海勃湾水库水沙变化与库区淤积分析

泥沙淤积问题是制约多沙河流水利枢纽使用寿命、发挥综合效益的主要因素。文章基于水文站实测数据和海勃湾水库常年回水区37个断面年度地形资料，采用输沙平衡法和断面法，分析入出库水沙变化及库区淤积成因。     

万安水库泥沙淤积分析

本文基于万安水库上游主要河流控制站和出库站的来沙情况,对建库前后入、出沙量进行对比,分析建库后泥沙淤积情况;通过研究典型大断面实测资料,分析建库前后断面冲淤情况.     

新疆乌鲁瓦提水库泥沙淤积研究

水利枢纽在设计运用过程中,泥沙淤积计算将直接影响淤积形态设计、工程规模、综合效益发挥等关键问题。在缺少实测泥沙资料的条件下,可采用一些经验方法(例如经验面积减少法、库容淤损率法等)估算泥沙淤积分布及水库运用年限。结合新疆乌鲁瓦提水库多年实测资料,验证了经验面积减少法的可靠性,预测了水库达到淤积平衡状态的淤积分布及淤积年限,并提出了近期水库调度运用建议。     

“经验面积减少法”在黄河万家寨水库中验证及应用分析

“经验面积减少法”是用来对水库泥沙淤积分布做粗略预估的一种方法,适用于某些资料相对较少和泥沙设计相对简化的水库泥沙计算,此次利用万家寨水库实测淤积资料,对经验面积减少法进行了验证,结果表明经验面积减少法用于计算万家寨水库泥沙淤积分布是基本可行的.     

丰满水库入库沙量及淤积量研究

泥沙淤积可能造成有效库容损失、抬高淹没范围、增加坝前泥沙压力、淤积航道等不利影响。文中通过第二松花江干支流上水文站实测悬移质泥沙资料,推算丰满水库多年平均入库沙量,然后用断面法对比分析泥沙总淤积量及淤积分布情况,为进一步分析水库泥沙淤积计算提供基础。     

三峡水库2003年蓄水以来库区干流泥沙淤积初步分析

基于三峡水库2003年蓄水至2010年间的实测资料,对库区干流的泥沙淤积量、淤积分布及断面淤积方式进行了详细分析.结果表明,三峡水库干流河道泥沙淤积主要发生在常年库区内,平面上呈不连续分布,其断面淤积形态主要有三种.三峡库区干流泥沙淤积分布与河道的平面形态以及断面的平均水深和平均流速等参数关系密切,本文统计分析得出了发生泥沙淤积时断面平均流速与水深间的经验关系.     

小浪底水库泥沙淤积观测分析

通过布设174个断面,采用断面法对小浪底水库泥沙淤积形态进行了观测,分析表明,自大坝截流至2008年汛前,库区淤积量为25亿m3,纵向淤积呈明显的三角洲形态,横向表现为平淤,对异重流的形成是有利的。在低水位期与三门峡、万家寨等水库联合进行调水调沙,可以将小浪底水库淤积的部分泥沙冲出库外,因此,营造异重流排沙是减少水库淤积、延长水库寿命的重要手段。     

汾河水库泥沙淤积数值模拟

泥沙淤积是水库普遍存在的问题,为了解决汾河水库泥沙淤积的现状,本文基于泥沙随机沉降的原理,并结合汾河静乐水文站的历年实测资料,建立了汾河水库泥沙淤积的随机数学模型,通过2008年汾河水库淤积地形的模拟结果与2008年实测地形进行对比,验证了模型的准确性;应用模型对汾河水库库区泥沙淤积发展情况进行了模拟预测,通过模拟计算,汾河水库泥沙淤积呈三角洲形状,随淤积年限的增加,水库淤积体逐渐向坝前移动,水库运行20、50、60年后总库容由原来的6.94亿m3,分别减小到4.04亿m3、2.95亿m3、2.94亿m3。模拟结果为水库今后的运行和管理提供了科学的依据。     

用γ—射线淤泥密度计测定羊毛湾水库库区淤泥容重

羊毛湾水库是全国重点险库之一.为了了解库区淤泥的实际状况和评价淤积物防渗效果,我们利用γ—淤泥密度计对库区淤积泥沙容重作了测定.通过现场测量,提供了库区淤泥容重及其容重在平面上和垂线上变化的实测资料.本文叙述了γ—淤泥密度计测量原理和探头结构.介绍了现场测量情况和各观测断面的测量结果.测量结果说明,羊毛湾水库经过多年运用后,由于泥沙落淤,水库坝前库底已有相当程度淤积,淤泥干容重大于0.7克/厘米~3,已具有一定的防渗能力.     

