N-nitrosamines and residual nitrite in cured meats from the Dutch market

A total of 140 samples of 16 kinds of cured meats were analyzed for contents of residual nitrite and N-nitrosamines. Nitrite was determined by reaction with sulfanilamide/naphthylethylenediamine and colorimetric measurement. N-nitrosamines were isolated from the samples by vacuum distillation and determined by gas-chromatography with chemiluminescence detection (GC-TEA). In six samples no nitrite was detectable (less than 1 mg NaNO2/kg), the remaining samples contained 1-140 mg NaNO2/kg, median value 6.8 mg/kg. In 46 samples (33%) no N-nitrosamines were detected, i.e. less than 0.1-0.5 microgram/kg of the individual nitrosamines, depending upon their structure. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the nitrosamine present most frequently, in 75 samples, contents were 0.1-0.9 microgram/kg, mean 0.3 microgram/kg. Other N-nitrosamines found were: N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), 10 times, 0.3-25 micrograms/kg; N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), three times, 0.2-0.9 microgram/kg; N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), three times, 1.3-4.2 micrograms/kg; N-nitrosomorpholine, once, 0.7 microgram/kg and N-nitrosothiazolidine (NTHZ), 36 times, 0.5-91 micrograms/kg, mean 5.7 micrograms/kg. NTHZ was found most often and with the highest contents in smoked products. Frying of bacon and cured, smoked pork bellies led to substantially increased levels of NPYR in both products, and for the pork bellies also of NTHZ. In five samples of cured, smoked pork bellies after frying NTHZ-contents of 3.6-490 micrograms/kg (mean 179) were found. No correlation between residual nitrite levels and N-nitrosamine contents could be established. Investigations during the nineteen seventies gave much higher levels for NDMA, NDEA, NPIP and NPYR in Dutch cured meats than now found; at that time NTHZ was not measured.     

芹菜粉、竹叶黄酮与茶多酚复配对腌肉品质的影响

用芹菜粉、竹叶黄酮和茶多酚复配,对腌肉制品的品质进行研究。以腌肉模糊感官综合评分和亚硝酸盐残留量的平均值作为主要评定指标,通过正交实验进行直观分析,优化腌肉复配剂的最佳配比,并探讨该复配剂对腌肉制品品质的影响。结果表明,影响腌肉品质因素的主次顺序为:芹菜粉>茶多酚>竹叶黄酮,优化组合为芹菜粉0.30%,茶多酚400mg/kg,竹叶黄酮200mg/kg,该条件下腌制咸肉,30d时腌肉的亚硝酸盐残留量为2.87mg/kg,TBARS和TVBN含量分别为0.39nmol/mgprot,10.05mg/100g,明显优于对照组,所得腌肉感官模糊评价得分为5.72,属于Ⅰ级,表明该复配剂能有效降低腌肉亚硝酸盐残留量,提高腌肉制品品质。      

磷酸化亚硝基猪血红蛋白代替亚硝酸盐部分作用及其对乳化肠品质的影响

为降低亚硝酸盐的添加对乳化肠安全品质的影响,研究磷酸化亚硝基血红蛋白(phosphorylated nitrosohemoglobin,P-NHb)替代亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)对乳化肠的色泽、抗氧化能力和感官品质等的影响.结果表明,随贮存时间的延长,P-NHb对乳化肠挥发性盐基氮的影响与NaNO2无显著差异(P＞0.05...     

芹菜粉复合腌制剂对腌肉制品品质的影响

用芹菜粉、石榴皮多酚和维生素C为复合腌制剂,采取正交实验优化复合腌制剂配比,并对腌肉制品的品质进行测定。结果表明:降低腌肉亚硝酸盐残留量的因素的主次顺序为石榴皮多酚>芹菜粉>维生素C,优化组合为石榴皮多酚200mg/kg,芹菜粉0.20%,维生素C300mg/kg。复合腌制使腌肉外观色泽更鲜红、饱满;腌制4周腌肉有色度值为0.36,显著低于对照组（p<0.05）;复合腌制剂组腌肉的亚硝酸盐残留量为3.15mg/kg,其含量远远低于国家卫生限量标准;TBARS值和TVB-N含量分别为0.44mg/kg、10.11mg/100g,低于对照组。表明复合腌制剂能降低腌肉亚硝酸盐残留量,并具有一定抗氧化效果,能有效提高腌肉制品品质。      

