板式换热器混合微生物污垢特性的实验研究

为探讨铁细菌与黏液形成菌混合微生物污垢的结垢特性,进而为微生物污垢阻垢和抑垢的研究打下基础。本文以微生物污垢中最常见的铁细菌和黏液形成菌为研究对象,实验研究了板式换热器中两种细菌在形成混合微生物污垢时相互协同抑制的关系以及不同工况下的结垢特性。结果表明,微生物污垢存在明显诱导期,铁细菌的污垢热阻渐近值约为2×10^-4m²·K/W,黏液形成菌的污垢热阻渐近值约为1.2×10^-4m²·K/W,铁细菌相比黏液形成菌有较强的致垢能力,1∶1比例混合菌的热阻值介于二者之间;无论哪种细菌量占据主导时,它们之间的互相协同作用会促使混合污垢的致垢能力增强。30℃时混合菌的热阻渐近值低于35℃时的情况,达到渐近值的时间约为35℃时的2倍;流速对混合菌污垢特性的影响明显,流速为0.1m/s时的污垢热阻渐近值约为0.15m/s时的2倍,达到渐近值的时间约为0.15m/s时的2.7倍。     

板式换热器以松花江水为冷却水条件下的污垢特性

为研究板式换热器在天然水下的污垢特性,实验采用BR0.015F型板式换热器,研究了其在不同的流速和温度下的污垢特性,用扫描电镜观察了已经结垢的换热表面。结果表明：此板式换热器松花江水的污垢类型为渐进型且不存在诱导期,随着流速的增大污垢热阻降低的幅度减小。冷却水温度在27.5～28.5 ℃时污垢热阻较大,温度升高污垢热阻降低;换热表面的混合污垢成片的附着于换热面,有少量的难溶盐析出的晶体生成。     

海水板式换热器微生物污垢特性的实验研究

海洋生物附着及低速海流等因素直接影响海水换热器换热效果。为研究海水板式换热器的污垢特性,本文采用自行设计的板式换热器实验装置,通过富集培养并分离出硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）,使其附着海水板式换热器设备,并利用扫描电镜及热阻试验台,实验研究了附着污垢层的形成、生长及其换热特性,并对低流速海流环境下换热器的污垢热阻特性进行了对比实验。实验结果表明：污垢层的形成在不同时期其形貌和特征不同。能谱分析显示其组成的元素主要为C、H、O、Ca,是由各种有机物和悬浮颗粒组成。在诱导期后,污垢热阻符合渐进污垢增长模型,1 m/s以内的低流速下污垢热阻随流速增大而增大。     

换热设备污垢研究进展

对污垢的形成过程中起始、输运、附着、剥蚀和老化5个阶段的机理进行了简要的概述。综述了近几年国内外换热设备污垢领域的研究进展,以预测、监测和对策3个主要研究方向进行了归纳。综合已有的研究成果,提出了蒸汽污垢研究这一新方向。     

Estimation of fouling in a plate heat exchanger through the application of neural networks

Pasteurization is an important, if not the most important, process step in the packaging of milk. It is subject to alterations stemming from the variation in the temperature, pH and raw milk quality. The variability may manifest itself in changes in the formation of the deposit (fouling) in the pasteurization unit, such that there is a need for tools, both instrumentation and computational, to help in monitoring the process and keeping it on the desired course. In this paper we describe a practical procedure based on artificial neural networks (ANN) that allows prediction of the deposit thickness, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the critical time (the time that the unit has to be stopped for cleaning) for reducing the impact of fouling on such processes. The procedure determines when the cleaning operation is required once the system is under critical conditions of operations. A combination of fundamental studies and plant measurements were used for study of the operating conditions and thus evaluation of the trades‐offs between operating conditions and longer operating life span. The results are encouraging, enough to validate current operating industrial techniques. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

板式换热器冷却水污垢热阻预测的偏最小二乘回归法

搭建板式换热器冷却水污垢热阻实验台,测得不同时间、流速和温度下天然循环冷却水（松花江水）中铁离子、氯离子、细菌总数、pH值、溶解氧、浊度、电导率等水质参数,随机取一组实验的水质参数作为输入变量,建立换热器冷却水污垢热阻预测的偏最小二乘回归模型,对板式换热器的污垢热阻进行预测。整个实验过程中,热水进口温度为43.5～44.5℃,冷却水进口温度为21.5～22.5℃,流速为0.104 m·s-1,当温度和流速发生变化时,则重新采取数据。经过计算,确立本模型应提取4个潜变量,由此建立了板式换热器冷却水污垢热阻预测模型。预测结果和实验结果最大相对误差在5.11%以内。结果表明偏最小二乘回归算法的污垢模型预测精度高,所建预测模型是合理可行的。     

