神华煤液化中油馏分加氢裂解产物族组成研究

以煤液化中油为原料,FV-20为催化剂,在微型反应釜中考察了不同温度和时间下煤液化中油进行加氢裂解反应前后的族组成变化.结果表明,在400 ℃以前,饱和烃含量随着温度的升高和时间的延长逐渐减小;在440 ℃时,40 min出现最小值,饱和烃中直链烷烃随温度升高逐渐减小,环烷烃含量变化不大;芳烃含量逐渐增加,440 ℃时,30 min出现最大值82.65%,其中单环芳烃逐渐增加,而双环和多环芳烃逐渐减少;极性物含量逐渐减小;产物中气态烃类在低于400 ℃时,随温度增加,CH4含量逐渐减少,C2H6和C3H8含量逐渐增大,在高于该温度时有C4H10出现,但气态烃产率变化不大.     

惰质组含量对上湾煤液化性能的影响

对不同惰质组分含量的上湾煤样进行了高压釜煤液化实验。在反应温度440～465℃,氢初压7～11 MPa条件下,研究了5种不同惰质组含量的上湾煤的液化性能。结果表明:在反应温度为440～465℃内,随着温度的升高,除惰质组含量最高的5号煤样在温度高于465℃时转化率开始下降以外,其余不同惰质组含量的4种煤的转化率、油产率、气产率和氢耗均随着温度的升高而增加,沥青烯产率随温度的升高而减小;随着氢初压的增加,不同显微组含量的煤的转化率和油产率增加,沥青烯产率减小。惰质组含量越高,煤的转化率和油收率越低。     

白洞煤直接液化性能的研究

采用微型高压反应釜，在不同温度和氢初压条件下，考察了白洞煤的液化性能，并采用模拟蒸馏对液化产物油进行了分析．结果表明，随着温度和氢初压的增加，白洞煤液化总转化率和油产率均有所提高，其中，温度对反应性影响更为显著，在7MPa的氢初压下，温度由420℃升高到450℃时，总转化率和油产率分别提高20．98％和18．78％．同时，随温度和氢初压增加，产物呈规律性的变化，沥青烯和前沥青烯的产率下降，水产率基本不发生变化，CO＋CO2，C1～C4产率及氢耗率增加．液化产物油中，中油含量最高，占产物油的57．5％，轻油和重油分别占9．5％和33．0％．产物油的烷碳含量高于芳碳含量．     

煤与木屑共液化号体产物分析

采用500mL带搅拌的高压反应釜,考察了煤与木屑共液化反应,分析了气体产物分布及变化规律。实验结果表明：木屑单独液化气体产率远远高于胜利褐煤单独液化气体产率;木屑的加入降低了共液化气体总产率,尤其对液化气体中CH4,C2H6含量影响比较显著,对CO和CO2含量的降低影响不明显;在煤与木屑共液化过程中,总气体产率、C1～C4烃类气体及CO＋CO2非烃类气体基本均随着温度的升高逐渐增加,尤其在360～420℃增加幅度较大;液化气体产物组成以C1～C4烃类气体为主,且以CH4含量最高,高低次序为CH4〉C2H6〉C3H8〉C4H10另外还有少量C2H4,非烃类气体主要是CO和CO2。     

VGO加氢精制前后重油馏分段烃类组成变化规律研究

在中型固定床加氢装置上,以胜利/中东混合VGO为原料,采用单段加氢精制工艺路线,对混合VGO进行加氢精制。在固定氢油比的条件下,考察了反应温度、压力、空速对加氢精制生成油性质的影响,并进一步研究了不同条件下高于350℃生成油中的烃族组成的变化规律。结果表明:温度升高,芳烃的饱和程度增加,多环烷烃含量减少,链烷烃逐渐升高;压力升高,芳烃饱和程度增加,环烷烃含量增加,链烷烃含量变化较小;空速降低,芳烃饱和程度增加,环烷烃含量逐渐增加,链烷烃含量变化较小。     

煤加压气化的研究——日本太平洋煤的非等温加氢气化反应

为了阐明煤加氢气化反应,在不同氢压和非等温条件下,测定了该煤的失重变化和相应的气体产物。由于加氢气化而析出气态烃是从420℃左右开始,不管氢压的降低,在约550℃的同一温度下,其气态烃的析出都达到最高速度,在约600℃出现最小值之后,甲烷和乙烷的形成再次增加而出现明显的第二最大值。发现在低于600℃时不     

热解温度对半焦生成及其元素组成的影响

利用固定床反应器对3种煤样进行了Ar气气氛高温热解研究,考察了热解温度对半焦产率和其中C,H和O元素含量的影响．研究发现,挥发分主要释放温度范围集中在400℃～700℃;半焦的H／C和O／C原子比都是随温度的升高而减小,O／C原子比在300℃～600℃降低幅度很大,H／C原子比在300℃～900℃降幅较大,当热解温度达到900℃后,不同变质程度煤的半焦H／C和O／C趋于一致．热解过程中半焦的H／C和O／C变化关系与vanKrevelen图上典型煤阶的H／C和O／C关系类似．     

不同煤真空热解过程中气态产物的在线分析

利用高分辨质谱对在真空热解过程中淮北烟煤、无烟煤和天然焦形成产物进行实时在线检测,结合煤质结构和特征,通过图谱分析了煤种和热解温度对热解产物的释放规律.结果表明,较低热解温度时,热解产物组成随煤化程度变化较小;较高温度时,随煤化程度的升高,高分子量产物相对含量逐渐减少;随着温度的升高,烟煤和无烟煤高分子量产物所占比例明显增加;含氧基团在200 ℃～400 ℃开始释放,到600 ℃则主要生成CO2.     

液化反应条件对核桃壳液化产物成胶特性的影响

研究了液化反应条件(苯酚/核桃壳质量比、催化剂浓硫酸用量、温度和时间)对核桃壳液化产物成胶特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着苯酚/核桃壳质量比的增大,液化残渣率下降,液化产物的耗醛量逐渐上升;随着催化剂浓硫酸用量、液化反应温度和液化反应时间的增加,液化产物的游离酚含量、可被溴化物含量及液化残渣率下降较快,但耗醛量下降缓慢或变化不大;相同液化反应条件下,液化产物的可被溴化物含量总比相应的游离酚含量高;在苯酚与核桃壳质量比3:1、催化剂浓硫酸用量3%、液化反应温度120℃、液化反应时间30min条件下获得的液化产物具有较好的成胶能力.     

煤直接液化柴油烃类组成分析

用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPE-GC-MS)联用方法分析了煤直接液化柴油的烃类组成。该方法用SPE技术分离出柴油中饱和烃和芳烃组份,分离后的饱和烃和芳烃在带有FID检测器的GC-MS上用柱前分流的方式进样,通过两根相同的毛细管色谱柱同时得到饱和烃和芳烃的色谱数据和质谱数据,通过数据处理软件处理得到样品烃类组成分析结果。分析结果表明,煤直接液化柴油饱和烃含量为97.5%,芳烃含量为2.5%,多环芳烃含量仅为0.7%,是很好的环境友好型车用燃料。本方法具有分析速度快、准确度高、重复性好等特点。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。