猪肉助色剂的研究及配方优化

研究不同异抗坏血酸钠、烟酰胺、茶多酚添加量对猪肉色差、发色率、肌红蛋白存在形式比例及亚硝酸钠残留量的影响,并通过正交交互分析方法来确定减少亚硝酸钠用量的最佳发色配方。结果表明,亚硝酸钠的添加量为100mg/kg时,最佳助色剂配方为:异抗坏血酸钠400mg/kg、烟酰胺500mg/kg、茶多酚300mg/kg。在此条件下,a*为12.78,发色率为56.67%,经过腌制,猪肉在感官上表现为鲜艳的玫瑰红色,发色均匀,且在保藏期间长期不退色。      

猪肉腌制过程中亚硝酸钠添加量对其质构的影响

亚硝酸盐是腌腊肉制品中常用的食品添加剂,具有发色、抑菌、改善风味和质构等作用。本试验应用质构剖面分析方法(TextureProfileAnalysis,TPA)对猪肉腌制过程中不同亚硝酸钠添加量对其质构的影响做了初步研究,发现随着腌制时间的增加,硬度(Hardness)、胶黏性(Adhesiveness)、弹性(Springiness)和咀嚼性(Chewiness)增加,而粘聚性(Cohesiveness)和回复性(Resilience)减小。添加亚硝酸盐后,硬度和咀嚼性增加显著(p<0.05),胶黏性和弹性增加不显著(p>0.05);粘聚性减少不显著(p>0.05),回复性减少显著(p<0.05)。猪肉腌制过程中化学成分变化显示,水分、脂肪、蛋白质、胶原蛋白和亚硝酸盐都有降低趋势。通过化学成分含量与质构指标的相关分析,水分含量与胶黏性、回复性和弹性的相关性较高(分别为r=0.891,r=-0.770,r=-0.770:p<0.05),是影响质构的主要因素;亚硝酸盐与弹性显著负相关(r=-0.808,p<0.05),而与其它质构指标相关系数较低;胶原蛋白含量与回复性的相关性较高(r=0.740,p<0.05);脂肪、蛋白质含量与质构指标的相关系数较低。     

添加复合发酵剂对发酵猪肉干食品安全性的影响

以清酒乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus sakei）和木糖葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus xylosus）为复合发酵剂发酵猪肉干,研究复合发酵剂对发酵猪肉干腐败微生物生长增殖、组胺积累、亚硝酸盐残留、脂质氧化及挥发性氨基氮（TVB-N）生成的影响。结果表明:接种复合发酵剂显著（p<0.05）抑制发酵过程中大肠杆菌、李斯特菌、假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等腐败微生物的生长增殖;发酵结束时,添加复合发酵剂和自然发酵组的组胺含量分别为0.32和8.85 mg/kg,亚硝酸钠残留量分别为8.95和45.6 mg/kg,硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值分别为0.67和1.54 mg MDA/kg,TVB-N含量分别为1.23和5.25 mg/100 g。添加复合发酵剂组的组织状态、风味和色泽等感官评分均高于自然发酵组,获得了优良的感官特性。      

Effect of residual oxygen on the colour, odour and taste of carbon dioxide-packaged beef, lamb and pork during short term storage at chill temperatures

Samples of boneless pork, lamb, beef (high and normal pH) were packaged in '100%' carbon dioxide atmospheres in foil laminate pouches. These pouches were fitted with a septum and a gas sampling port that allowed the introduction of air and removal of gas samples for analysis from the sealed packs. After sealing, measured volumes of air were introduced into test packs that had been gassed at a carbon dioxide volume to meat weight ratio of either 1 litre/kg or 2 litres/kg, to give initial atmospheres containing approximately 0·1, 0·2 and 1·0% oxygen. After 24 and 168 h storage at -1·5 ± 0·5°C, test packs were removed and compared with similarly treated control packs without added oxygen with respect to meat odour, taste and colour. No significant differences between the test and control packs in respect to odour or taste were evident with any meat type. The tendency to develop browning in response to the presence of residual oxygen within packs, increased in the order: pork, normal pH beef, normal pH lamb, high pH beef. Beef and lamb developed noticeable browning in packs containing more than 0·15% total oxygen while pork was able to tolerate 1% oxygen without obvious detrimental effects. For all meat types, the colour stability was greater in packs gassed to the higher gas volume to meat weight ratio.     

