Effect of geometrical parameters on submerged cavitation jet discharged from profiled central-body nozzle

The flow characteristics of cavitation jets are essential issues among relevant studies. The physical properties of the jet are largely determined by the geometrical parameters of the nozzle. The structure and cavitation jets characteristics of the angular-nozzle and the self-resonating cavitation nozzle have been extensively studied, but little research is conducted in the central-body cavitation nozzle mainly because of its hard processing and the cavitation jet effect not satisfactory. In this paper, a novel central-body nozzle (a non-plunger central-body nozzle with square outlet) is studied to solve above problems. Submerged jets discharged from the novel central-body nozzle are simulated, employing the full cavitation model. The impact of nozzle configuration on jet properties is analyzed. The analysis results indicate that when central-body relative diameter keeps constant, there is an optimal contraction degree of nozzle’s outlet, which can induce intense cavitation in the jet. The central-body relative diameter also affects jet profiles. In the case of large central-body relative diameter, most of the bubbles settle in the jet core. On the contrary, a smaller relative diameter makes bubbles concentrate in the interface between the jet and its surrounding fluid. Moreover, the shorter outlet part allows the cavitation zone further extend in both the axial and racial directions. The research results further consummate the study on the central-body nozzles and the correlation between cavitation jet and the structure, and elementarily reveal the mechanism of cavitation jet produced in a non-plunger novel central-body nozzle and the effect of the structure parameters on the cavitation jet, moreover, provide the theoretical basis for the optimal design of the nozzle.     

出口形状对中心体喷嘴射流性能的影响

提出将中心体喷嘴与异形喷嘴组合以产生更好的空化射流效果的思路。采用Mixture多相流模型,在15MPa的射流压力下,对正方形出口、三角形出口和圆形出口3种中心体喷嘴产生的淹没射流流场进行数值计算,重点对轴向速度、径向速度、湍动能和空泡相体积份额进行了对比分析。研究表明:圆形出口的中心体喷嘴比另两种异形出口的中心体喷嘴产生更高的射流速度和湍动能;正方形出口比三角形出口的中心体喷嘴的射流稳定性能更强,圆形出口的中心体喷嘴产生的集束性能较强;异形出口的中心体喷嘴产生的流场中,空泡相延伸距离更长,异形出口的中心体喷嘴产生的空化射流效果更好。     

径向水平井自进式旋转射流钻头流场特性分析

为解决径向水平井钻进过程中破岩效率和自进能力的问题,设计了一种自进式旋转射流钻头。运用数值模拟方法,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对所设计射流钻头的内外流场进行了三维流动特性分析,并分析了射流钻头结构参数对喷嘴流场特性的影响规律,进一步优化了自进式旋转射流钻头。结果表明,自进式旋转射流喷嘴外流场的轴心速度在喷嘴中心线上的速度最大,随着径向半径的增大,轴向速度迅速减小;切向速度沿喷嘴径向呈现出经典的"N"形分布,有利于增大射流破碎岩石的深度和破碎面积;径向速度呈轴对称分布,存在明显的漫流层,有助于岩屑的脱离;自进式旋转射流钻头导向叶轮的螺距和导叶数量,对射流速度有着重要的影响;喷嘴直径对射流流场特性的影响较大。经过优化,得到射流钻头的叶轮螺距16mm,导叶数为2,喷嘴直径为1mm。     

自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化效应及其射流形态的数值分析

基于自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化效应和多相流模型,建立了自激振荡脉冲射流空化模型。依据自激振荡腔室结构及其几何参数建立了腔室轴对称物理模型,计算得到了振荡周期100ms内自激振荡脉冲射流的空化泡破碎、腔室内两相分布、湍动能分布和速度分布等结果。研究表明：在1.02~2.37ms时,空化泡半径减小,气泡开始径向运动形成泡面加速射流;在2.69~4.67ms时,空化泡面压力达到极限破碎值时气泡开始破碎;在自激振荡周期前25ms,主射流与空气接触边界面形成较强湍动能,自激振荡腔室中心漩涡区逐渐变大,外流场连续射流被割断成多股状射流,射流在喷射轴线附近速度达到并稳定在30~40m/s;在振荡周期的40~90ms,腔室内中心空化气囊形成并开始阻挡主射流运动,喷嘴出口流道出现大面积空化区域,湍动能最大区域集中在下喷嘴出口下游;在振荡后期,随着主射流与空气相互作用及射流贯穿距离增加,主射流速度逐渐趋于稳定且扩散作用减弱。     

