TB8钛合金超塑性拉伸变形流变行为与本构方程

在电子万能拉伸试验机上对TB8钛合金进行了恒应变速率超塑性拉伸试验(变形温度为720~880℃,应变速率为0.000 1~0.01s~(-1)),研究了拉伸流变行为,计算了超塑性拉伸变形激活能和相应的应力指数,建立了TB8钛合金应力-应变本构模型。结果表明,在同一应变速率下,流变应力随变形温度的增加而减少,同一变形温度下,流变应力随应变速率的增加而增加。在变形温度为840℃,应变速率为10~(-4) s~(-1),合金的伸长率最大,为356%;超塑性拉伸变形激活能和应力指数分别为251.25kJ/mol、2.389 5。     

The Strain-Compensated Constitutive Equation for High Temperature Flow Behavior of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy

In order to study flow stress behavior for hot working of a typical Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy, experimental stress-strain data obtained from isothermal hot compression tests at strain rates of 0.004, 0.04, and 0.4 s^?1 and deformation temperatures of 400, 450, 500, and 520 °C were used to develop the constitutive equation. The peak stress decreased with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. The effects of temperature and strain rate on deformation behavior were represented by Zener-Hollomon parameter in an exponent-type equation. Employing an Arrhenius-type constitutive equation, the influence of strain has been incorporated by considering the related material constants as functions of strain. The accuracy of the developed constitutive equations has been evaluated using standard statistical parameters such as correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error. The results indicate that the proposed strain-dependent constitutive equation gives an accurate and precise estimate of the flow stress in the relevant temperature range.     

工艺参数对粗晶Ti2AlNb合金超塑性行为的影响

研究了粗晶状态(200～800μm)的Ti-22Al-25Nb合金在1213～1263 K温度范围内和3.3×10-4～3.3×10-2s-1初始应变速率范围内的超塑性性能与变形工艺参数之间的关系,探讨了温度和应变速率变化对合金延伸率的影响规律,并根据合金在变形过程中的流变应力变化对合金的本构方程进行了求解。结果表明,在上述条件下粗晶状态的合金也表现出一定的超塑性,较佳变形温度为T=1238 K,较佳初始应变速率为3.3×10-4s-1,延伸率达到370%,合金的延伸率随应变速率的降低而增大。通过对合金变形过程相关数据进行计算,合金的热变形激活能为759.918 kJ/mol,合金的变形机制主要表现为动态再结晶和新相长大。     

7055铝合金高温流变应力特征及本构方程

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机进行高温等温压缩试验, 研究了7055合金在变形温度为300～450 ℃、应变速率为10-2～10 s-1条件下的流变应力特征.结果表明, 该合金为正应变速率敏感材料,流变应力随应变速率的增加而增大,随温度升高而减小.流变应力开始随应变增加而增大,达到峰值后趋于平稳, 表现出动态回复的特征.通过线性回归分析计算出该材料的应变硬化指数n为5.776 83以及变形激活能Q为146.400 7 kJ/mol, 获得了该合金高温条件下的流变应力本构方程.     

7A85铝合金热压缩流变行为与本构方程研究

通过在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上进行高温压缩试验,研究了7A85铝合金在变形温度为250～450℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1条件下的高温流变行为。研究表明,7A85铝合金在热压缩过程中发生了明显的动态回复与动态再结晶;变形抗力随温度的降低而增加,当温度低于300℃时变形抗力增加明显,同时变形抗力随应变速率的增大而增大;应变速率和流变应力之间满足指数关系,温度和流变应力之间满足Arrhenius方程;采用线性回归方法获得了7A85铝合金高温条件下流变应力的本构方程。     

TA15钛合金流变行为的一种本构模型

在Gleeble- 1500热物理模拟机上对多组TA15钛合金试样进行压缩试验,获得了不同变形温度、应变速率和应变下的应力-应变曲线.结果表明,应力迅速达到峰值后呈下降趋势,峰值应力随变形温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增加而增大;引入包含软化因子的本构模型,并采用多元线性回归法可求解相应的系数.     

TL1438高温流动应力应变本构方程的建立

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟机对TL1438非调质钢钢进行高温压缩试验.研究了变形速率和变形温度对TL1438钢热变形行为的影响,得出热变形时该钢的相关参数值.根据含有Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦函数建立了TL1438钢高温条件下流动应力应变的本构方程,以期为模拟TL1438钢热锻过程提供依据.     

