普通烟草DHQ-SDH基因家族分析

为明确DHQ-SDH基因在普通烟草中的功能,用拟南芥DHQ-SDH基因检索烟草基因组数据库,获得普通烟草DHQ-SDHs基因。利用生物信息学分析了Nt DHQ-SDHs的基因结构、蛋白质特征、启动子顺式作用元件和基因进化,用q PCR检测了Nt DHQ-SDHs的组织特异性表达。结果表明:普通烟草中有8个DHQ-SDHs基因。Nt DHQ-SDHs的编码序列在1 248~1 608 bp之间,编码415~535个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为45.13~58.22 k D,均为稳定蛋白。Nt DHQ-SDHs的外显子和内含子数量相对保守,均含有8~10个外显子和7~9个内含子。基序组成和进化分析发现,8个Nt DHQ-SDHs被分为2个亚家族,分别来源于普通烟草的两个祖先种(林烟草和绒毛状烟草)。Nt DHQ-SDHs在普通烟草根、茎、叶和顶芽中都有表达。     

普通烟草碳酸酐酶家族基因的生物信息学分析

为挖掘普通烟草碳酸酐酶基因的信息并探讨其功能,本研究利用生物信息学方法,在烟草基因组数据库中对普通烟草碳酸酐酶家族成员进行了检索,并对其理化性质、遗传进化、基因结构、蛋白保守基序、顺式作用元件和组织表达模式进行了分析。结果显示,在普通烟草中至少含有9个α和6个β亚家族成员。在进化关系上,不同亚家族成员之间,序列同源性较低;与水稻相比,拟南芥和普通烟草两个亚家族间的亲缘关系较近。亚细胞定位分析结果显示,烟草α亚家族成员在细胞壁、细胞膜、线粒体、叶绿体、细胞质等细胞器中均有分布,而β亚家族成员均存在于叶绿体中。基因结构和保守基序分析说明,各亚家族成员的基因结构和蛋白保守基序呈现较高的一致性。启动子顺式作用元件分析显示,烟草碳酸酐酶基因的启动子中,均含有多个参与光反应、激素响应、非生物胁迫和机械损伤等相关的顺式作用元件。基因组织表达模式分析表明,烟草的碳酸酐酶基因不同成员在不同组织表达水平存在差异,并呈现出时空特异性。本研究结果为烟草碳酸酐酶基因的功能研究奠定了基础。     

普通烟草PPO基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

为探明烟草多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)基因家族的生物学功能,对普通烟草PPO基因家族进行了鉴定和分析。结果表明,普通烟草有10个Nt PPOs基因,基因结构简单,蛋白结构高度保守。7个Nt PPOs基因分别定位在第3、4、5和20号染色体上,另外3个Nt PPOs基因无具体定位信息。Nt PPOs蛋白与番茄、马铃薯的亲缘关系较近。q RT-PCR结果表明,8个Nt PPOs基因在幼蕾、花瓣和蒴果中高量表达,在根、茎、叶中表达量较低;Nt PPO7与Nt PPO8在根中表达量较高,表明Nt PPOs在进化过程中出现了功能分化。     

烟草HD-ZIP Ⅳ转录因子NtPDF2基因的克隆及表达分析

为了明确NtPDF2在烟草中的生物学功能及其调控腺毛分化发育的作用机制,同源克隆了烟草NtPDF2基因,并对其序列、基因结构、进化关系以及表达模式进行分析。结果表明:NtPDF2 CDS全长为2 199 bp,编码732个氨基酸残基。烟草PDF2蛋白质序列高度保守,尤其是C端序列,均含有3个保守结构域(Homeobox domain,START domain和SAD domain)和1个保守LZ(Leucine zipper)元件。烟草PDF2基因结构高度保守,均由10个外显子和9个内含子组成。进化分析表明,普通烟草NtPDF2基因是由林烟草ML1基因进化而来。表达分析显示,烟草PDF2基因表达具有明显的时空特异性。干旱、黑暗和磷饥饿胁迫可显著下调NtPDF2基因的表达,而盐胁迫对其没有明显影响;NtPDF2基因的表达在赤霉素(GA)、茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)、脱落酸(ABA)和打顶处理条件下均显著上调,这暗示烟草NtPDF2基因参与了调控多种非生物胁迫和激素应答过程。     

两个烟草Nup96基因的分子克隆及其表达分析

为研究烟草低温早花的分子机理,采用RT-PCR结合RACE法,从烟草品种NC82中克隆到2个Nup96基因c DNA全长序列,分别命名为Nt Nup96a和Nt Nup96b,Gen Bank登陆号分别为KU558693和KU558694。序列分析表明2个基因均编码1037个氨基酸残基的蛋白,氨基酸序列一致性为97%,与拟南芥Nup96蛋白(NP_178183)的序列一致性为60%;2个基因编码蛋白具有典型的植物Nup96结构特性,包含1个Nup96结构域和1个自酶解结构域。荧光定量PCR分析表明:在正常的生长条件下,Nt Nup96a和Nt Nup96b在烟草各组织中均有表达,在叶片中的表达量较弱,且随着植株生长其表达量显著下降;在12℃处理10天后,在烟草叶片中2基因的表达都出现了明显的下调,这一结果提示Nup96可能是烟草开花时间调控的抑制因子,其受低温诱导下调表达可能与NC82低温敏感,易早花特性相关。     

