrophilicity of the PLGA/chitosan composite scaffold. Moreover, for the aligned PLGA/chitosan nanofibrous scaffold the release rate was lower than that of randomly oriented PLGA/chitosan nanofibrous scaffold, which indicated that the nanofiber arrangement would influence the release behavior. In addition, crosslinking in glutaraldehyde vapor would decrease the burst release of FBF from FBF-loaded PLGA/chitosan nanofibrous scaffold with a PLGA/chitosan ratio less than 9/1, which would be beneficial for drug release.     

Preparation of aminated-polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membranes for the adsorption of metal ions: comparison with microfibers

Polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (PAN-nFs) were produced using the electrospinning method. Subsequently, the electrospun fibers were modified by diethylenetriamine to produce aminated polyacrylonitrile (APAN) nanofibers. Finally, the adsorbability of copper ions on the surface of the nanofibers was examined in an aqueous solution. Attenuated total internal reflection (ATIR) analysis confirmed the surface amination of the produced PAN-nFs. The grafting yield was calculated by the gravimetric method. The optimum condition was determined to yield the maximum grafting of amine groups to PAN with no losses in sample flexibility. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to measure the copper ion concentration in the solution. Results indicate that the adsorption process in nanofibers is three times faster in comparison with microfibers. Moreover, the pH effect was studied based on the adsorption behavior of copper ions on the APAN nanofibers. In addition, thermodynamic parameters were calculated, revealing that the process was endothermic and demonstrating that randomness increased at the solid-solution interface during the process. The obtained enthalpy value indicates that the chelation of copper ions among the aminated polyacrylonitrile can be regarded as a chemical adsorption process. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm. The saturation adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir model for Cu(II) ions was 116.522 mg/g which is five times more than the reported value for APAN microfibers [S. Deng, R. Bai, J.P. Chen, Aminated polyacrylonitrile fibers for lead and copper removal, Langmuir,19 (2003)5058-5064]. Analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the surface roughness increased upon adsorption of the metal ion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination demonstrated that there were no cracks or sign of degradation on the surface after amination.     

聚醚酰亚胺耐溶剂超滤膜的制备及性能研究EI北大核心CSCD

采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)平板超滤膜,考察了铸膜液中聚合物PEI浓度、添加剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)浓度对膜结构和性能的影响。为提高超滤膜的耐溶剂性能,采用己二胺(HDA)进行化学交联,并研究了不同交联时间下膜性能的差异。结果表明:在不降低膜分离性能的情况下,交联后的膜渗透通量得到了有效提高,在0.1 MPa运行压力下纯水通量由667.1 L/(m^(2)·h)提高到1126.1 L/(m^(2)·h),而对1.0 g/L牛血清白蛋白(BSA)溶液的截留率保持在97%以上。膜溶剂吸附实验发现,在6种不同溶剂中浸泡48 h后,未交联膜在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中已完全溶解,而交联膜仍保持着良好的膜形态,吸附量为0.86 g/g,在乙醇、异丙醇、正己烷、1 mol/L HCl溶液中的吸附量均小于未交联膜,在1 mol/L NaOH溶液中反而增加,说明制备得到的交联膜具有良好的耐溶剂性能和耐强酸性能,耐强碱性能反而变差。     

Multi-functional polyethersulfone nanofibrous membranes with ultra-high adsorption capacity and ultra-fast removal rates for dyes and bacteria

The adsorption technology has been widely applied in water remediation for contamination removal of dyes and bacteria,by virtue of the advantages of adsorption technology including high efficiency,energy conservation and ease of operation.Simultaneous removal of dyes and bacteria has been realized by some reported materials,but to achieve satisfactory adsorption amounts and rates remain an unmet goal for decades.Herein,a poly(methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride-co-methyl methacrylate)copolymer was synthesized,and then blended with polyethersulfone for the fabrication of nanofibrous membranes via electrospinning for the use of fast and massive removal of dyes and bacteria.Owing to the introduction of abundant quaternary ammonium groups,the maximum adsorption amount for methyl orange was up to 909.8 mg g-1.In addition,the modified nanofibrous membranes showed good recy-clability,broad applications in severe environments,selective adsorption ability,and excellent dynamic removal performance.Especially,thanks to the abundant functional groups,the membranes showed fast adsorption ability for bacteria through electrostatic interaction.It should be noted that the clearance ratio for Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli by 6 min of static adsorption could reach 93％or 90％for each.Additionally,dynamic removal ratio via filtration with the nanofibrous membranes could reach 99.7％for Staphylococcus aureus or 98.7％for Escherichia coli in 90 s.Therefore,the proposed approach towards the quaternary ammonium modified polyethersulfone nanofibrous membranes creates a new route for ultra-high adsorption capacity and ultra-fast removal rates for dyes and bacteria in water remediation.     