板式换热器黏液形成菌与CaCO3混合污垢实验

为了探究黏液形成菌（SFB）与CaCO₃混合污垢在板式换热器（PHEs）中的成垢规律,对不同浓度的CaCO₃与黏液形成菌混合进行了实验研究。结果表明：混合污垢中,黏液形成菌微生物污垢占成垢的主要地位。微生物污垢的热阻渐近值最大,混合污垢的热阻渐近值介于微生物污垢的热阻渐近值和CaCO₃污垢热阻渐近值之间,CaCO₃污垢热阻渐近值最小。这不同于以往得到的混合污垢之间相互促进的结论,说明CaCO₃对黏液形成菌存在抑制作用。维持其他条件不变,随着CaCO₃浓度的增大,混合污垢热阻值随之减小。反之,随着黏液形成菌浓度的增大,混合污垢热阻值随之增大。     

板式换热器的清洗

板式换热器是一种结构紧凑、高效的换热设备,但其换热温度高、内部流通孔径小,极易结垢,造成板式换热器换热效率降低,从而影响生产的正常进行和设备的安全,所以需采用化学清洗法除垢。本文介绍了板式换热器除垢的两种化学清洗方法——拆卸清洗和不拆卸清洗,清洗后的中和、钝化预膜处理及清洗中的注意事项,为板式换热器的安全除垢提供了可靠的保证。     

板式换热器的换板检修

介绍了板式换热器换板检修时各工序 (特别是清洗和组装时 )的质量控制及用于氧化铝精液、氧化铝母液环境中结垢的一种化学清洗方法     

Optimization of cleaning schedulesin heat exchanger networkssubject to fouling

Many heat exchanger networks in continuous processes are subject to fouling, which causes significant losses in efficiency over time. This paper addresses the problem posed in scheduling cleaning operations in order to maintain optimal operation in such networks. A mixed integer nonlinear programming modelis presented and is solved using the Outer Approximation/Extended Relaxation algorithm. The methodology is demonstrated via case studies using fouling rates obtained from plant data studies. Both linear and asymptotic fouling behaviors are considered. The challenges posed by the nonconvexity of the problem in finding a global optimum are discussed.     

Optimal design of a heat exchanger undergoing reaction fouling

The design of heat exchangers which resist fouling is examined. It is shown that for asymptotic reaction fouling in a uniform wall temperature exchanger with outlet fluid temperature kept constant, it is possible to obtain an optimum combination of exchanger size and tube-side temperature. This optimum minimises the amount of fouling in the system. An equation which gives a good approximation to the optimum is derived, and its limitations discussed.     

换热器结垢与换热网络裕量设计方法研究进展

从结垢现象影响换热系统正常运行的角度出发,介绍了近几年换热网络裕量设计以及针对结垢问题不同学者研究出的换热网络优化设计。总结了在换热网络设计中对换热器清洗时序、清洗周期优化或者增加换热网络的裕量设计的不同换热网络设计最优方法,但这些方法都是在换热网络设计之初,考虑换热器结垢最严重的情况即换热网络在“最差”工况下进行的优化,因此优化得到的换热网络难以保证换热网络全运行周期的持续节能优化。本文结合现有换热网络设计方法的利弊,针对结垢过程的慢时变、持续特点,提出一种基于长周期持续节能的换热网络设计优化方法,在换热网络设计之初,定量分析结垢对网络结构的影响,以换热网络全周期累积总费用为目标函数,实现换热网络的最优综合。     