云南某水电站水库泥沙淤积数值模拟研究

水库泥沙淤积引起库区水位抬高,侵占调节库容,造成库容损失,且有害粒径对水轮机造成磨损,从而引起水轮机运行效率下降、出力和年发电量减小、检修间隔缩短和费用增大。以云南某水电站水库为例,利用非恒定一维模型对库区泥沙淤积形态、泥沙冲淤、过机含沙量等变化进行数值模拟。结果表明:水库泥沙淤积形态为三角洲淤积,泥沙淤积对调节库容的影响较大;通过水轮机水流的含沙量较小、粒径较细,泥沙对水轮机的影响较小;泥沙淤积数值模拟与实测资料相符,因此采用非恒定一维模型进行泥沙淤积数值模拟是可行的,可有效地解决云南地区泥沙淤积数值模拟的难题。     

Large-scale 3D numerical modelling of flood propagation and sediment transport and operational strategy in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Sediment deposition carried by flood flow is the main cause of reservoir sedimentation. This can be reduced by an appropriate operational strategy of flood flow and sediment in the reservoir. High-precision and large-scale hydrodynamic models to predict flood propagation and sediment transport in reservoirs are extremely important for an efficient flood forecasting and real-time joint regulation of water and sediment in reservoirs. In the present study, the three-dimensional (3D) numerical semi-implicit cross-scale hydroscience integrated system model (SCHISM) was adopted to model the flood propagation and sediment transport in the approximately 280-km-long reach in the Three Gorges Reservoir. This model is mainly focused on analysing the asynchronous movement characteristics of flood propagation and sediment transport and the operational strategy of sediment peak regulation. The flood event in July 2013 was reproduced by the numerical model, which was validated by a comparison with the measured data. The results indicated that the numerical model has the ability to accurately simulate the flood propagation and sediment transport processes. The time that the sediment peak lags behind the flow discharge peak increases as the flood waves propagate downstream, reaching 8.1 days at the dam site. During the rising period of the flood, the discharged flow is lowered to reduce the flood peak, and when the sediment peak reaches the dam, the discharged flow is increased to release high concentration sediment during the flood recession period so as to reduce sedimentation in the reservoir. The model results agreed well with the measured results. The 3D numerical model can be used for the real-time prediction of the arrival time of the flow discharge and sediment peaks for the joint regulation of water and sediment in the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

梯级水库集中排沙与应用

水库泥沙淤积问题已受到越来越多的电力生产和水库管理人员的关注.重点介绍了龚嘴水库来水、来沙特点,结合龚嘴梯级水库的具体情况,分析了梯级水库联合排沙的调度方法,着重介绍了基于水情预测的集中降水位排沙的调度方式在龚嘴梯级中的应用.     

黄河小浪底水库库区水流泥沙运动规律分析

结合1997～2001年黄河小浪底水库库区水文泥沙测验资料,采用水文分析的方法,分析施工运用期、蓄水运用初期等不同时期库区各因子站的水流泥沙运动特征、库区泥沙淤积量及其淤积形态和水库初期运用的回水影响等,并着重分析2000年洪水期含沙量变化过程以及库区泥沙淤积上延现象,初步得出库区不同时期的水流泥沙运动基本规律.由于受当时设站规模的限制,库区水文泥沙资料尚存在不足.今后需加强小浪底水库泥沙淤积状况的监测,收集更广泛的库区水流泥沙资料,为制定小浪底水库运行调度方式奠定基础.     