Self-assembly functionalized membranes with chitosan microsphere/polyacrylic acid layers and its application for metal ion removal

Multilayer composite membranes with high removal capability for metal ion were prepared using electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) technique. Especially, self-assembled multilayer of chitosan microspheres and PAA were formed onto charged surface of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes. It was confirmed that the alternate multilayer of chitosan and PAA were deposited on the base membrane surface. The formation of the ESA layer-by-layer of chitosan/PAA or chitosan microspheres/PAA onto the base membrane surface functionally equipped the membrane with removal capability for Cu²⁺. Especially, membranes with chitosan microspheres/PAA ESA layers on the surface showed relatively higher adsorption capability as compared with membranes with chitosan/PAA ESA layers. Besides, the influence of the pH of metal ion solution on the metal ion adsorption property of ESA modified membrane was investigated. It was proposed that the layer-by-layer self-assembled deposition of chitosan microspheres would be a new approach to functionalize membrane with high adsorption capability for metal ions.     

Electrospun polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers containing cyclodextrin inclusion complex

In this study, we obtained functional electrospun nanofibers containing stable fragrance/flavor molecule facilitated by cyclodextrin inclusion complexation. Menthol was used as a model fragrance/flavor molecule and we have electrospun poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibers containing cyclodextrin-menthol inclusion complexes (CD-menthol-IC). We used two different solvent systems; water and water:ethanol and three types of CDs; alpha-CD, beta-CD and gamma-CD in order to find the optimal performance for the stabilization of menthol at high temperatures. We observed that the solvent system used for electrospinning process and the types of CDs (alpha-CD, beta-CD and gamma-CD) are very important to obtain CD-menthol-IC which ultimately determines the durability and temperature stability of menthol in the PEO nanofibrous web. We found out that it is better to use water rather than the water:ethanol solvent system for the inclusion complexation and additionally beta-CD and gamma-CD are most favorable choices since they are able to form complexation with menthol in the water solvent system. Despite the high volatility nature of menthol, our results demonstrated that the stability and temperature release of menthol was sustained to a very high and a broad temperature range (100 degrees C-250 degrees C) for PEO nanowebs containing CD-menthol-IC whereas the PEO nanofibers without CD and without CD-menthol complex could not preserve menthol even during storage. In brief, the results are very encouraging and open up for a variety of new exciting possibilities for the development of multi-functional electrospun nanofibers containing cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.     

Self-assembly of graphene onto electrospun polyamide 66 nanofibers as transparent conductive thin films

A simple method was developed to assemble graphite oxide (GO) densely onto electrospun (ES) polyamide 66 (PA66) nanofibrous membranes, used as a guide for the deposition of graphene nanosheet (GNS) conductive networks for preparing transparent conductive thin film (TCF). The main advantage of this technique by comparison with previous methods is that graphene does not form a uniform coating, but a percolated conductive network, when guided by PA66 nanofiber templates. A low surface coverage of the transparent substrate by GNS resulted in high transmittance. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilized GO (PVP-GO) was prepared as a modifier for improving the adsorption to the nanofibers. The resulting PVP-GO material could adsorb well on PA66 nanofibers due to stronger hydrogen bonds. Hence, a lower sufficient concentration of PVP-GO (0.050 wt%) solution was required than that for GO solution (0.100 wt%) to fabricate a complete conductive path through a possible enriched adsorption process. For TCF applications, a reduction step is essential because as-deposited GO is non-conductive. In this work, we reduced GO to GNS by a combination of chemical reduction and thermal annealing. The TCF optical transmittance also could be improved after thermal annealing at 350?°C above the PA66 melting point. Light scattering by PA66 nanofibers was found as the main cause of reduced transmittance. A fused film, obtained after electrospinning PA66 solution for 120 s, and immersing in 0.050 wt% PVP-GO solution, exhibits a surface resistance of 8.6 × 103 Ω/square, while maintaining 88% light transmittance.     