不同温度气体喷射特性的PIV试验研究

研究气体的喷射特性,用于指导发动机燃油供给系统的设计和燃烧室有效组织燃烧。基于粒子图像测速技术(PIV),对不同温度、不同压差下气体喷射的特性进行了对比研究。通过试验分析和图像处理等手段对射流流场及涡结构、气体射流边界扩展、喷嘴轴向流速衰减规律、断面流速分布等进行了总结。试验表明:射流边界呈线性扩展,可用锥角大小来表征其特性,锥角随压差的减小而增大,且增幅明显,温度对其也有一定影响。喷嘴射流的轴向速度与射流距离成反比,而速度的影响面积随射流距离的增大而增大,温度的增大使得相同压差下的轴向速度相应增大,断面流速的分布存在很大的相似性。     

Experimental investigation on noise of cavitation nozzle and its chaotic behaviour

The researches of cavitation noise mainly focus on the incipiency and developing of cavitation to prevent the cavititation erosion in the hydraulic machinery, while there is few report about the collapse strength of cavitation bubbles produced by water jet through the cavitation nozzle to utilize efficiently the collapse energy of cavitation bubbles. The cavitation noise signals are collected with hydrophones for the cavitation nozzle and general nozzle at the target position and the nozzle exit separately in the conditions of different standoff distance. The features of signal’s frequency spectrum and power spectrum are analyzed for various nozzles by way of classical methods. Meanwhile, based on chaotic theory, phase space reconstruction is processed and the maximum Lyapunov index is calculated separately for each cavitation signal’s time series. The results of chaotic analysis are compared with the one of conventional analysis. The analyzed data show that there are the marked differences at the spectrum between the cavitation nozzle and general nozzle at the target position while the standoff distance is 35 mm, which mainly displays at the high frequency segment (60-120 kHz). The maximum Lyapunov index calculated appear at standoff distance 35 mm, which is an optimum standoff distance for the most bubbles to collapse at the target. At the nozzle exit, the noise signal of cavitation nozzle is different from the general nozzle, which also displays at the high frequency segment. The results demonstrate that the water jet modulated by the cavitation nozzle can produce effectually cavitation, and at the target position the amplitude and energy of noise spectrum in high frequency segment for cavitation nozzle are higher than conventional nozzle and the Lyapunov index of cavitation nozzle is larger than conventional nozzle as the standoff distance is less than 55 mm. The proposed research reveals that the cavitation noise produced by collapse of cavitation bubbles attributes mainly to the high frequency segment     

基于自激振荡脉冲效应的雾化喷嘴出口流道空化特性研究

喷嘴结构及射流运动参数对液体空化流动状态有重要影响。基于空化泡溃灭的雾化机理和自激振荡脉冲喷嘴出口流道空化过程,分析空化效应对自激振荡脉冲射流雾化效果的影响。依据自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴结构,分析射流来流速度和脉动压力对喷嘴出口流道空化效应的影响,提出利用来流雷诺数和脉动特征值表征喷嘴出口流道空化程度,并根据自激振荡脉冲喷嘴有限元分析得到喷嘴出口流道较好空化状态的来流雷诺数和喷嘴腔室长径比。研究结果表明:当来流雷诺数在2.14×10~5~3.05×10~5内逐渐增大时,自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴出口流道液相体积分数先减小后增大,相应的空化程度先增大后减小。雷诺数在2.44×10~5~2.75×10~5内可以使喷嘴出口流道形成较好空化效应,尤其在2.44×10~5附近时喷嘴出口流道出现最好的空化状态;脉动特征值与喷嘴出口流道处脉动压力幅值差成正比,随着自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴腔室长径比增大,脉动压力幅值差值先减小后增大。当喷嘴腔室长径比为0.60~0.70时,喷嘴出口流道空化状态较好。计算结果为自激振荡脉冲射流雾化喷嘴设计提供了理论依据。     

