The influence of the dielectric strength of the N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/-insulation by conducting particle on the spacer surface

This paper investigates the dielectric properties of various N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures based upon a cylindrical spacer model with adhering particle on the surface tinder homogeneous field conditions. The investigation involves a comparison with pure SF/sub 6/. The flashover field strength for clean and particle contaminated spacer surface under AC and LI stress is determined. The results of the investigations show the sensitivity of N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures to conducting particles on spacer surfaces for gas pressures up to 800 kPa. Moreover, the correspondence between pure SF/sub 6/ at pressure range from 100 to 400 kPa and N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures for AC and lightning impulse (LI) flashover field strength range from 50 to 178 kV/cm is determined. Conclusions are drawn about the ability of SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures to serve as technically efficient media for GIS/GITL. The results shed light on the issue of the SF/sub 6/ reduction and particle detectability in GIS/GITL.     

Dielectric insulation characteristics ofliquid-nitrogen-impregnated laminated paper-insulated cable

The electrical characteristics and insulation design strength of liquid-nitrogen-impregnated synthetic insulation were considered. The impregnation of liquid nitrogen into insulation paper can be monitored by measuring the electrostatic capacitance of the cable. ∈ tan δ, an index of the dielectric loss, was 0.31% for cellulose paper and 0.18% for semisynthetic paper, polypropylene laminated semisynthetic paper, and biaxially oriented polypropylene laminated paper. It was found that the decline of the thickness dependence of the breakdown strength of the liquid-nitrogen-impregnated insulating cable was steeper than that of the oil-filled cables. It is possible to design the insulation strength of the 66 kV cable to be 10 kV/mm     

Effects of DC testing on AC breakdown strength of XLPE insulatedcables subjected to laboratory accelerated aging

The results of a study performed on crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated cables tested in the laboratory under accelerated conditions are described. URD-type cables rated at 15 kV were aged at 60 Hz, 6 kV/mm, (150 V/mil) and load cycled daily to 90°C conductor, with water inside the pipe and outside of the samples, for periods of up to 3 years. DC testing was performed before and during the aging. An anticipated significant reduction in the AC breakdown strength is observed in control cables (not DC tested), from 44 kV/mm (1100 V/mil) for unaged cables, to 10 kV/mm (250 V/mil), for aged cables. However, there was no further reduction in the AC breakdown strength of cables subjected to DC testing as compared to those that are not tested with DC. It is concluded that AC breakdown strength is not an effective diagnostic tool for determining the effect of DC testing of URD cables aged under the conditions described     

大气压空气介质阻挡汤森放电

为了实验研究大气压空气介质阻挡均匀放电的可能性,使用1.5mm以上厚度的Al2O3陶瓷片作为阻挡介质及1～2kHz的高压激励,在大气压3mm空气平板间隙中获得均匀放电。通过ICCD高速摄影得到的放电图像以及电流波形的分析表明这种放电是汤森放电。3mm空气间隙的稳态击穿电压仅约为5.7kV,远低于静态击穿电压11.2kV;还发现了类似氮气DBD汤森放电的"反常熄灭"现象,这两个现象表明陶瓷表面可能存在浅位阱及二次电子发射机制,这对空气汤森放电的起始和维持阶段都至关重要。另外,实验发现陶瓷厚度对空气DBD有重要影响,使用厚度<1.5mm的陶瓷片往往无法避免丝状放电。使用2片厚度各1mm的石英玻璃替代陶瓷片在670Pa～0.1MPa都无法获得均匀放电。上述3mm空气汤森放电的原因归结于陶瓷表面独特的"浅位阱"特性以及阻挡介质限流作用的共同效果。     

Common insulating properties in insulating materials

Insulating materials exist in a variety of different forms, including gas, liquid, solid, and vacuum, and different forms of insulating materials have significantly different dielectric strengths and insulating properties. Power transmission/substation facilities for UHV AC and 500 kV DC power transmission and 500 kV underground power transmission facilities have been designed and constructed by taking advantage of the insulating properties of various insulating materials and structures so that they conform to the demanded insulation specifications. Conventionally, insulating material technology has been developed by making a close study of apparatuses and insulating materials individually. In this paper, as a new attempt, the insulating properties of various insulating materials/apparatuses are cross-sectionally compared and examined from an entirely new viewpoint through the assessment of commonalities and differences between them. A listing of lightning impulse and AC dielectric strength data is prepared and systematically positioned from the standpoint of material and structure, and compared and evaluated in a unified way from the viewpoint of typical indices of insulating properties including the "n" value of the V-t characteristic, Weibull parameters, and impulse ratio. Further, an insulation assessment of apparatuses is systematically made with consideration given to their sizes and structures as well as the insulating materials themselves. As a result, it was found, for example, that the design field strengths of power capacitors were high and those of generators were not, and there was a noticeable difference in design field strength between SF/sub 6/ gas insulated apparatuses and oil-immersed transformers. It is expected that the analysis conducted from an entirely new angle may provide a new approach to the development of apparatus insulation technology and to the rationalization of insulation design.     