丹江口水库汉江干流库区淤积分析

丹江口水库建成后,改变了天然河道的水沙输移条件,入库水沙受人工调度控制,进入了水库淤积重新造床过程,自建库至 2003 年,入库沙量 98 ％以上都淤积在库内,其中有 85 ％的淤积量都分布在干流库区内 , 出库的泥沙也都是异重流冲泻质。根据丹江口水库历史及近期资料,对汉江干流库区纵、横、垂 3 个方向的淤积分布进行了详细的分析研究,为三峡水库的运用提供良好的借鉴。     

Sediment distribution and its impacts on Hirakud Reservoir (India) storage capacity

Construction of dams causes reduced flow velocities, inducing gradual deposition of sediments carried by the inflowing stream, and resulting in sedimentation and ultimately diminishing reservoir storage capacity. This study focuses on sedimentation of Hirakud Reservoir in Odisha, India, using available reservoir capacity and numerical simulation data. Reduced trap efficiency, observed and projected capacity curves, rising reservoir bed level and the capacities of the different storage zones for various projected years are analysed. The area‐reduction method indicates the loss in the live, gross and dead storage will be 58%, 63% and 100%, respectively, of their original capacities by 2057, which represents 100 years of impounding of water in the reservoir. If the present sediment inflow rate continues without regular flushing of the deposited sediment, it is predicted the reservoir bed level will rise to the full reservoir level of 192.02 m by the year 2110. Brune's trap efficiency and step method indicate the gross storage zone of Hirakud Reservoir will be completely depleted by the end of 2110, with the trap efficiency reduced to zero. The empirical area‐reduction method is found to be more suitable for determining the storage capacities of Hirakud Reservoir in the absence of sedimentation survey data. An attempt was also made to solve the combined hydrodynamic and sediment transport equations numerically to predict morphological changes in Hirakud Reservoir. The finite‐element code TELEMAC‐2D and finite‐volume code for SISYPHE, respectively, were applied to solve the above set of equations in order to predict the bed profiles at different reservoir cross sections for the period of 1958–2008. Analysis of the simulated results demonstrates that, considering the model inputs, the model performs well in simulating the morphology and dynamic characteristics of a reservoir. Projection of the numerical results indicates a complete loss of reservoir operational life due to sedimentation by around 2150.     

张峰水库泥沙观测设计

张峰水库是一座大(二)型水库,水库泥沙观测是工程设计的重点之一。文中对山西省张峰水库泥沙观测设计进行了阐述,包括应观测的内容、观测断面的布设和观测方法、资料整编等。     

多源卫星遥感数据和水色遥感技术在鹤地水库采砂监察中的应用

近年来,鹤地水库的采砂活动频繁,相关管理部分迫切希望了解采砂活动在水库库区的时空分布,以指导库区的管护和执法活动。该基于多源卫星遥感数据和水色遥感技术对鹤地水库悬浮泥沙浓度进行了分析,结合现场调研,发现悬浮物浓度高值区存在采砂行为。认为基于多源卫星遥感数据和水色遥感技术可对水库的采砂行为时空变化进行监察,辅助库区管理人员执法。     

高含沙地区中小水库泥沙淤积预估模型的应用研究

对高含沙地区中小水库的淤积发展提出了一个数学预估模型,通过对解放沟水库的实测淤积资料与模型的淤积计算对比分析,该模型基本上能够反映该水库的泥沙变化规律,也为水库管理单位预估泥沙发展提供了一种新的数学计算方法。影响数学模型的因素采用K、b、c三个综合参数表示,参数确定后,淤积面积主要是与相对水深的关系,经过计算,解放沟水库的实际淤积量与计算淤积量的误差范围在6%左右,基本上能够反映水库今后的淤积变化。     

提高水库汛限水位的防洪风险研究

水库在汛期的汛限水位,关系到水库发电效益与水库防洪安全两个方面。从防洪角度,汛限水位越低,意味着预留的水库调洪库容越大,对水库防洪较为有利。本文以江西省最大的水电站万安水库为实例,应用季节性的一阶自回归模型,研究提高水库汛限水位,对水库防洪风险的影响,为决策提供依据。