WSTi3515S阻燃钛合金超塑性变形行为及本构关系研究

通过电子万能试验机对具有粗大晶粒的β型WSTi3515S阻燃钛合金进行了超塑性拉伸试验,分析了热力学参数对超塑性能及力学行为的影响,建立了该合金超塑性本构关系。结果表明：WSTi3515S阻燃钛合金可在较宽的温度范围及应变速率区间内(800~920 ℃,0.000 5~0.01 s-1)实现超塑性;且在高温低应变速率条件下超塑性能良好,最大延伸率可达556%。与细晶超塑性不同,WSTi3515S合金在超塑性拉伸过程中,稳态变形阶段很短甚至不出现,变形主要集中在准稳态变形阶段,且准稳态变形阶段越长,获得延伸率越大。基于Arrhenius方程建立的本构方程精度不高,而由逐步回归法构建的本构方程误差值基本在5%以内。     

喷射成形高合金工具钢的流变应力本构方程

采用喷射成形工艺制备了HGSF01高合金工具钢,在Gleeble2000热模拟试验机上进行等温热压缩试验,在变形速率为0.05～20 s~(-1)和变形温度为900～1150℃条件下对喷射成形HGSF01高合金工具钢进行实验研究.结果表明:喷射成形HGSF01高合金工具钢热压缩变形流变应力受变形温度和应变速率的影响强烈,真应力-应变曲线呈典型的动态回复再结晶特征.可以用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦函数形式本构方程来描述喷射成形HGSF01高合金工具钢的流变应力行为,其形变激活能(Q)为435.446 kJ/mol.     

Mo-Nb单晶的热变形行为及本构方程

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对Mo-Nb单晶材料的高温流变应力变化规律进行了热模拟实验研究,变形温度区间为1100~1300℃,应变速率为0.001~10 s~(-1),变形程度为50%,真应变量为0.7。结果表明,变形温度和变形速率对Mo-Nb单晶材料的流变应力有较大影响,Mo-Nb单晶材料的真应力-真应变曲线表现出峰值、应变软化和稳态流动等特征。采用修正Arrhenius双曲正弦函数建立了Q、A、n、α等材料常数与真应变的函数关系式,计算了在试验条件下的各种材料参数,推导了Mo-Nb单晶材料高温变形本构方程。     

Development of Accurate Constitutive Models for Simulation of Superplastic Forming

Superplastic forming (SPF) has been considered a process for improving the formability of aluminum alloys for the production of automotive body panels. In order to accurately simulate the SPF process, elevated temperature, uniaxial tension tests are used to develop the material flow model. Due to the high temperature and large degree of deformation in these tests, strain is typically calculated using crosshead displacement rather than with an extensometer. This approach requires the assumption of a constant material volume in the gage section to calculate the uniform strain. It has been observed that a significant amount of material flows from the grips into the gage section during testing which results in inaccuracies in the material model. This article presents a numerical tool that accounts for material flow from the grips and produces a more accurate constitutive equation. Experimental and numerical validations of the results of the developed tool are presented. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2006, Innovations in Metal Forming symposium held in Cincinnati, OH, October 15-19, 2006.     

2024A铝合金高温流变行为及本构关系研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对2024A铝合金进行等温热轧,对其高温流变行为进行了研究。通过试验获得2024A铝合金在温度为300~450℃、应变速率为0.01~10s-1时的真应力-真应变曲线。结果表明,2024A铝合金的流变应力与温度、应变速率和变形量之间呈非线性关系,流变应力随着应变速率增大而升高,随着变形温度的升高而降低。基于试验数据,分别建立考虑应变补偿的Arrhenius和修正的Johnson-Cook(M-JC)本构模型,引入统计学方法对模型精度进行量化评估:Arrhenius模型的平均相对误差和均方根误差分别为5.02%和5.88MPa,M-JC模型的平均相对误差和均方根误差分别为3.72%和5.27MPa,可见M-JC模型预测精度优于Arrhenius模型,说明M-JC模型能更为准确地描述2024A铝合金的高温轧制过程中的流变行为。     

FGH96粉末高温合金双道次热变形行为及其本构方程

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对FGH96合金进行双道次变形量为45%+25%的等温热压缩实验,研究了变形温度为1050~1125℃,变形速率为0.001~0.1 s-1的热变形行为和组织变化,建立了包含应变量、变形温度、变形速率的双道次热变形本构方程,结果表明:FGH96合金的第1道次和第2道次的压缩应力应变曲线有相同的变化规律,两道次流变应力均受到γ′溶解以及由此造成晶粒长大的影响;由本构方程计算的模拟值与实验实测值具有良好的拟合性,模拟值能真实地反映应力在不同变形条件下的变化规律;选择变形温度:1075~1100℃、变形速率:0.01~0.1 s-1时能获得理想的热变形组织。     