高损耗介电材料的介电参数测量方法研究

介绍一种高损耗介电材料的介电参数(介电常数、介质损耗角正切、交流电导率)测量的新方法及其原理。这种测量方法只需使用数字式示波器,或者高频电压表等常用仪器就可以在10 Hz至10 MHz范围内的比较宽的频率下测量高损耗电介质的介电性能。     

Environmental effects on cracking and delamination of dielectric films

The effects of temperature and moisture on the adhesive and cohesive strength of dielectric materials and the interfaces that are composed of those materials commonly found in thin-film interconnect structures are reviewed. Debond growth rate versus debond driving energy curves (V-G curves) were collected over a range of environmental conditions for both dielectrics and dielectric/metal interfaces. Both are found to exhibit characteristics consistent with stress corrosion cracking mechanisms found in the bulk glass literature. The mechanisms identified in both systems are explained in terms of the salient chemical reactions occurring at the debond tip.     

High voltage studies of dielectric materials for HTS power equipment

The discovery of high temperature superconductors (HTS) has triggered renewed interest in the study of dielectric materials at cryogenic temperatures. While considerable work was done in the 1970s and 1980s on dielectrics immersed in liquid helium for low temperature superconducting applications, there remains a need for dielectric research at liquid nitrogen temperature for HTS applications, requiring experimental data oriented toward practical situations. We report on AC breakdown (puncture and/or flashover), and impulse breakdown of solid materials in either vacuum or in liquid nitrogen. Solid materials which we examined, include fiberglass reinforced plastics, epoxies with and without filler, and polymeric tape. Combinations of some of these materials have also been studied at low temperatures. Additionally we have measured permittivity and dissipation factor for materials for which these parameters are not available at 77 K. Finally, we also discuss specific applications for HTS cables including breakdown and aging studies on model cables, with lapped tape electrical insulation, immersed in liquid nitrogen.     

Correlation between AC breakdown strength and low frequencydielectric loss of water tree aged XLPE cables

This paper describes experiments performed on laboratory aged 12 kV and service aged 24 kV XLPE cable samples. Results from measurements of residual AC breakdown strength, degree of water treeing and dissipation factors are presented. The dissipation factor at low frequencies was determined by both time and frequency domain measurements. The relationship between these methods are discussed and it is shown that both can be used for assessing the average ageing state of the cable, The results show that water treeing causes reduced residual AC breakdown strength and high and nonlinearly increasing low-frequency dielectric loss     

Electric strength of vacuum systems with Co-Mo alloy coated Cuelectrodes

The paper presents the results of investigations of the electric strength at 50 Hz AC voltage of vacuum insulation systems that were not subjected to conditioning. The experiments have shown that a Co-Mo alloy coating electrolytically deposited on the surface of copper electrodes causes, at the pressure 2 mPa, >25% increase of electric strength of unconditioned vacuum insulation systems. This breakdown strength decreases with increasing gap spacing between the electrodes, and amounts ~17 kV/mm for systems with Cu electrodes at the electrode gap of 1 mm, and ~9 kV/mm at a gap of 6 mm. Plane electrodes with rounded-off edges of Rogowski's profile were used in the investigations. The electrodes with 50 mm diameter, were made of OFHC Cu. The paper shows the influence of the value of pressure from ~1 mPa to 1 Pa and at constant pressure of ~1 mPa, the length of vacuum gap, and the presence of a Co-Mo alloy layer coating the electrodes     

一种宽频带通用阻容混联式分压器的特性

讨论了一台可用来测量直流、交流、操作波、雷电波以及它们的组合波的高精度、宽频带通用阻容型式分压器的特性,介绍了分压器的高压臂与低压测量部分的设计,并通过实验与EMTDC(电磁暂态仿真程序)相结合的方式,分析了其本体的杂散电感、对地电容以及引线电感等对测量的影响,研究了该分压器对标准雷的响应。上述几种电压波形下的测量结果均显示,该分压器的刻度因数与标称值相差均<1%。     