双腔室自振脉冲喷嘴空化射流数值模拟

以风琴管喷嘴为基础,串联一个谐振腔形成双腔室自激振荡脉冲喷嘴,利用Fluent对其流场进行数值模拟,分析射流靶距、二级谐振腔腔长比、腔径比的变化对空化射流流场的影响。结果表明：谐振腔尺寸过大或过小均会影响涡环结构的形成,进而影响空化效果。当谐振腔腔长比为0.77、腔径比为2.6时,谐振腔内涡环结构对称性好,轴向含气率高,射流速度较高,该结构利于清洗效率的提高。靶面滞止压力可对空化效果产生影响。当射流靶距较小时,在滞止压力的作用下二级谐振腔无涡环结构产生,轴向含气率较低。当靶距增加到18 mm时滞止压力产生的影响减小,轴向含气率明显提高,因此清洗靶距应至少为18 mm。但靶距的增加会降低射流到达靶面的动能,因此最佳靶距应取18 mm。     

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the macroscopic characteristics of the jet discharging from gaseous direct injector

Injector design is one of the main challenges for development of direct injection and partially stratified gaseous engines. Characteristics of discharged spray from direct gaseous injector influence on combustion and emissions of these engines. In this work axial and radial (lateral) penetration of transient jet of direct gaseous injector are investigated for different nozzle diameters and different pressure ratios numerically and experimentally. High speed Schlieren imaging method is used for jet visualization and image processing technique is utilized for analyzing the images and extracting jet boundaries and its axial and radial penetrations. Finite volume based software is used for numerical calculations. Measuring of the axial and radial penetrations for different cases referred to in this paper provides more accurate formulation for the mentioned parameters for transient direct injection gaseous jet discharged from the injector. Experimental and numerical findings show that higher axial penetrations for larger diameters of nozzle and higher pressure ratios are achievable. Smaller diameter of nozzle gives higher relative lateral expansion while there is no specific distinction for different pressure ratios. Results show that the ratio of radial to axial penetration for transient jet is decreased by time and reaches to a constant value of 0.33±0.05 and the normalized jet axial penetration has a linear dependency on the square root of time for all cases with slope of 2.9±0.4.     

Turbulent mixing flow characteristics of solid-cone type diesel spray

The intermittent spray characteristics of the single-hole diesel nozzle (d_n=0.32 mm) used in the fuel injection system of heavy-duty diesel engines were experimentally investigated. The mean velocity and turbulent characteristics of the diesel spray injected intermittently into the still ambient were measured by using a 2-D PDPA (phase Doppler particle analyzer). The gradient of spray half-width linearly increased with time from the start of injection, and it approximated to 0.04 at the end of the injection. The axial mean velocity of the fuel spray measured along the radial direction was similar to that of the free air jet within R/b=1.0-1.5 regardless of elapsing time, and its non-dimensional distribution corresponds to the theoretical velocity distributions suggested by Hinze in the downstream of the spray flow fields. The turbulent intensity of the axial velocity components measured along the radial direction represented the 20-30% of the Ū_cl and tended to decrease in the outer region. The turbulent intensity in the trailing edge was higher than that in the leading edge.     