A New Constitutive Model for the High-Temperature Flow Behavior of 95CrMo Steel

The compressive deformation behavior of 95CrMo steel, one of the worldwide used hollow steels, was investigated on a Gleeble-3500 thermo-simulation machine within temperature range of 1073-1323 K and strain rate range of 0.1-10 s^?1. Considering the influence of work-hardening, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization, a new constitutive model for high-temperature flow stress was established in this paper. The calculated values predicted by the new constitutive model lie fairly close to the experimental values with a correlation coefficient (R) of generally above 0.99 and an average absolute relative error of 3.00%, proving a good predictability of the new constitutive model. Also, a modified Sellars-Tegart-Garofalo model (STG model) was introduced to verify the precision of the new constitutive model. Compared to the modified STG model, the new constitutive model has a higher accuracy, which implies it is a reliable tool for predicting flow stress at high temperatures not only under equilibrium state, but also under transient deformation conditions. Besides, the new constitutive model was proved still viable in the initial stage of plastic deformation where plastic strain is lower than 0.05.     

Zr基块体非晶合金在过冷液相区的超塑性流变行为

研究了Zr41.25Ti13.75Ni10Cul2．5Be22.5(原子分数,%)块体非晶合金在玻璃转变终了温度Tg^end附近的4个特征温度点(616,636,656和676K)的等温拉伸行为．结果表明,块体非晶合金的超塑性能与环境温度及拉伸速度紧密相关．在656K,以5mm／min的速度拉伸时,获得了1625％的最大延伸率利用速度突变法测出了636,656及676K时的应力敏感指数分别为0．25,0．65和0．93．利用自由体积模型对块体非晶合金的超塑性流变行为的微观机制进行了分析．     

4032铝合金的高温压缩变形行为及本构方程

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对4032铝合金在变形温度370～490℃、应变速率0.02～5 s-1的条件下的流变应力进行了研究.分析了变形温度和应变速率对4032铝合金高温塑性变形应力的影响,计算出了激活能和应力指数值.建立了4032铝合金的本构方程.     

A Constitutive Equation for Magnetorheological Fluid Characterization

A microstructural model of the motion of particle pairs in MR fluids is proposed that accounts for both hydrodynamic and magnetic field forces. A fluid constitutive equation is derived, from the model that allows the prediction of velocity and particle structure fields. The analysis is similar to that of bead-spring models of polymeric liquids with replacement of the elastic connector force by a magnetic force. Results for simple shear flow are presented for the case when the two particles remain in close contact so they are hydrodynamically equivalent to an ellipsoid with an aspect ratio of two and only the component of the magnetic force normal to the connecting vector between the centers of the two particles affects motion. The model predicts oscillatory motion of the particle pairs at low magnetic fields. The fluid reaches a steady state at high magnetic fields. The time required to reach the steady state for a given shear rate reduces significantly as the field increases.     

Flow Behavior and Constitutive Equation of Ti-6.5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-1W-0.2Si Titanium Alloy

In order to get a reliable constitutive equation for the finite element simulation, flow behavior of Ti-6.5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-1W-0.2Si alloy under high temperature was investigated by carrying a series of isothermal compression tests at temperatures of 1153-1293 K and strain rates of 0.01-10.0 s^?1 on the Gleeble-1500 simulator. Results showed that the true stress-strain curves exhibited peaks at small strains, after which the flow stress decreased monotonically. Ultimately, the flow curves reached steady state at the strain of 0.6, showing a dynamic flow softening phenomenon. The effects of strain rate, temperature, and strain on the flow behavior were researched by establishing a constitutive equation. The relations among stress exponent, deformation activation energy, and strain were preliminarily discussed by using strain rate sensitivity exponent and dynamic recrystallization kinetics curve. Stress values predicted by the modified constitutive equation showed a good agreement with the experimental ones. The correlation coefficient (R) and average absolute relative error (AARE) were 98.2% and 4.88%, respectively, which confirmed that the modified constitutive equation could give an accurate estimation of the flow stress for BT25y titanium alloy.     

Flow Behavior and Constitutive Model Using Piecewise Function of Strain for TC11 Alloy

针对TC11钛合金,提出了基于应变分段的Arrhenius双曲正弦模型,并进行热模拟压缩试验,分析了TC11钛合金高温流变行为及流变参数对流变应力的影响。采用分段函数的Arrhenius双曲正弦方法,在不同应变区域下求出不同的材料参数,得到了更为精确的本构模型。对比试验结果表明,模型具有很高的精度,并对比了模拟结果,表明模型是可靠的。