21 热离子反应堆电源中子物理模拟实验样机环境影响

热离子反应堆电源中子物理模拟实验样机（SPEM，简称模拟实验样机），是一座采用铀-235富集度90％的金属铀块作核燃料、氢化锆作慢化剂、金属铍作反射层、转动控制鼓控制反应性的临界装置。     

液闪中子多重性测量技术应用研究进展

正基于已优化建立的采用7个探测器作为探测系统结构、130mm厚高密度聚乙烯作为中子慢化及屏蔽材料、0.5mm厚Cd片作为中子吸收材料、10mm厚Pb作为γ射线屏蔽材料的液闪中子多重性测量装置,开展了实验室测试工作,主要包括对电子学系统的调试、装置的性能测试,装置参数     

氢化锆零功率堆热中子通量谱测量

一、引言氢化锆晶体中氢原子处于束缚态。中子热化过程中与氢化锆的氢原子核能量交换具有量子化特征。所以,用水栅中常用的尼尔金散射核计算氢化锆反应堆热中子通量谱,结果比实际谱软。这是因为在氢化锆-轻水混合慢化剂中,能量低于0.14 eV的中子主要被周围轻水慢化,而中子却可以从氢化锆的氢核获得0.14 eV的整数倍能量。特别当温度升高后,氢化锆中氢原子处于高激发态的份额增加,中子被加速几率增加,使中子谱比水堆     

氢化锆慢化熔盐堆钍铀转换性能初步分析

中子能谱对钍基燃料在熔盐堆中的利用效率及温度反馈系数等安全问题有较大影响,所以对熔盐堆新型慢化剂的研究具有重要意义。本工作基于SCALE6计算程序,对不同几何栅元结构的氢化锆栅元组件在熔盐堆的物理性能进行了研究,分别计算了中子能谱、钍铀转换比、~(233)U浓度、总温度反馈系数以及燃耗等中子物理参量。结果表明,减小六边形栅元对边距或者增加熔盐占栅元体积比可以增加钍铀转换比和改善温度反应性系数;当加入的氢化锆慢化剂体积份额为0.1时就可以将熔盐堆~(233)U初始浓度降低到2.5×10~(-2)以内;氢化锆慢化熔盐堆在超热谱条件下,其~(233)U初装载量和超铀核素产量较小,同时堆芯较为紧凑。     

CENDL-3天然锆宏观检验

介绍了利用锆的中子泄漏谱实验和氢化锆慢化体临界实验对CENDL 3的天然锆全套中子评价数据进行的宏观检验。检验工作比较了用来自CENDL 3、CENDL 2 .1、BROND 2、ENDF/B VI.2、JENDL 3 .2和JENDL 3 .3等 6个不同评价库的锆所计算的中子泄漏谱。检验还分析了氢化锆慢化体临界实验的keff计算结果。检验结论认为CENDL 3天然锆的评价较CENDL 2 .1有所改进 ,但是非弹角分布、(n ,2n)反应和连续非弹性散射的双微分截面仍需要进一步调整。     

百千瓦级空间核反应堆屏蔽优化研究

屏蔽体尺寸和重量对空间核反应堆和核动力航天器性能有着重要影响,因而屏蔽设计优化是空间核动力系统设计的关键。本文以JIMO项目反应堆为对象,在铍-碳化硼-钨-氢化锂分层组合屏蔽方案的基础上,考虑到辐照剂量的径向分布,采用蒙特卡罗方法计算了负载处辐照剂量和氢化锂中子剂量,分析了屏蔽设计原理,并提出了分步优化方法以实现屏蔽优化。根据结果分析,调整了铍和碳化硼的厚度比例、钨半径及布置位置,获得了优化的屏蔽方案,在满足屏蔽要求的基础上质量减少了98.41 kg。提出的屏蔽方案及设计流程可为空间核电源屏蔽设计优化提供参考。     

氢化锆-水-铀栅格特性研究

本文的目的在于研究氢化锆在增殖系统中的慢化特性,在N_h/N_5为233—543范围内做了七个临界实验,在N_H/N_5=233,337两个准均匀栅格上做了热谱、通量分布、温度系数、瞬发中子衰减常数、材料的反应性系数等测量。七个临界实验、两个准均匀栅格的热谱与反射层节省等测量结果均与理论计算结果相符合,计算中用的是一维四群扩散理论,氢化锆介质的散射核是用晶格结构的声子谱模型获得的,从而说明这个计算模型是可用的。     

基于~(252)Cf源的反应堆结构屏蔽材料屏蔽性能测试装置设计

基于252Cf中子源,构建了反应堆结构屏蔽材料屏蔽性能测试装置设计模型。采用MCNP程序建立了测试模型,并逐次模拟计算屏蔽性能测试装置慢化层、中子防护层、γ光子防护层厚度。对于关键的慢化层,采用Geant4程序进一步验证MCNP程序的计算结果。通过分析模拟计算获得了最优屏蔽材料及厚度分别为:慢化层材料为石蜡,厚度为8 cm;中子防护层材料为聚乙烯,厚度为38 cm;γ防护层材料为铁,厚度为11 cm。模拟实验结果表明,所设计屏蔽性能测试装置能够满足中子慢化以及中子、光子防护的需要。     

氢化锆用于小型钠冷快堆屏蔽的初步研究

为减少小型钠冷快堆（SSFR）堆侧的屏蔽厚度,本文选择氢化锆作为SSFR堆侧的屏蔽材料。使用一维离散纵标法（ANISN程序）计算了氢化锆在SSFR堆芯区能谱下的屏蔽特性,并计算了堆侧采用氢化锆和碳化硼的屏蔽厚度。结果表明：与堆侧采用碳化硼和不锈钢屏蔽相比,采用氢化锆和碳化硼屏蔽（碳化硼所占体积比小于0.3）,屏蔽厚度减小了大约20%。氢化锆和碳化硼混合屏蔽材料具有很好的屏蔽性能,可减小SSFR堆侧的屏蔽厚度。     

金属氢化物在小型钠冷快堆屏蔽设计中的应用

为评估金属氢化物（氢化锂、氢化钛和氢化锆）在小型钠冷快堆中的屏蔽性能,使用一维离散纵标法（ANISN程序）模拟计算了屏蔽材料在小型钠冷快堆能谱下的屏蔽特性。屏蔽计算结果表明：氢化锂、氢化钛和氢化锆具有很好的屏蔽性能;将氢化锂与不锈钢、氢化钛或氢化锆与碳化硼混合,可改善这些金属氢化物的屏蔽性能。混合材料用于小型钠冷快堆的屏蔽,可显著减少反应堆系统的重量和体积。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.