基于Pathfinder高校高层学生公寓火灾疏散仿真模拟研究

目前,高层建筑在高校建筑群中的数量快速增加,但出现了火灾疏散逃生的难题。因此,基于建筑信息模型(Building Information Modeling,BIM)技术和Pathfinder疏散模拟软件对某高校第23栋高层学生公寓楼进行人员疏散模拟,分析该学生公寓在应急逃生疏散中存在的安全隐患。从无人为干预下的数值模拟试验结果中得出,该高层学生公寓出口的利用率较低,疏散过程中楼道人员密度大,存在发生二次事故的风险。     

基于元胞自动机的应急疏散系统仿真研究

分析了紧急情况下人员疏散的难点,提出了应急系统人员疏散策略,设计了一种基于CA的人员疏散模型.通过模型仿真,分析模型中相关参数对疏散效果的影响,在此基础上对人员疏散模型中地场方法进行改进,模拟结果表明,基于CA的应急疏散仿真能够很好的模拟建筑内人员应急疏散行为及紧急事件的发展情况.同时该仿真方法具有直观性、灵活性和可扩展性,为应急管理研究提供了一个很好的研究思路.     

基于Agent的人员疏散系统设计与实现

通过分析Agent与社会力模型在人员疏散方面的应用及疏散模拟中人和建筑物对象的存储方式,利用Agent技术结合人员疏散的动力学模型、改进的路径规划算法和人员在一般情况下的心理因素以及建筑物的不同特点,建立能够正确反映疏散时人员行为的Agent模型,运用C++语言实现基于Agent的人员疏散模拟系统。疏散结果显示,该系统能够较真实地模拟人员疏散过程。     

基于物联网技术的历史建筑室内外火灾疏散路径三维模拟

为解决历史建筑室内外发生火灾时,疏散耗时较长等问题,提出基于物联网技术的历史建筑室内外火灾疏散路径三维模拟方法.通过火灾湍流基本守恒构建,利用滤波函数划分尺度分量,分析大涡流场运动特征,通过质量守恒、动量守恒等方程,控制大涡流场运动;设置火灾疏散条件,在疏散人身上以及设备上安装RFID标签,计算模拟路径以及成本信息;通过计算历史建筑室内外火灾疏散路径的长度、宽度以及疏散速度,添加火灾变化因子避开疏散路径烟雾位置,完成疏散路径的三维模拟.仿真结果表明:采用所提方法进行火灾疏散时疏散效果较好.     

基于元胞自动机的人员疏散过程研究

紧急情况(如火灾等)下的人员疏散研究可为减少人员受到伤害提供必要的指导.提出了一种基于元胞自动机的微观离散模型,该模型将人群按照年龄和性别进行了划分,把所有人员都作为一种客体.在疏散过程中,每个人员的行为参照在其视野中的其它人员的行为进行加权处理.针对不同移动速度的人员比例,权系数等参数,进行了多方面的数值模拟,研究结果表明,提出的模型能够较好地模拟紧急情况下的人员疏散现象.     

基于精细网格的BRT车站疏散模拟研究

通过分析当前人员疏散模型,结合BRT站台的功能属性与物理特点,提出了一种基于精细网格的BRT公交车站人群疏散模拟方法.将车站疏散区域划分为以固定人均占地面积为单位的精细单元网格,并在此基础上构建了人员疏散模型.人员疏散模型包括疏散人员的运动方向、不同类型人员在疏散状态下的运动速度等人员行走规则和有无视野范围的避障原则、出口转移意愿等冲突解决机制.以广州BRT岗顸站作为模拟站台进行疏散模拟,验证了模型的实用性与可行性.     

基于LBM算法的大规模人群疏散研究

人群聚集活动越来越多地出现在各种公共场合,而由此引发的各种安全问题也逐渐受到社会各界的重视.在重要建筑和人群密集场所突发重大恐怖事件时,将人员在较短的时间内紧急疏散至安全地带是恐怖事件紧急救援的首要任务.文中提出一种基于LBM的高效的人群疏散算法及模型,该模型将Lattice Boltzmann Method的D2Q9模型应用于人流疏散的模拟过程.该模f的着重点在于研究人群的疏散过程,从人流整体的运动特点考虑疏散问题.针对大规模人群紧急疏散的模拟,可比较精确地预测人流紧急疏散的过程与现象.     

基于ACP方法的应急疏散系统研究

目前地铁、建筑及煤矿等人员密集空间突发事件频发,解决人员密集空间人员安全疏散是当前社会发展亟待解决的问题. 本文以地铁为例研究了基于ACP方法的平行应急疏散系统,该系统由应急疏散人工系统、计算实验 和平行执行三部分组成. 平行应急疏散系统不仅适用于地铁,还适用于建筑及煤矿等生活和工作空间应急疏散管理,可实现人员培训、疏散演练、疏散方案优化和评估等功能. 本文初步建立了地铁枢纽站平行应急疏散系统,并进行了两种典型场景的计算实验,实验结果表明平行应急疏散系统可有效提高应急疏散效率.     

