聚氯乙烯/多壁碳纳米管复合材料的热降解研究

采用熔融共混法制备了聚氯乙烯/多壁碳纳米管(PVC/MWCNT)复合材料,利用热失重法研究了MWCNT对PVC热降解及热寿命的影响,采用Kissinger法和Friedman法计算了复合材料的热降解动力学参数.结果表明,添加MWCNT后,复合材料的初始降解温度T0和最大热失重速率温度Tm较纯PVC均有提高,含量4％时,...     

PP/MWCNTs复合材料的热降解及热寿命研究

利用热重法研究了聚丙烯/多壁碳纳米管（PP/MWCNTs）复合材料的热降解过程,采用Achar法、Coats-Redfern法研究其热降解机理,并用Kissinger法求得动力学参数及热寿命方程。结果显示：复合材料的TG曲线均表现为一个失重阶段,MWCNTs含量为1.5 %时起始失重温度和最大热失重速率温度达到最大,PP热稳定性提高。该复合材料的热降解机理为一级扩散反应。添加MWCNTs后,复合材料的热寿命显著提高,同一温度下,随着MWCNTs含量的增加,复合材料的热寿命先增大后减小,在含量为1.5 %达到最大,利用Kissinger法求解材料的热寿命方法可靠。     

聚丙烯／纳米碳管复合材料热降解动力学研究

以TGA为手段,进行了聚丙烯／纳米碳管复合材料的热降解动力学研究,采用了Kissinger和Vlynn—Wall—Ozawa两种方法计算了复合材料降解反应活化能。TG及DTG结果表明：降解一阶段完成。在5℃／min、10℃／min、20℃／min、40％／min升温速率下,最大热失重速率温度分别为441℃、452℃、477、486℃。随着加热速率的增加,热解温度向高温处横向位移。采用Kissingger法计算获得的活化能为36．298kJ／mol,采用Flynn—Wall—Ozawa法获得的活化能为215．95kJ／mol,均大于纯聚丙烯的活化能,纳米碳管的引入使材料的降解变得困难,热稳定性提高。     

二苯砜磺酸钾阻燃PC的热降解行为及老化寿命估算

采用氧指数法测试了二苯砜磺酸钾(KSS)的阻燃性能,并运用热重(TG)分析结合Kissinger和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa处理方法对KSS阻燃聚碳酸酯(PC)的非等温降解动力学和热老化寿命进行了研究.结果表明,阻燃剂的加入可大幅度提高PC的阻燃性能,当KSS的质量分数为0.7%时,阻燃PC的氧指数可从纯PC的26.3%增加到34.4%,阻燃等级由FV-2级提高到FV-0级;KSS的加入改变了PC的热降解活化能,相对于纯PC的活化能为186.54 kJ/mol,阻燃PC的降解活化能只有171.41 kJ/mol,表明KSS的加入促进了热降解,有利于在材料的燃烧表面快速地形成炭层,起到阻燃作用;阻燃荆的加入使同一温度下PC的不同失重率所对应的时间缩短,即热稳定性降低,这一点与阻燃剂能够降低PC的初始降解温度、提前分解成炭有密切关系.     

PET/PbS纳米复合材料的热降解动力学研究

利用双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒制备了共混型PET/PbS纳米复合材料,并利用热失重(TG)方法研究了PET/PbS和纯PET在空气气氛下的热降解行为,发现PET/PbS和纯PET的热降解过程相似。利用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法对数据进行处理,结果表明,在失重30%以前,PET/PbS-1(PbS质量分数1%)的降解活化能高于PET的活化能;当失重率在30%～70%时,PET/PbS-1的降解活化能小于PET的降解活化能。在降解前期,由于纳米PbS对PET分子链的某种限制作用,使得复合材料的活化能略高于纯PET;但在后期,PbS催化降解作用占据主导作用,使得复合材料的活化能低于纯PET,稳定性下降。     

聚丁二酸丁二醇-共-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯的热降解动力学

在高纯氮气保护下,采用不同的升温速率,用热失重法对聚丁二酸丁二醇-共-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBST)共聚酯的热降解行为和热降解动力学进行了研究。用Kissinger、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa及Friedman 3种方法对比计算了PBST共聚酯在氮气气氛中的热降解活化能,并对PBST共聚酯的热老化寿命进行了探讨。结果表明在氮气气氛中共聚酯的热稳定性随BT含量增加而增强,不同组分的PBST共聚酯热降解均为1级反应,分解活化能E均随BT摩尔分数的增加而增大。     

PMMA/MWCNT复合材料的热降解动力学

采用溶液共混法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/多壁碳纳米管（PMMA/MWCNT）复合材料,利用热重法研究了不同气氛下复合材料的热降解,并采用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa、Kissinger和Friedman等3种方法计算其动力学参数。结果表明,MWCNT的添加量为3 %时,在氮气和氧气中复合材料的初始降解温度较纯PMMA分别提高了54.62 ℃和70.4 ℃,最大热失重速率温度也有一定程度的提高,说明MWCNT能显著提高PMMA的低温热稳定性,尤其是在有氧环境中,而对高温热稳定改善不明显;采用Kissinger法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法和Friedman法计算得到的活化能（Ea）变化趋势一致,当MWCNT的添加量为3 %时,Ea较纯PMMA提高最多,在氮气中分别为45.99、95.10、72.46 kJ/mol,在氧气中分别增加53.42、120.63、110.41 kJ/mol;由Friedman法求解出复合材料的反应级数（n）在氮气中约为1.5,在氧气中约为0.9。     

微波辐照对PET／PEN共混物非等温热降解行为的影响

用热失重分析法（TGA）对微波辐照不同时间的PET／PEN共混体系的热降解行为进行了比较分析，用图解微分法和差减微分法计算了降解反应表观活化能（E），频率因子（lnA）和反应级数（n）等降解反应动力学参数，并讨论了微波辐照对PET／PEN共混物热降解行为的影响及其机理。结果表明：微波辐照使PET／PEN共混物的降解反应活化能降低了约23-74kJ／mol，起始降解温度降低了4．16～13．08℃，失重速率加快了0．06～0．27％／℃，从而促进PET／PEN共混物的降解，降解动力学参数（n）的值从0．83增大到了1．86，降解反应的机理由分解控制转为扩散控制。     

基于热失重法的热塑性聚氨酯热氧老化特性分析及其降解动力学模型

采用热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）在40℃、50℃、60℃、70℃下进行人工加速热老化,利用热失重分析法（TG）对TPU热降解过程进行分析,探讨了TPU在老化过程中的热失重特性及其热降解动力学模型。测试结果表明,TPu热失重过程可分为硬段和软段热裂解两个阶段;硬段和软段各自最快热降解速率随老化温度和时间的增加没有明显变化。然而,通过对TPU热失重5％时对应的温度进行分析,得出该温度随着热氧老化时间的延长而逐渐下降,说明TPu的热稳定性随老化时间的延长而逐渐降低。采用Coats—Redfern方法对TPU的热降解动力学进行研究,结果表明,TPU的热降解符合0级反应动力学方程。     

耐热改性剂的热降解动力学研究

以热失重法研究甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)共聚物耐热改性剂的热降解动力学。采用Kissinger、FWO和Friedman三种不同的方法对其热稳定性进行了探究。结果表明:Kissinger法得到的CHGS降解活化能(E_a)为224.511 kJ/mol,表观指前因子(A)为2.558×10~(13);FWO法及Friedman法计算结果基本一致,E_a为221.461 3 kJ/mol,反应级数n为1.110 7。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。