Jet flow characteristics of sinusoidal wavy nozzles

The flow characteristics of jets issued from a sinusoidal nozzle with in-phase and 180° out-of-phase exit configurations were investigated using PIV (particle image velocimetry) and flow visualization techniques. The experiments were carried out at a Reynolds number of about 6300 based on the mean width of the jet nozzle. Compared to a normal rectangular jet, the sinusoidal nozzle jets have smaller velocity deficits as the flow goes downstream. In addition, the turbulence intensity is suppressed in the horizontal center plane. For the case of in-phase wavy nozzle jet, the length of the potential core exhibits small variations along the lateral direction, while the 180° out-of-phase wavy nozzle jet shows large lateral variation in the length of potential core. The turbulent kinetic energy of the 180° out-ofphase nozzle jet also shows sinusoidal variation in the horizontal planes. Large-scale vortices shed from the sinusoidal edge of the nozzle interact strongly and migrate toward the center plane as the flow develops downstream.     

空化水喷丸工艺中空化行为的数值模拟与验证

空化水喷丸工艺是用于金属材料表面改性的一项新技术,该工艺中的空化行为涉及高速、高压、相变、湍流、非定常特性等复杂多变情况,对该工艺中的空化行为及冲击压力场分布规律的探索一直是该领域的重点和难点。利用FLUNET6.3流体计算软件对淹没式空化射流中喷嘴内外的流场特性进行模拟分析,获得流场内的速度、静压和汽含率分布规律,同时使用Fujifilm压敏纸对空化水喷丸工艺中沿空化射流方向上的冲击压力场的分布规律进行试验测定。研究结果表明空化水喷丸工艺中的淹没式空化射流在缩放型喷嘴内外形成剧烈的空化现象,空泡群溃灭瞬间产生的冲击波压力高达300 MPa以上。     

淹没磨料水射流中磨料破碎状况分析

磨料水射流中的磨料在冲蚀破碎后,颗粒的分布在一定范围内表现出自相似的分形特征.对颗粒分布进行测定并分析,得出磨料水射流中磨料颗粒在喷嘴内有破碎发生,且颗粒愈大破碎愈强烈,分析得出颗粒的分形维度可作为磨料破碎状态的一个重要指标,应用于对颗粒破碎程度的评定.     

基于FLUENT的后混合磨料水射流喷嘴内流场的数值模拟

以后混合磨料水射流喷嘴为研究对象,基于多相流动的欧拉模型,应用FLUENT流体分析软件对几种典型后混合磨料喷嘴的内流场进行数值模拟和仿真,得到压力分布、速度分布、湍流能量分布.结果表明:喷嘴内由于涡旋的形成损耗了部分能量,使得射流出口速度和动能明显降低;存在一个最优圆柱长度使得磨料出口速度达到最大值,其长度为喷嘴出口直径的23～37倍时,磨料得到最高的出口速度;喷嘴内流体紊动能的分布主要集中在喷嘴近壁区和几何形状变化较大的区域.     

Nozzle passage aerodynamic design to reduce solid particle erosion of a supercritical steam turbine control stage

The solid particle erosion on the control stage nozzle of supercritical steam turbines can be reduced by using suitable nozzle passage design to control the particle impacting velocity and impacting angle. In this paper, two nozzle designs with tip endwall contouring/an aft-loaded vane profile respectively are presented. Furthermore, anti-erosion performances of these two nozzles for a supercritical steam turbine control stage are numerically analysed by means of a three-dimensional particle trajectory tracking technique combined with an erosion model of 12Cr steel impacted by iron oxide particle at 500 °C, which is developed based on the available experimental data. The three-dimensional solid particle moving behaviors, particle impacting positions, impacting parameters and local erosion rate distributions on the nozzle surface are computed and compared with those of a straight endwall nozzle under same conditions. The results show that the contoured endwall nozzle design can decrease the particle impacting velocity and thus reduce particle erosion damage effectively. Compared with the straight endwall nozzle the maximum local erosion rate and the severely eroded area on the pressure surface of presented endwall contouring nozzle are decreased by a factor of 40% and 30%, respectively. However, in comparison to the straight endwall nozzle the maximum local erosion rate of the aft-loaded nozzle is increased by a factor of 25% and the severely eroded surface area is about the same due to higher impacting velocity and larger impacting angle and hence the anti-erosion performance is not improved.     

