不同技术类型光伏组件的户外发电性能及衰减分析

对在广东省顺德地区(属于亚热带季风气候)运行的异质结(HIT)光伏组件、铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜光伏组件、碲化镉(CdTe)薄膜光伏组件这3种不同技术类型的光伏组件的户外发电性能进行了比较,并对这3种光伏组件的功率衰减情况进行了定量分析.截至2019年12月,上述3种光伏组件的户外累计运行时间长达12年,其室内I-V特...     

基于青海地区在运光伏电站监测数据的容配比提升分析

随着光伏发电技术进步,近年来光伏组件价格呈快速下降趋势,于是对早期光伏电站进行大规模的光伏组件扩容翻新有了实质性的经济意义。根据青海地区正在运行的光伏电站的实时监测数据,建立光伏组件-逆变器限电率模型,以度电成本(LCOE)为考核指标,分析在不同扩容工程的工程造价影响下,光伏组件-逆变器容配比(下文简称“容配比”)与LCOE的敏感性关系,以确定在运光伏电站扩容后的最佳容配比,为未来光伏电站扩容设计提供指导方法。     

非晶硅与晶硅太阳电池在太阳能光伏发电应用中热性能的研究

对在北京地区屋面上固定角度安装(目前光伏发电应用中最常见的安装形式)的非晶硅和多晶硅太阳电池组件进行了近二年的数据采集,纪录了北京地区温度数据和太阳电池阵列的实际发电量,分析了它们各自的特点,为用户更为关心的户外使用情况提供了参考依据;认为如果仅从温度特性考虑,是否采用非晶硅替代晶体硅电池在不同地区应有不同考虑,如果再考虑到人们普遍认为的非晶硅电池没有解决的稳定性问题,表面玻璃的非钢化、效率低等其它问题,非晶硅的使用应慎重,不应盲从.同时在使用中不论何种电池都不应忽视组件的通风问题.     

Analysis of spatial fixed PV arrays configurations to maximize energy harvesting in BIPV applications

This paper presents a new approach for efficient utilization of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems under partial shading conditions in urban areas. The aim of this study is to find out the best electrical configuration by analyzing annual energy generation of the same BIPV system, in terms of nominal power, without changing physical locations of the PV modules in the PV arrays. For this purpose, the spatial structure of the PV system including the PV modules and the surrounding obstacles is taken into account on the basis of virtual reality environment. In this study, chimneys which are located on the residential roof-top area are considered to create the effect of shading over the PV array. The locations of PV modules are kept stationary, which is the main point of this paper, while comparing the performances of the configurations with the same surrounding obstacles that causes partial shading conditions. The same spatial structure with twelve distinct PV array configurations is considered. The same settling conditions on the roof-top area allow fair comparisons between PV array configurations. The payback time analysis is also performed with considering local and global maximum power points (MPPs) of PV arrays by comparing the annual energy yield of the different configurations.     

双面光伏组件背面无遮挡时的发电量研究

针对以常规方式安装双面光伏组件时组件背面存在一定遮挡会影响其发电量这一情况,通过对双面光伏组件分别安装于固定式光伏支架、平单轴跟踪光伏支架时组件背面有、无遮挡,以及背景反射率不同时双面光伏组件的发电量情况进行分析,结果发现,在双面光伏组件背面无遮挡的前提下,当采用平单轴跟踪光伏支架且地面背景为白色时,双面光伏组件的发电...     

基于遗传算法优化粗糙决策模型的光伏电站发电量的影响因素研究

通常光伏电站设计时要考虑2个主要目标,一个是使光伏电站的发电量最大,另一个是使光伏电站的度电成本最低.影响光伏电站发电量的因素众多,不同因素之间的相互影响及其交互影响极其复杂.在粗糙决策模型的基础上,引入遗传算法来寻找光伏电站发电量的主要影响因素.以光伏电站发电量作为决策属性,选取8个参数作为条件属性,建立了光伏电站发...     