Nitrite in hamburgers in Arak,Iran

Nitrite and nitrate are used as additives in meat products to provide colour, taste and protection against micro-organisms, but excessive use of these substances can be toxic and can cause carcinogenesis in man. Natural and organic foods are not permitted to use chemical preservatives, the traditional curing agents used for cured meats, and so nitrate and/or nitrite cannot be added to hamburgers. This study aimed to measure nitrite in hamburgers sold in Arak city, in the centre of Iran, in 2011. For this purpose, 105 samples were randomly selected and analysed according to Official AOAC Method 973. The residual nitrite in the samples was 30–100 mg/kg (p < 0.001). In 85.7% of the samples, presence of nitrite was demonstrated, which suggests unfavourable production conditions and poor sodium nitrite standards at hamburger factories.     

Nitrate and nitrite quantification from cured meat and vegetables and their estimated dietary intake in Australians

High dietary nitrate and nitrite intake may increase the risk of gastro-intestinal cancers due to the in vivo formation of carcinogenic chemicals known as N-nitroso compounds. Water and leafy vegetables are natural sources of dietary nitrate, whereas cured meats are the major sources of dietary nitrite. This paper describes a simple and fast analytical method for determining nitrate and nitrite contents in vegetables and meat, using reversed-phase HPLC-UV. The linearity R² value was >0.998 for the anions. The limits of quantification for nitrite and nitrate were 5.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. This method is applicable for both leafy vegetable and meat samples. A range of vegetables was tested, which contained <23 mg/kg nitrite, but as much as 5000 mg/kg of nitrate. In cured and fresh meat samples, nitrate content ranged from 3.7 to 139.5 mg/kg, and nitrite content ranged from 3.7 to 86.7 mg/kg. These were below the regulatory limits set by food standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ). Based on the average consumption of these vegetables and cured meat in Australia, the estimated dietary intake for nitrate and nitrite for Australians were 267 and 5.3 mg/adult/day, respectively.     

Time-dependent depletion of nitrite in pork/beef and chicken meat products and its effect on nitrite intake estimation

The food additive nitrite (E249, E250) is commonly used in meat curing as a food preservation method. Because of potential negative health effects of nitrite, its use is strictly regulated. In an earlier study we have shown that the calculated intake of nitrite in children can exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) when conversion from dietary nitrate to nitrite is included. This study examined time-dependent changes in nitrite levels in four Swedish meat products frequently eaten by children: pork/beef sausage, liver paté and two types of chicken sausage, and how the production process, storage and also boiling (e.g., simmering in salted water) and frying affect the initial added nitrite level. The results showed a steep decrease in nitrite level between the point of addition to the product and the first sampling of the product 24 h later. After this time, residual nitrite levels continued to decrease, but much more slowly, until the recommended use-by date. Interestingly, this continuing decrease in nitrite was much smaller in the chicken products than in the pork/beef products. In a pilot study on pork/beef sausage, we found no effects of boiling on residual nitrite levels, but frying decreased nitrite levels by 50%. In scenarios of time-dependent depletion of nitrite using the data obtained for sausages to represent all cured meat products and including conversion from dietary nitrate, calculated nitrite intake in 4-year-old children generally exceeded the ADI. Moreover, the actual intake of nitrite from cured meat is dependent on the type of meat source, with a higher residual nitrite levels in chicken products compared with pork/beef products. This may result in increased nitrite exposure among consumers shifting their consumption pattern of processed meats from red to white meat products.     