Development of new 500 kV laminated paper insulated self-containedoil-filled cable and its accessories

The development of a self-contained 500 kV oil-filled cable that is insulated with a cellulose-paper/plastic-film/cellulose paper laminate, and its accessories, is described. The dielectric loss of this cable has been confirmed to be about one-third that of conventional kraft paper cable. By reducing the insulation thickness to 25 mm, rather than the 33 mm used for conventional cables, the cable has been made very compact. This was possible because of the high dielectric strength of the laminate. As a result, the shipping reel length of the proposed cable, which is about 10% lighter in total weight and 10% smaller in overall diameter than conventional cables, can be greatly increased. The reliability and the stability of the cable have been demonstrated in a 1-1/2-yr field test     

Statistical study for electromigration reliability in dual-damascene Cu interconnects

This paper summarizes results from recent studies on electromigration (EM) reliability of Cu dual-damascene interconnects using a statistical approach. First, mass transport in Cu damascene structure was discussed, where the activation energies for oxide, porous MSQ (methylsilsesquioxane), and organic polymer dielectrics were found to be in the range of 0.8-1.0 eV, suggesting mass transport is dominated by interfacial diffusion at the Cu and SiN/sub x/ cap-layer interface regardless of the dielectric material. Then the impact of low-k inter-layer dielectrics on EM characteristics was investigated by measuring the critical product of current density and conductor length, (jL)/sub c/. Compared with oxide, the weaker mechanical strength of low-k dielectrics reduces (jL)/sub c/ due to less confinement and a smaller back flow stress gradient /spl Delta//spl sigma//L in Cu/low-k interconnects. Extrinsic failure due to interfacial delamination was observed in Cu/organic polymer interconnects, which caused further decrease in (jL)/sub c/. Complementing EM tests, Monte Carlo simulation was developed based on the weakest link approximation to separate the bimodal failure distribution into two individual lognormal distributions and deduce the characteristics of the weak-mode (early) and the strong-mode failures. Failure analysis using FIB confirmed the bimodal failure behavior with void formation at the cathode via bottom found to be responsible for the early failures.     

半导电材料对纳米MgO/XLPE复合介质空间电荷影响的研究

聚合物纳米复合介质中空间电荷的注入与半导电电极材料密切相关,文中采用电声脉冲(PEA)法测量了预压-60 kV/mm电场1 h后,对比研究了六种不同半导电电极材料下交联聚乙烯(XLPE)和MgO/XLPE复合介质中的空间电荷分布;并对不同半导电电极材料下MgO/XLPE复合介质中的平均电荷密度进行了计算。对比实验表明:配方不同的半导电电极材料确实对试样中空间电荷的分布以及空间电荷量影响很大;以乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)为基础材料、添加30wt%炭黑的第二种半导电材料对MgO/XLPE复合介质中空间电荷的抑制效果最好。     

Comparative laboratory evaluation of TR-XLPE and XLPE cables with Super-smooth conductor shields

This paper provides data on four commercial tree retardant crosslinked polyethylene (TR-XLPE) and one cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated 15 kV cables supplied by three manufacturers. The cables have "super-smooth" conductor shields and "extra-clean" insulation and insulation shields. AC and impulse voltage breakdown and selected other characterization data are presented for cables that were aged immersed in room temperature water (15-30/spl deg/C) up to 24 months of a planned 48 months aging program. The five cables have high ac voltage breakdown strength, three of the TR-XLPE cables, actually increased in breakdown strength during aging. The one TR-XLPE cable that had the lowest ac voltage breakdown had vented trees at the insulation shield and high dissipation factor, which the other cables did not have. The impulse voltage breakdown strength of all cables decreased during aging; the cable with the lowest ac voltage breakdown also has the lowest impulse voltage breakdown. The dissimilar performance of the TR-XLPE cables and the excellent performance of the XLPE cable indicates evaluations at longer times are required to differentiate between modern TR-XLPE and XLPE insulated cables.     