板式换热器的化学清洗

对各类板式换热器化学清洗进行评述,并介绍了清洗时的特点及其具体应用。     

板式换热器Ni-P-TiO2复合纳米镀层微生物污垢特性

换热器微生物污垢问题普遍存在于能源化工领域,污垢的聚集会导致设备的流动阻力、燃料消耗和维护成本支出大幅度增加。本文采用复合纳米镀层来抑制和减轻换热表面的微生物污垢的附着和沉积。首先采用化学镀的方式,在板式换热器的不锈钢316板上镀覆 Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层和对照性的Ni-P 镀层。基于板式换热器的微生物污垢在线监测实验系统,研究了镀覆Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层的板式换热器微生物污垢特性。结果表明,清洁状态下,镀覆两种镀层的板式换热器其摩擦系数（f）和Nusselt数（Nu）相较未镀覆板式换热器均略有增加;微生物污垢实验后,相比较未镀覆的板式换热器,镀覆Ni-P镀层的板式换热器污垢热阻减少了8.36%~23.07%,而镀覆Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层的板式换热器污垢热阻减少了16.6%~30.96%;在相同微生物污垢实验工况下,镀覆Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层的板式换热器的摩擦系数（f）相比Ni-P镀层的低2.54%~11.82%,但Nu却明显高于Ni-P镀层达8.47%~9.45%,并且污垢热阻明显小于Ni-P镀层达10.66%~18.18%,镀覆Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层的板式换热器展现了优异的强化传热性能和抑垢性能。     

Numerical method for heat transfer and fouling analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger using statistical analysis

Through proper monitoring, problems can be identified and isolated well before the economics of the process are threatened. In contrast to most conventional methods, fouling can be detected when the heat exchanger operates in transient states. Statistical analysis is used to develop a fouling growth model of a heat exchanger subjected to fouling. The statistical analysis was considered for four different types of distributions out of which the lognormal distribution was found to be most suitable. Experiments were conducted with a single pass shell and tube heat exchanger with water both as the hot and cold fluids. The results show that the proposed tool is very effective in detecting critical fouling in a heat exchanger, which can be utilized for predicting the optimal maintenance schedule. Hence, the results of this work can find application in predicting the reduction in heat transfer efficiency due to fouling in heat exchangers that are in operation and assist the exchanger operators to plan cleaning schedules.     

板式换热器的在线清洗

针对化工生产中板式换热器易结垢且拆洗不便的情况，提供了一种在线清洗的方案，介绍了该方案的工艺流程及清洗试剂的选择。     

波纹板式换热器的数值模拟

以波纹板式换热器作为研究对象,通过流体力学(CFD)软件,对波纹板内、外流体流动进行了数值模拟研究。板内流体流动研究表明,流体在板内流动时存在流动死区,在这些区域里传热效果很差,导致板壁面出现热点。板间烟气流动研究表明,板片的凹凸波纹结构,起到了强化烟气侧传热的作用,其中凸波纹的作用要明显优于凹波纹,同时波纹板片式换热器的凹波纹区域存在一定的烟气脱体现象。该数值模拟研究结果对提高波纹板式燃气热水器的换热效率有一定的指导意义。     

WHP焊接型板式换热器的改进

对 WHP焊接型板式换热器的设计、制造提出了一些改进意见     

花板换热器与单弓形折流板换热器对比实验研究

折流板壳程流体横向冲刷换热管时存在振动大、压力损失大和易结垢的缺点,折流杆换热器用作冷油器时壳程Re偏低,为了克服上述缺陷,研制出一种新型的花板换热器。花板换热器中壳程流体的流动方式与单弓形折流板换热器不同,壳程流体纵向冲刷换热管,具有壳程阻力较小、换热器内管子振动噪声小等特点。本文通过对花板与单弓形折流板换热器的换热和流阻性能的实验比较,得到在相同的雷诺数下,花板换热器的壳程压降仅为单弓形折流板换热器的70%—80%,以单弓形折流板换热器为参照时的花板换热器综合效益比为110%—140%。     

凹凸板换热器强化传热的数值模拟

采用CFD软件,RNG k-ε湍流模型对一种新型凹凸板在不同雷诺数Re、倾斜角度α、凸胞高度H下进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,在3000≤Re≤20000范围内,随着Re的增大,凹凸板的Nu成指数倍增大,而f、Nu/Nu0和η则成指数倍减小,f/f0表现出不同的规律。在15°≤α≤60°内,凹凸板的Nu、f、Nu/Nu0、f/f0均随α的增大而增大;η则均随着α的增大而减小。在4mm≤H≤10mm内,随着H的增大凹凸板的Nu、f、Nu/Nu0、f/f0均逐渐增大,η则逐渐减小。分析表明,在低雷诺数下凹凸板的传热性能较好,其Nu/Nu0的值为1.7~7.1,f/f0的值为2.0~12.1,绝大部分的η值大于1最高达到4.3。当α=15°、H=4mm时综合传热性能最好。最后从场协同理论的角度分析了凹凸板强化传热的机理并与常见的酒窝板进行了对比。