双面组件光伏电站最优容配比的研究

通过对采用双面光伏组件的光伏电站(以下简称"双面组件光伏电站")系统效率损失进行分析,发现在光伏组件-逆变器容配比(下文简称"容配比")变化的情况下,逆变器过载损失对此类光伏电站发电量的影响最大.提出了双面组件光伏电站容配比的优化方法,并以太阳能资源Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类地区的典型城市为例,进行了不同容配比和背景反射率下双面组件...     

太阳能建材技术的研究与开发（I）——光伏屋顶热性能的调查

为了对综合利用生态能源技术进行研究和发展，上海交大太阳能研究所建造了JD—01号生态能源房。根据在大规模应用中节省建材和施工费及追求建筑美观的意图出发，实验性地开发了太阳能屋顶一体化技术。为了调查太阳电池组件作为建筑模块使用时其背面温度的上升规律及对太阳电池性能的影响，供今后设计类似系统时参考，实际测定和讨论了太阳电池背面温度与太阳辐照度、环境温度的关系，结果表明有自然通风通道的光伏屋顶的温度特性与支架布置型太阳电池方阵基本相同。     

单面和双面单晶硅光伏组件的发电性能实证

针对p型PERC单面单晶硅光伏组件和n型双面单晶硅光伏组件,利用光伏组件户外实证测试系统,分析了2016年12月15日~2018年7月20日期间,上海市嘉定区某屋顶的地面采用白板背景时双面和单面组件,以及水泥背景时双面组件的等效发电时长,并对白板背景和水泥背景时双面组件较单面组件的发电量增益情况进行了分析;计算了组件的PR值;分析了阴天和晴天时组件最大输出功率与组件背板温度、太阳辐照度和环境温度的关系;最后对比了单面和双面组件运行13个月后的衰减值。该实证结果为单面和双面组件的户外实证发电性能提供了数据支撑,并对双面组件较单面组件的发电量增益情况进行了有效证明。     

Long-term field test of solar PV power generation using one-axis 3-position sun tracker

The 1 axis-3 position (1A-3P) sun tracking PV was built and tested to measure the daily and long-term power generation of the solar PV system. A comparative test using a fixed PV and a 1A-3P tracking PV was carried out with two identical stand-alone solar-powered LED lighting systems. The field test in the particular days shows that the 1A-3P tracking PV can generate 35.8% more electricity than the fixed PV in a partly-cloudy weather with daily-total solar irradiation H_T = 11.7 MJ/m² day, or 35.6% in clear weather with H_T = 18.5 MJ/m² day. This indicates that the present 1A-3P tracking PV can perform very close to a dual-axis continuous tracking PV (Kacira et al., 2004). The long-term outdoor test results have shown that the increase of daily power generation of 1A-3P tracking PV increases with increasing daily-total solar irradiation. The increase of monthly-total power generation for 1A-3P sun tracking PV is between 18.5-28.0%. The total power generation increase in the test period from March 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011, is 23.6% in Taipei (an area of low solar energy resource). The long-term performance of the present 1X-3P tracking PV is shown very close to the 1-axis continuous tracking PV in Taiwan (Chang, 2009). If the 1A-3P tracking PV is used in the area of high solar energy resource with yearly-average H_T > 17 MJ/m² day, the increase of total long-term power generation with respect to fixed PV will be higher than 37.5%. This is very close to that of dual-axis continuous tracking PV.The 1A-3P tracker can be easily mounted on the wall of a building. The cost of the whole tracker is about the same as the regular mounting cost of a conventional rooftop PV system. This means that there is no extra cost for 1A-3P PV mounted on buildings. The 1A-3P PV is quite suitable for building-integrated applications.     