Breakdown conditioning characteristics of long gap electrodes in a vacuum

An improvement in dielectric strength is required in vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) intended for use in higher voltage systems. In order to develop higher voltage VCBs, it is important to improve the dielectric strength in a vacuum based on consideration of the vacuum breakdown mechanism. Particularly for gaps longer than 10 mm, little is known about the breakdown mechanisms and their quantitative analyses in a vacuum. This paper discusses the breakdown conditioning characteristics of long gap electrodes, under a non-uniform electric field in a vacuum. We treat gap lengths of up to 50 mm in this paper. The conditioning characteristics are investigated under impulse voltage applications. A negative standard lightning impulse voltage was applied to rod-plane electrodes made of Cu-Cr and SUS304 for different tip radii and gap distances until the conditioning effect was completed. We observed illumination spots on electrodes at each breakdown during the conditioning process and calculated the corresponding breakdown field strengths. Experimental results revealed that the tendency of breakdowns associated with long gaps is different from that for the short gaps. As a result, we clarified that the breakdown field strengths are nearly constant at 110-120 kV/mm at the distances longer than 10 mm, and the breakdown field strength is at its maximum when the gap distance is about 5 mm.     

Dielectric behavior of insulating materials under liquid nitrogen

Measurements were made to assess the AC breakdown voltages in liquid nitrogen (LN/sub 2/) with different electrode configurations such as sphere-sphere, needle-needle, hemisphere-hemisphere, plane-plane, sphere-needle, etc. Experimental results reveal that the breakdown voltage is a function of electrode geometry and gap length. This study also addresses the effect on the breakdown strength of solid insulating materials under LN/sub 2/ environment with a sphere-sphere electrode configuration. In this paper, special emphasis has been attributed to the effect on loss index of a variety of dielectrics dipped in LN/sub 2/. The measured values of breakdown strength and loss index have been compared with those obtained under atmospheric condition. The study reveals that the breakdown strength of cellulosic materials like paper or pressboard increases manifold while the loss index decreases significantly when dipped in LN/sub 2/ with variations of the order of 50% to 90%. However, for impervious noncellulosic materials like Perspex (acrylic glass) or presspahn, the increase in breakdown strength is not that pronounced and the decrease in loss index is of the order of 2 to 30%.     

Detection of electric treeing of solid dielectrics with the method of acoustic emission

The paper presents results of research of electrical treeing of solid dielectrics with the method of acoustic emission (AE). The study was performed with an alternating voltage of 50 Hz in the range up to 21 kV (RMS) on methyl polymethacrylate or crosslinked polyethylene samples. They were of cuboidal shape of the dimensions 25 × 10 × 4 mm. One of the cuboid sample walls of the dimensions 25 × 4 mm was covered with a conducting paint. On the opposite wall, a surgical needle of T-25 type was screwed. The distance between the electrodes (the needle and the wall covered with a conducting paint) was in the range 0.5–2.0 mm. Registered signals were denoised with wavelet transformation method and then there were analyzed. The following parameters were analyzed: a sum and rate of acoustic emission counting, a sum and rate of acoustic emission events, RMS value of the electric signal leaving the converter. Spectrum and spectrogram were also analyzed. It was found that AE signals are generated during electrical treeing of solid dielectrics. Values of chosen parameters increased their values when the process begins. There are also some dominant frequencies ranges, different for different kinds of dielectrics, connected with the treeing.     

Comparative Laboratory Evaluation of Premolded Joints for Medium Voltage Cables

This paper provides information on laboratory performance of 15 and 35 kV premolded joints from three manufacturers. Data on partial discharge, ac and hot impulse voltage breakdown tests, and dissection of breakdowns are presented for joints that were tested immediately after their assembly and after one year aging immersed in room temperature water (15-30degC), under operating voltage. The test program was repeated twice using joints acquired with a two-year interval. The two batches showed similar performance indicating that all three manufacturers provide consistent quality joints. AC breakdown strength of the joints practically did not change with aging. In contrast, their impulse breakdown strength decreased noticeably. Joints having partial discharge levels up to 5000 pC were included in the study. No obvious correlation was found between the presence of partial discharge and the joints ultimate dielectric strength.     

电容器介质直流、交流击穿电压值的对比研究

与交流电场不同,在直流电场下,除介质中的空间电荷效应增强之外,电场强度在串联介质中的分配主要由体积电阻率的比值决定.电力电容器常用的液体介质、固体介质由于其相对电容率和体积电阻率存在明显的区别,这给它们复合后在直流电场和交流50 Hz电场的使用上不可避免地带来影响.通过对电容器用液体介质、固体介质以及由他们组成的复合介...