淹没式喷嘴反推力测量及其系柱试验装置设计

喷水推进具有噪声低、空泡性能好、易于矢量调节等优点，已成为水下机器人（ROV）推进技术的研究热点。喷水推进依靠喷嘴将泵产生的压力能转化为高压水动能，产生的反推力是压力和黏性阻力作用在高压腔以及喷嘴上的综合效果，该反推力的大小是推进性能研究的重点。对几种不同形状和参数的喷嘴反推力进行仿真和试验对比。采用Fluent软件对喷嘴进行流场内部仿真，并且通过后处理文件计算出喷嘴的反推力大小。现有测量喷嘴反推力的相关试验装置与实际工况存在较大差异，根据螺旋桨系柱推力试验方法，提出并设计一种新的喷嘴反推力测试装置。该试验装置动力由岸基高压海水泵源供给，通过溢流阀调节喷嘴入口压力，喷嘴固定在ROV框架上，利用拉力传感器测量ROV框架在喷嘴射流驱动下的系柱拖力，进而得到喷嘴射流反推力与输入压力的关系。该试验装置为在水淹没条件下研究喷水推进系统提供了试验条件。     

淹没环境下高压水射流喷嘴的结构优化

为提高高压水射流在辅助大型沉井沉降施工中的效率,对水射流关键元件喷嘴进行选型和结构优化,要求射流具备高能量、低衰减特性。从4类回转形喷嘴中优选速度衰减小的喷嘴,确定合理的速度衰减研究指标,再结合尺寸参数设计正交实验,利用回归分析建立预测模型,可以确定各个尺寸参数对速度指标的影响程度。由高压泵站输入压力和流量确定喷嘴的最大直径,再由预测模型确定最佳喷嘴是出口直径2.8 mm、入口直径5.26 mm、收缩角为12.3°的锥形喷嘴。     

矩形喷嘴对PDC钻头井底流场影响的研究

针对PDC钻头的水力能量清洗井底和冷却钻头的作用充分发挥的结构设计问题,先分析了矩形喷嘴的射流特性,得到了射流轴心动压力衰减规律和横向动压力分布规律及横向动压力梯度分布规律,通过CFD仿真软件CFX对PDC钻头井底流场进行了模拟,将矩形喷嘴和圆形喷嘴对比,分析得知喷嘴位置在等速核长度内,矩形喷嘴更有利于清除岩屑和冷却钻头。     

Examination of cavitation-induced surface erosion pitting of a mechanical heart valve using a solenoid-actuated apparatus

Several factors, including peak dp/dt of the ventricular pressure and maximum closing velocity of leaflet have been studied as indices of the cavitation threshold. In the present study, just before closing velocity of the leaflet has been studied as indices of the cavitation threshold, and cavitation erosion on the surface of a mechanical valve was examined by focusing on squeeze flow and the water hammer phenomenon during the closing period of the valve. A simple solenoid-actuated test device that can directly control the valve closing velocity was developed, and opening-closing tests of 3,000 and 40,000 cycles were performed at various closing velocities. There was a closing velocity threshold to occur erosion pitting of valve surface, and its value was about 0.4 m/s in this study. Cavitation-induced erosion pits were observed only in regions where squeeze flow occurred immediately before valve closure. On the other hand, the number of the pits was found to be closely related to an area of water hammer-induced pressure wave below the critical pressure defined by water vapor pressure. Therefore, it was concluded that cavitation is initiated and augmented by the two pressure drops due to squeeze flow and water hammer phenomenon, respectively.     

水压锥阀空化射流流场结构与流量特性的相关性研究

为了研究水压锥阀空化流场与流量特性的相关性,对两种阀座结构的水压锥阀内部的空化射流开展了三维动态流场仿真.结果表明,直角型锥阀和倒角型锥阀均在阀芯后沿存在分离流诱发的附着型空化,在阀口下游有漩涡空化;此外,倒角阀座流道内亦存在分离流现象并形成附着型空化.倒角型流道入口处的分离流造成流体的局部加速,对于0.6 mm开口度...