Assessing the technical and economic performance of building integrated photovoltaics and their value to the GCC society

This paper assesses the technical and economic performance of PV technology integrated into residential buildings in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It highlights the value of PV electricity for the GCC society from the perspective of consumers, utilities and environment. Through a systematic modelling analysis it is shown that the efficiency of PV system drops by 4–6% due to high range of module temperature and also a change in power output due to high ambient temperatures. Consequently, the outputs of horizontal and vertical PV modules are found to be less than estimates based on standard test conditions. Economically, this study shows that building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are not viable in GCC countries and cannot compete with conventional electricity sources on a unit cost basis. From a society point of view, however, the integration of PV technology into buildings would have several benefits for the GCC countries, including: first, savings in capital cost due to central power plants and transmission and distribution processes; second, an increase in the exported oil and natural gas used for electricity generation; and third, a reduction in the CO₂ emissions from conventional power plants. When these considerations are taken into account then BIPV should become a feasible technology in GCC countries.     

Integrated high-concentration PV near-term alternative for low-cost large-scale solar electric power

Large-scale photovoltaic electric power generation deployment and utilization is no longer dictated by limitations in technology, but rather by the economics of PV systems vs. other renewable or traditional options. This paper describes a near-term alternative option for cost-effective solar electric power generation based on a novel sunlight concentrating technology: integrated high-concentration PV(IHCPV). The advantages of high-concentration systems have been well analyzed, but development was constrained by the lack of solar cell capable of withstanding the rigors of concentrated sunlight. The development of a stable, high-concentration back-junction, point-contact cell, by Amonix, paved the way for high-concentration system development. System designers had to insure that the cost savings inherent in concentration systems through the reduction of costly solar cell content were not over-shadowed by the ancillary costs of structure and tracking elements used in concentrating arrays. The IHCPV system has met these goals. Economic factors specific to the IHCPV system are presented including (1) low cost of entry, (2) enhanced energy production, (3) reduced and utilization, and (4) accelerated benefits of volume production.     

Experimental evaluation of V-trough (2 suns) PV concentrator system using commercial PV modules

V-trough photovoltaic (PV) concentrator systems along with conventional 1-sun PV module is designed and fabricated to assess PV electricity cost ($/W) reduction. V-trough concentrator (2-sun) system is developed for different types of tracking modes: seasonal, one axis north–south and two axes tracking. Three design models based on these tracking modes are used to develop the V-trough for a 2-sun concentration. Commercially available PV modules of different make and types were evaluated for their usability under 2-sun concentration. The V-trough concentrator system with geometric concentration ratio of 2 (2-sun) increases the output power by 44% as compared to PV flat-plate system for passively cooled modules. Design models with lower trough angles gave higher output power because of higher glass transmittivity. PV modules with lower series resistance gave higher gain in output power. The unit cost ($/W) for a V-trough concentrator, based on different design models, is compared with that of a PV flat plate system inclined at latitude angle (Mumbai, φ=19.12°).     

阴影遮挡下光伏组件横竖向放置对发电量的影响

为了提高阴影遮挡时光伏组件的发电量,针对横、竖向放置时光伏组件相互遮挡产生的功率损失,建立了光伏组件在阴影遮挡情况下的数学模型,考虑了光伏组件并联旁路二极管的影响,仿真模拟了阴影遮挡下横、竖向放置时光伏组件的输出特性,进而以某地100kW光伏阵列为例,计算了光伏组件在不同摆放方式、不同倾角与间距下的辐射量、年发电量、阴影损失及年平均效率,为光伏电站的初步设计提供了一定的参考价值。     

Assessment of massive integration of photovoltaic system considering rechargeable battery in Japan with high time-resolution optimal power generation mix model

Maximizing renewables in the country's power system has been a key political agenda in Japan after the Fukushima nuclear disaster. This paper investigates the potential of PV resource, which could be systematically integrated into the Japanese power system, using a high time-resolution optimal power generation mix model. The model allows us to explicitly consider actual PV and wind output variability in 10-min time resolution for 365 days. Simulation results show that, as PV expands, the growth of PV integration into the grid slows down when the installed PV capacity is more than the scale of the peak demand, although Japan has immense potential of installable PV capacity – equivalent to 40 times of the peak. Secondly, the results imply that a large-scale PV integration potentially decreases the usage ratio of LNG combined cycle (LNGCC) in specific seasons, which is a challenge for utility companies to ensure that LNGCC is used as a profitable compensating generator for PV variability. Finally, a sensitivity analysis on rechargeable battery cost suggests that the reason for suppressing the PV output instead of storing its surplus output by the battery can be attributed to the high battery cost; hence, the improvement of its economic performance is significant to integrate the massive PV energy.     