不同发色剂在广式腊肉中的发色应用研究

研究了不同发色剂组合配方对广式腊肉感官及亚硝酸钠残留量的影响。结果表明采用添加0.3%茶多酚、7%蛋黄粉、0.04%红曲红发色剂组合配方可得到发色效果好且亚硝酸钠残留量极低的低硝广式腊肉。其感官质量与50mg/kg亚硝酸钠所腌制产品相似。     

射频等离子体活性水处理对火腿发色的影响

探讨射频等离子体活性水（radio frequency plasma activated water,RF-PAW）处理对肌红蛋白颜色及火腿发色的影响,对比亚硝酸钠溶液与RF-PAW的发色效果以及这2 种发色剂用于火腿发色后亚硝酸盐的残留量。结果表明,等离子体处理6 min以内得到的PAW,不会对高铁肌红蛋白（metmyoglobin,metMb）的颜色产生显著影响,会使氧合肌红蛋白逐渐氧化成metMb,颜色由鲜红色变为红棕色;肉眼观察发现,采用RF-PAW、亚硝酸盐溶液（nitrite,NI）作为亚硝酸盐来源来腌制火腿,都能使新鲜猪肉发色,且RF-PAW腌制的火腿发色效果更好,RF-PAW中的活性物质并未对火腿发色造成不良影响;色差分析结果显示,PAW腌制出的火腿有更高的a*、C*值以及更低的b*值,色素含量测定显示,PAW处理的火腿具有更高的亚硝化肌红蛋白色素百分比（43.52%）,说明PAW腌制比NI腌制形成更多的亚硝化肌红蛋白色素,使火腿的红色更深;通过亚硝酸盐残留测定发现,NI腌制的火腿亚硝酸盐残留量为54.45 mg/kg,而PAW腌制的火腿亚硝酸盐残留量为52.79 mg/kg,均小于国标限量值70 mg/kg。该研究结果为肉品低温等离子体保鲜与腌制技术的工程化应用提供理论基础和科学指导。     

天然植物提取物对传统腌腊及酱卤肉制品特性的影响

以猪肉为原料,研究商业化天然植物提取物Nature 10 CS、T-4N DV CN和T-4N W DV对传统腌腊和酱卤肉制品色泽等特性的影响。结果显示：与常规添加亚硝酸盐产品相比,所选用的3 种天然植物提取物对产品的pH值、水分含量和aw不存在显著影响,而Nature 10 CS使腌制、卤煮后的酱卤肉制品以及腌制、风干和煮制后的腌腊肉制品呈现良好的色泽,且亚硝酸盐残留量低于4 mg/kg。尽管其色泽比常规添加亚硝酸盐的产品稍差,但已满足产品商品特性需求。添加T-4N DV CN和T-4N W DV产品的色泽效果不佳,因此不能作为亚硝酸盐的替代物。含微量亚硝酸盐的Nature 10 CS可满足传统腌腊和酱卤肉制品的发色需求,且在产品中残留甚微。     

发酵牛肉调味基料在牛肉饼中的应用效果

冷冻牛骨肉末经热-压浸提、酶解、发酵和美拉德反应后制成发酵牛肉调味基料（fermented beef flavoring,FBF）,以新鲜牛前肩肉为原料,加入不同比例腌制剂制成牛肉饼,分别为阴性对照（negative control,NC）组（既不添加NaNO2又不添加FBF）、阳性对照（positive control,PC）组（添加不同比例的NaNO2）及实验组。对牛肉饼进行感官评价后于20 ℃条件下贮藏,测定贮藏期间牛肉饼的红度值（a*）、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值及亚硝酸盐残留量。结果表明：与NC组相比,PC组和实验组牛肉饼色泽红润,口感香嫩,风味得到明显改善;只添加FBF的实验组牛肉饼a*较高,TBARs值和亚硝酸盐残留量较低;同时添加NaNO2和FBF的牛肉饼口感、色泽及风味等品质均有所提高,且20 g/kg FBF和0.05 g/kg NaNO2复配制成的牛肉饼品质最好。     

亚硝酸盐在板鸭加工过程中的变化

亚硝酸盐是肉制品主要控制的因素之一。在板鸭的腌渍过程中,亚硝酸盐呈逐渐增大的趋势;在风干过程中,前24h内板鸭中的亚硝酸盐急剧下降,12℃腌渍和2℃腌渍分别从12·2mg/kg和14·2mg/kg下降到3·86mg/kg和5·38mg/kg,之后出现比较平稳的下降区。     