粗化液中钯离子对ABS塑料直接电镀的影响

粗化是实现活化液在ABS表面吸附的前提和获得良好结合力的必要条件.采用含痕量钯离子的铬酐-硫酸粗化液对ABS塑料表面进行化学粗化,用AFM、XPS和胶体钯吸附量等对粗化前后塑料的表面性能、价键状态和活性进行了考察.结果表明:钯离子加入到粗化液中对ABS表面的粗糙度影响不显著,粗化后的表面氧含量升高;随着粗化液中钯离子浓度的增加,胶体钯在ABS表面上的吸附量增加;增加粗化液中的Pd含量可使ABS表面在低浓度胶体钯溶液中达到与高浓度钯相同的吸附量,有效地降低了胶体钯的浓度.粗化液中加入钯离子不影响基体与镀层的结合力.     

Stepwise Crosslinking: A Facile Yet Versatile Conceptual Strategy to Nanomorphology‐Persistent Porous Organic Polymers

Both high surface areas and well‐orchestrated nanomorphologies are important for porous organic polymers (POPs). However, the two key characteristics are generally difficult to be satisfied simultaneously, because the common pore‐making procedures usually produce ill‐defined nanomorphologies or give rise to damage of precustomized nanomorphologies. Herein, a facile yet versatile stepwise crosslinking strategy for fabrication of POPs with an unusual nanomorphology‐persistent characteristic during pore‐making is reported. Polystyrene nanofibers and poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) nanosphere arrays are utilized as building blocks, and then transformed into nanofibrillar morphology‐persistent and ordered array morphology‐persistent POPs via stepwise crosslinking, respectively. The stepwise crosslinking strategy includes pre‐crosslinking and hypercrosslinking; the pre‐crosslinking in a carefully selected poor solvent of polystyrene forms a lowly crosslinked structure, which guarantees the stability of nanomorphology during the subsequent pore‐making via hypercrosslinking. The as‐obtained POPs can be used as precursors for novel well‐defined hyperporous carbon nanofibers and ordered carbon nanosphere arrays with excellent adsorption performances.     

Heavy metal precipitation by polycation-polyanion complex of PEI and its phosphonomethylated derivative

The removal of various heavy metal ions such as Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by precipitation with polyelectrolyte complex of PPEI and PEI was conducted. Heavy metal binding with PPEI was initially allowed to occur and then upon equilibration, PEI was added to initiate precipitation of the polyelectrolyte complex together with the heavy metal ion. The PPEI-PEI system was found effective for heavy metal scavenging purposes even in the presence of high concentrations of non-transition metal ions like Na+. Heavy metal concentration may be reduced beyond emission standards for industrial wastewaters. The PPEI-PEI polyelectrolyte complex was found to be more effective than traditional precipitation methods for the treatment of a representative electroless Ni plating waste solution.     

Effect of temperature and α-irradiation on gas permeability for polymeric membrane

In the present study the polyethersulphone (PES) membranes of thickness (35 ±2) μm were prepared by solution cast method. The permeability of these membranes was calculated by varying the temperature and by irradiation of α ions. For the variation of temperature, the gas permeation cell was dipped in a constant temperature water bath in the temperature range from 303–373 K, which is well below the glass transition temperature (498 K). The permeability of H₂ and CO₂ increased with increasing temperature. The PES membrane was exposed by a-source (₉₅Am₂₄₁) of strength (1 μ Ci) in vacuum of the order of 10⁻⁶ torr, with fluence 2.7 × 10⁷ ions/cm². The permeability of H₂ and CO₂ has been observed for irradiated membrane with increasing etching time. The permeability increases with increasing etching time for both gases. There was a sudden change in permeability for both the gases when observed at 18 min etching. At this stage the tracks are visible with optical instrument, which confirms that the pores are generated. Most of pores seen in the micrograph are circular cross-section ones.