组串不同接线方式对光伏组件发电量的影响分析

研究了单面和双面光伏组件的组串分别采用C字形和一字形接线方式时的发电特性。实证电站的结果表明:在为期1年的测试周期里,单面光伏组件组串采用C字形接线方式时每kW的全年发电量比采用一字形接线方式时的高0.12%;而双面光伏组件组串采用C字形接线方式时每kW的全年发电量比采用一字形接线方式时的高0.26%。利用PVsyst软件模拟组件发电量,并与实证数据进行比较,结果发现,模拟结果和实证数据的趋势一致。同时研究了组串不同接线方式时影响双面光伏组件发电量的3个主要因素。     

基于并联光伏组件外特性的最大功率点跟踪方法

当阴影条件变化时,并联光伏组件的全局最大功率点(MPP)会随之改变.为了实现太阳能发电最大化,要求最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)方法始终能实时而准确地锁定住并联光伏组件的全局MPP.不同阴影条件下并联光伏组件会呈现不同的外特性特征,如多阶梯的电流电压特性以及多峰值的功率电压特性.基于此现象,该文提出一种基于并联光伏组件外特...     

Energy and cost analysis of semi-transparent photovoltaic in office buildings

Solar energy conversion systems and daylighting schemes are important building energy strategies to produce clean energy, reduce the peak electrical and cooling demands and save the building electricity expenditures. A semi-transparent photovoltaic (PV) is a building component generating electricity via PV modules and allowing daylight entering into the interior spaces to facilitate daylighting designs. This paper studies the thermal and visual properties, energy performance and financial issue of such solar facades. Data measurements including solar irradiance, daylight illuminance and output power for a semi-transparent PV panel were undertaken. Using the recorded results, essential parameters pertaining to the power generation, thermal and optical characteristics of the PV system were determined. Case studies based on a generic reference office building were conducted to elaborate the energy and cooling requirements, and the cost implications when the PV facades together with the daylight-linked lighting controls were being used. The findings showed that such an integrated system could produce electricity and cut down electric lighting and cooling energy requirements to benefit the environmental, energy and economic aspects.     

Analysis of thermal and electrical performance of semi-transparent photovoltaic (PV) module

Building-integrated PhotoVoltaic (BIPV) is one of the most fascinating PV application technologies these days. To apply PV modules in buildings, various factors should be considered, such as the installation angle and orientation of PV module, shading, and temperature. The temperature of PV modules that are attached to building surfaces especially is one of the most important factors, as it affects both the electrical efficiency of a PV module and the energy load in a building. This study investigates the electrical and thermal performance of a semi-transparent PV module that was designed as a glazing component. The study evaluates the effects of the PV module's thermal characteristics on its electrical generation performance. The experiment was performed under both Standard Test Condition (STC) and outdoor conditions. The results showed that the power decreased about 0.48% (in STC with the exception of the temperature condition) and 0.52%(in outdoor conditions, under 500 W/m²) per the 1 °C increase of the PV module temperature. It was also found that the property of the glass used for the module affected the PV module temperature followed by its electrical performance.     

退役晶体硅光伏组件的回收技术综述

自2020年起的未来10年,大规模的光伏组件将要退役,如何经济高效地处理废旧光伏组件将成为一大难题.晶体硅光伏组件中的材料种类较多,也难以分离,而且所得到的回收材料价值不高,低于组件回收的成本.但是,若退役晶体硅光伏组件处理不当,将会对生态环境造成极端恶劣的影响.晶体硅光伏组件在土壤中很难降解,如果只是简单的掩埋处理,...