基于元胞自动机的人员疏散仿真研究

在人员聚集的大型场所,如果紧急事件发生则极有可能造成人员的大量伤亡,因此对人员疏散行为进行深入研究,具有极大的现实意义.通过分析已有的理论基础,利用元胞自动机原理建立了人员疏散数学模型.模型采用二维元胞自动机技术,确定了元胞空间和元胞状态,建立了人员疏散行为规则并着重探讨了从众行为和建筑结构不同对疏散时间的影响.试验结果表明,该疏散仿真模型更具真实性和合理性.     

建筑物出口条件对人员疏散的影响分析

人员疏散是建筑安全性能设计中考虑的关键因素,建筑出口条件又是人员疏散的关键环节.研究人员对疏散问题,采用疏散仿真模型对人群疏散进行了仿真,着重研究了出口条件对疏散时间的影响.为保证安全,对于单出口的建筑物,出口宽度有一个理想临界值d≈0.1w(w为包括出口在内的墙总长),使出口宽度大于临界值,减少了阻塞现象,提高疏散效率.对于双出口分布在同一面墙上的正方形建筑,出口间距S≈0.2w,疏散用时最小,并对于方形建筑的理想临界值S会随着建筑物较短的墙宽度减小而增加.仿真表明,双出口分布在不同墙面上方式比没有双出口分布在同一面墙疏散效率高,为建筑物出口设计提供了参考依据.     

A dynamic evacuation simulation framework based on geometric algebra

Integrating dynamic analysis models into geographic information system (GIS)-based evacuation simulations is important yet complex. Different models must be smoothly assembled according to the data processing flow to obtain a dynamic, data-forced evacuation simulation. However, because of the diversity of data types and dynamic data updating among different models, closely integrated evacuation simulations are complex and inefficient. In this study, geometric algebra (GA) is introduced to develop a dynamic evacuation simulation framework for a hazardous gas diffusion scheme. In the framework, geospatial data are first integrated into a unified virtual scene with different forms of multivector representation. The major simulation models of gas diffusion, risk assessment, and dynamic evacuation routing compose the major steps of the evacuation simulation. On the basis of the generalized multivector structure, dynamic exchange and updating geospatial data at different evacuation steps can be performed seamlessly with the multivector structure and GA operators. The framework is tested with a case study of a three-dimensional residential area, which shows that our framework can support the integration of dynamic evacuation processes and the model integration is direct and smooth. This framework may also provide a new solution for the integration and dynamic data updating in spatiotemporal GIS.     

Crowd simulation for emergency response using BDI agents based on immersive virtual reality

This paper presents a novel methodology involving a Virtual Reality (VR)-based Belief, Desire, and Intention (BDI) software agent to construct crowd simulation and demonstrates the use of the same for crowd evacuation management under terrorist bomb attacks in public areas. The proposed BDI agent framework allows modeling of human behavior with a high degree of fidelity. The realistic attributes that govern the BDI characteristics of the agent are reverse-engineered by conducting human-in-the-loop experiments in the VR-based Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). To enhance generality and interoperability of the proposed crowd simulation modeling scheme, input data models have been developed to define environment attributes (e.g., maps, demographics, evacuation management parameters). The validity of the proposed data models are tested with two different evacuation scenarios. Finally, experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effect of various crowd evacuation management parameters on the key performance indicators in the evacuation scenario such as crowd evacuation rate and densities. The results reveal that constructed simulation can be used as an effective emergency management tool.     

三维园林植被景观构建与虚拟展示

绿地系统具有生态、文化、社会和审美的多重功能,由于植物形态结构复杂多样,城市规划中尚未有系统、定量化的设计。利用虚拟现实、虚拟植物和地理信息系统等新技术,提出了参数化虚拟植被景观规划设计和虚拟展示的概念模型,集成了参数化植物建模方法和植物空间布局方法。结合园林绿地实例,根据参数化植物建模方法,获取绿化植物形态结构参数,建立各种植物造型的三维模型;采用参数化描述植物空间布局的规则,基于Open Scene Graph（OSG）图形渲染引擎,集成Oculus rift虚拟现实设备,实现三维园林植被景观的虚拟构建及展示。以某大学为例,验证了整体方案的有效性。     

Agent-based simulation of affordance-based human behaviors in emergency evacuation