烟草Nt14-3-3基因的克隆及生物信息学和表达模式分析

为明确烟草中Nt14-3-3基因家族的功能,采用同源克隆的方法,在烟草品种K326中克隆到1个14-3-3蛋白基因Nt14-3-3,并进行了生物信息学分析。运用qRT-PCR技术,对该基因非生物胁迫处理烟草幼苗后的表达特性进行了分析。结果显示,该基因序列全长783 bp,编码260个氨基酸残基。Nt14-3-3蛋白是由9个α螺旋组成的球状蛋白,含有32个磷酸化位点。组织表达分析发现,该基因在烟草根、茎、叶、花中均有表达,在根中的表达量最高。Nt14-3-3基因受低钾、高盐、干旱、脱落酸(ABA)、H_2O_2处理的诱导,表明烟草Nt14-3-3基因参与了烟草的非生物胁迫应答反应。     

普通烟草Dof转录因子家族的全基因组鉴定及分析

Dof(DNA binding with one finger)蛋白是植物特有的一类转录因子,在植物的多种生命进程中发挥着重要作用。为解析烟草中Dof家族成员在生长发育过程中的潜在作用,本研究利用比较基因组学、进化分析、共线性分析等方法解析烟草中的Dof家族成员的潜在生物学功能。结果表明,在烟草基因组中共鉴定到69个Dof转录因子,其Dof功能域在进化上十分保守,根据系统进化分析结果将其划分为9个亚家族。共线性分析表明,烟草中的16个Dof基因与拟南芥17个Dof基因有27个共线性基因对,同时,25个Nt Dof基因被检测到存在17个全基因组复制对,表明复制事件在烟草Dof基因家族的扩张中起关键作用。此外,表达模式分析表明Nt Dof基因的表达存在明显的组织特异性,其中NtDof05和NtDof28基因可能与根系生长发育有关。本研究对烟草基因组中的Dof转录因子进行了系统的鉴定和分析,为烟草Dof转录因子家族成员的功能研究奠定了基础。     

烟草硝酸盐转运蛋白基因NtNRT2.4的克隆及表达分析

植物NRT2基因家族(高亲和硝酸盐转运蛋白基因)在植物吸收和转运硝酸盐过程中发挥重要作用。本研究根据NRT2基因家族的保守序列设计兼并引物,扩增出一条821bp序列,以此序列为信息探针,通过电子克隆和RT-PCR的方法从烟草中克隆获得一个包含1593bp开放阅读框、编码530个氨基酸的c DNA序列,命名为Nt NRT2.4。生物信息学分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白质具有NRT家族的共有结构特征,与烟草已发现的三个本家族基因同源性达到77.54%,与拟南芥NRT2家族基因同源性达到81.63%,其启动子中包含多个与硝酸盐、光照及根系特异表达相关的元件;组织特异表达分析结果显示,烟草Nt NRT2.4基因的组织表达差异较大,在根部的表达量较高,在叶片和茎部的表达量低;不同氮素形态、光照和蔗糖处理下的基因表达分析结果表明,硝态氮、光照和蔗糖处理诱导Nt NRT2.4表达,而铵态氮抑制其表达。     

烟草病程相关蛋白NtPR10基因克隆与表达分析

为鉴定烟草病程相关蛋白PR10的生物学功能,从普通烟草G28中克隆得到了Nt PR10基因,基因全长483 bp,编码160个氨基酸。基因结构分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白包含病程相关蛋白家族Bet_v_I保守域,具有与核酸酶活性相关的"P-Loop"结构。利用TMHMM、Signal P、Prosite Scan等软件分析发现,Nt PR10不含跨膜区,无信号肽,有胞内定位特征。采用实时荧光定量PCR分别分析了TMV诱导下该基因在抗、感品种枯斑三生和G28中的表达模式。结果表明,在TMV诱导下,Nt PR10基因在感病品种G28中显著上调表达;而在抗病品种枯斑三生中,TMV侵染后6 h,Nt PR10基因显著上调表达,第12小时至第8天显著下调表达,而后至第16天逐渐升高至侵染前水平。综合以上结果,Nt PR10应答了TMV侵染过程,并且在抗、感品种中整体呈现出相反的表达趋势,暗示了Nt PR10在TMV侵染过程中具有重要功能,为深入分析Nt PR10的抗病生物学功能奠定了基础。     

烟草绿原酸合成关键基因NtHQT1的克隆及表达分析

绿原酸(Chlorogenic acid,CGA)是烟叶中含量最高的多酚类物质,羟基肉桂酰辅酶A奎尼羟基肉桂转移酶(Hydroxycinnamoyl-Co A quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase,HQT)是植物绿原酸合成代谢途径中的关键酶。为研究HQT基因在烟草绿原酸合成中的作用机制,通过同源克隆技术从烟草中克隆到一个新的HQT基因,命名为Nt HQT1。生物信息学和激素处理后基因表达模式分析结果表明:Nt HQT1 c DNA全长1 305 bp,编码435个氨基酸,Nt HQT1定位在细胞质中,属于疏水性蛋白,其二级结构主要是螺旋和无规则卷曲;茉莉酸甲酯(Methyl jasmonate,Me JA)、生长素(3-Indoleacetic acid,IAA)、独角金内酯类似物(GR24)、细胞分裂素(6-Benzylaminopurin,6-BA)和赤霉素(Gibberellic acid,GA)能明显上调Nt HQT1基因的表达,脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)对基因表达没有明显作用,预示Nt HQT1基因在烟草生长发育和抗病等生物学过程中发挥重要作用。      

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the