鸡肉卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时安全性的控制研究

控制鸡肉卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时的安全性,为稳定鸡肉品质及工业生产时使用添加剂补料提供方法参考和科学依据。本研究以鸡翅根为原料,控制每次卤汤中山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠和氯化钠含量以及料液比相同,探讨卤汤循环使用时配料(山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠)对鸡肉的抑菌效果和抗氧化作用以及卤汤中山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠、pH、TBARS、亚硝酸盐的变化规律并进行曲线拟合预测趋势。结果表明:卤汤中山梨酸钾添加量为0.375 g/kg、D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量为200 mg/100 g时,随着卤制次数的增加,鸡肉卤制品的菌落总数显著降低(p0.05),卤制5次后其数值降至103 cfu/g;TBARS变化不显著(p0.05);山梨酸钾和D-异抗坏血酸钠均呈现波动变化,幅度稳定在2%。随着卤制次数增多,卤汤酸度显著增加(从6.7到5.79),TBARS增加(从0到0.614mg/kg),亚硝酸盐含量升高(从0到0.0845mg/kg)。三个测定指标(pH、TBARS、亚硝酸盐含量)采用高斯拟合得出随卤制次数的增加变化趋稳,能控制鸡肉卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时的安全性。     

Absence of volatile N-nitrosamines in cooked nitrite-free cured muscle foods

Nitrite-free cured pork systems were prepared using the preformed cooked cured-meat pigment (CCMP) and sodium ascorbate. Absence of volatile N-nitrosamines in cooked nitrite-free systems was confirmed using a gas chromatography-thermal energy analyzer (GC-TEA) methodology. Similar results were obtained when cod, cod surimi or mixtures containing pork with 15 or 50% cod or cod surimi were used. However, counterpart samples cured with sodium nitrite (156 ppm) and sodium ascorbate (550 ppm) produced N-nitrosodimethylamine at 1·0 ppb levels or less. Results demonstrate that nitrite-free curing of meat and meat/fish systems containing the preformed CCMP is successful in yielding products devoid of volatile N-nitrosamines.     

Nitrite and nitrate content in meat products and estimated intake in Denmark from 1998 to 2006

The content of nitrite and nitrate in cured meat products has been monitored in Denmark seven times between 1995 and 2006. The maximum permitted added amounts of sodium nitrite in Denmark (60 mg kg(-1) for most products up to 150 mg kg(-1) for special products) have not been exceeded, except for a few samples back in 2002. The intake, mean and intake distribution of sodium nitrite have been calculated from 1998 to 2006 with data from the Danish dietary survey conducted in 2000-02 on Danes from four to 75 years of age. The amounts used by industry have been relatively stable through the whole period with levels varying between 6 and 20 mg sodium nitrite kg(-1) with sausages, meat for open sandwiches and salami-type sausages being the greatest contributors. The mean intake of sodium nitrate was around 1 mg day(-1), which is very low compared with the total intake of 61 mg day(-1). The mean intake of sodium nitrite was 0.017 and 0.014, 0.009 and 0.008, and 0.007 and 0.003 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for men and women in the age groups 4-5, 6-14 and 15-75 years, respectively, which was much lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.09 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1). The 99th percentile for the group of 4-year-olds was 0.107 and 0.123 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for boys and girls, respectively, and the 95th percentile was 0.057 and 0.073 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for boys and girls, respectively, highest for the girls. With fewer than 100 boys and girls in the 4-5-year age group, only very few persons were responsible for the high intake. The conversion of nitrate to nitrite in the saliva and the degradation of nitrite during production and storage must also be considered when evaluating the intake of nitrite.     

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with α-Tocopheryl Acetate on the Stability of Reformed and Restructured Low Nitrite Cured Turkey Products

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium (Na) nitrite reduction on the oxidative and colour stability of reformed and restructured cured cooked turkey products manufactured from meat containing high and low levels of dietary α-tocopheryl acetate. Turkeys were randomly assigned to either a control group, fed a basal α-tocopheryl acetate diet (20mg/kg feed), or a treatment group fed a supplemented α-tocopheryl acetate diet (600mg/kg feed). Diets were fed ad libitum from day 1 until slaughter on day 147. Breast meat from control and treatment groups was used to manufacture cured reformed cooked turkey ham and cured restructured cooked turkey patties. Residual levels of 60 and 120mg Na nitrite/kg of meat were used. Turkey products were packaged in either overwrap or vacuum packaging and stored under refrigerated (4°C) illuminated display for 10 days. Results showed that dietary supplementation with α-tocopheryl significantly (p<0·05) improved the oxidative and colour stability of all low nitrite products produced when compared to non-supplemented controls.