Complex cognitive processes corresponding to human control behaviors cannot be easily inferred using (1) a logical rule-based model, (2) a statistical model, or (3) an analytical predictive model. Predicting human behaviors in complex and uncertain environments like emergency evacuation is considered almost impossible (at least NP hard) in systems theory. In this paper, we explore simulating human behaviors using affordance-based finite state automata (FSA) modeling, based on the ecological concept of affordance theory. To this end, we introduce the conceptual and generic framework of affordance-based human behavior simulation developed through our previous work. Following the generic framework, formal simulation models of affordance-based human behaviors are developed, especially for emergency evacuation, to mimic perception-based dynamic human actions interacting with emergent environmental changes, such as fire. A “warehouse fire evacuation” case is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. The human action planning algorithms in the simulation model are developed and implemented using the Adjusted Floor Field Indicators, which represent not only the evacuee’s prior knowledge of the floor layout but the perceivable information about dynamic environmental changes. The results of our simulation study verify that the proposed framework accurately simulates human fire evacuation behavior. The proposed framework is expected to capture the natural manner in which humans behave in emergency evacuation and enhance the simulation fidelity of analyses and predictions of perceptual human behaviors/responses in the systems by incorporating cognitive intent into human behavior simulations.     

基于VR和VWT的跳伞综合模拟训练系统设计

军事实地跳伞训练安全风险高、成本投入大、组织复杂,迫切需要采用更为先进的训练手段来提高跳伞训练效益,构建跳伞一体化综合模拟训练系统是解决当前跳伞训练面临的主要问题的有效方法.在分析该系统功能指标的基础上,提出了基于虚拟现实（VR）技术和垂直风洞（VWT）技术的系统设计方案,并对各分系统的总体结构、硬件组成、软件模块功能及关键技术进行了详细分析,对该类型模拟系统的研制具有较强的参考意义.     

Web-based learning in the computer-aided design curriculum

Abstract This study attempts to apply the principle of constructivism and virtual reality (VR) technologies to computer-aided design (CAD) curriculum by integrating network, CAD and VR into a web-based learning environment. Through VR technologies, it is expected that the traditional two-dimensional (2D) computer graphics course can be expanded into a three-dimensional (3D) real-time simulation one. VR technologies provide a novel method to enhance user visualisation of complex three-dimensional graphics and environments. Experience and environmental interaction allow users more readily to perceive the dimensional interrelations of graphics which are typically portrayed through static multiview or pictorial representations. A web-based learning system ( WebDeGrator ) has been developed to simulate a computer graphics learning system for learning. Future developments of the proposed web-based learning framework are also discussed.     

SharpMap二次开发中的框架设计与实现

商用地理信息系统软件庞大,且小规模系统的二次开发成本较高。为此,提出一种在开源SharpMap类库基础上进行框架设计与开发的方法,将命令和工具作为最小单元,各功能被细化成几个命令或工具,根据开发需要将命令与工具按照类别集成在一起构成系统。实验结果表明,该方法在二次开发中应用灵活,已开发的命令和工具单元可在多个项目中重复使用。     

基于MDA的分布式建模仿真框架

分析现有分布式建模仿真存在的缺点,提出将模型驱动体系结构(MDA)应用于分布式建模仿真。设计一个基于MDA的分布式建模仿真框架,给出资源层、PIM建模层、PSM建模层和仿真运行平台层的四层仿真体系结构。研究该框架的开发过程及关键技术,并设计即插即用武器系统分布式仿真平台。仿真结果表明,该框架使得分布式仿真系统具有更好的可扩展性,提高了仿真组件的互操作性和可重用性。     

基于虚拟现实的流程工业过程模拟仿真系统

将虚拟现实技术与系统仿真技术相结合,建立了炼油企业虚拟现实过程模拟仿真平台,分析了仿真平台的结构设计与实现原理。介绍了一种基于虚拟现实的炼油企业过程模拟仿真算法,详细说明了该算法在虚拟现实仿真平台上的应用过程,包括重点装置动态模拟、罐区油品调合仿真、进出厂模拟等。虚拟现实仿真平台通过生产过程与数据的可视化呈现与人机交互以及现场应用,可以为炼油企业流程模拟仿真培训与生产过程三维可视化监控提供有效的支持。     

VELOS: A VR platform for ship-evacuation analysis

“Virtual Environment for Life On Ships” (VELOS) is a multi-user Virtual Reality (VR) system that aims to support designers to assess (early in the design process) passenger and crew activities on a ship for both normal and hectic conditions of operations and to improve ship design accordingly. This article focuses on presenting the novel features of VELOS related to both its VR and evacuation-specific functionalities. These features include: (i) capability of multiple users’ immersion and active participation in the evacuation process, (ii) real-time interactivity and capability for making on-the-fly alterations of environment events and crowd-behavior parameters, (iii) capability of agents and avatars to move continuously on decks, (iv) integrated framework for both the simplified and advanced method of analysis according to the IMO/MSC 1033 Circular, (v) enrichment of the ship geometrical model with a topological model suitable for evacuation analysis, (vi) efficient interfaces for the dynamic specification and handling of the required heterogeneous input data, and (vii) post-processing of the calculated agent trajectories for extracting useful information for the evacuation process. VELOS evacuation functionality is illustrated using three evacuation test cases for a ro-ro passenger ship.