垂直轴风力机改进翼型气动及功率特性研究

为提高垂直轴风力机的风能利用率,基于CFD数值模拟技术,分析了常用典型垂直轴风力机翼型的气动及功率特性,并以NACA0012翼型为基础对其进行改进。对比改进前后翼型表明,增大翼型厚度可降低升阻比,增大翼型弯度可增强其失速特性;厚尾缘翼型、升阻互补型翼型可分别降低翼型失速性能、增加启动力矩,其中厚尾缘翼型的H型垂直轴风力机的功率系数较大,可提高风能利用率,为翼型优化设计提供了新思路。     

Simulation and wake analysis of a single vertical axis wind turbine

Because of several design advantages and operational characteristics, particularly in offshore farms, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are being reconsidered as a complementary technology to horizontal axial turbines. However, considerable gaps remain in our understanding of VAWT performance since cross‐flow rotor configurations have been significantly less studied than axial turbines. This study examines the wakes of VAWTs and how their evolution is influenced by turbine design parameters. An actuator line model is implemented in an atmospheric boundary layer large eddy simulation code, with offline coupling to a high‐resolution blade‐scale unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes model. The large eddy simulation captures the turbine‐to‐farm scale dynamics, while the unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes captures the blade‐to‐turbine scale flow. The simulation results are found to be in good agreement with three existing experimental datasets. Subsequently, a parametric study of the flow over an isolated VAWT, carried out by varying solidities, height‐to‐diameter aspect ratios and tip speed ratios, is conducted. The analyses of the wake area and velocity and power deficits yield an improved understanding of the downstream evolution of VAWT wakes, which in turn enables a more informed selection of turbine designs for wind farms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance and wake comparison of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines under varying surface roughness conditions

A numerical study of both a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) and a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) with similar size and power rating is presented. These large scale turbines have been tested when operating stand‐alone at their optimal tip speed ratio (TSR) within a neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The impact of three different surface roughness lengths on the turbine performance is studied for the both turbines. The turbines performance, the response to the variation in the surface roughness of terrain, and the most relevant phenomena involved on the resulting wake were investigated. The main goal was to evaluate the differences and similarities of these two different types of turbine when they operate under the same atmospheric flow conditions. An actuator line model (ALM) was used together with the large eddy simulation (LES) approach for predicting wake effects, and it was implemented using the open‐source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) library OpenFOAM to solve the governing equations and to compute the resulting flow fields. This model was first validated using wind tunnel measurements of power coefficients and wake of interacting HAWTs, and then employed to study the wake structure of both full scale turbines. A preliminary study test comparing the forces on a VAWT blades against measurements was also investigated. These obtained results showed a better performance and shorter wake (faster recovery) for an HAWT compared with a VAWT for the same atmospheric conditions.     

Fluidic flow control applied for improved performance of Darrieus wind turbines

The focus of the present research is performance enhancement of a vertical axis Darrieus‐type wind turbine using flow control techniques. The academic and industrial interest in vertical‐axis wind turbines (VAWTs) is increasing because of its suitability to urban areas, characterized by high turbulence and low wind speeds. The paper describes experimental work performed on a GOE222 asymmetrical airfoil intended to be used in a straight‐bladed Darrieus VAWT. Airfoil characteristics were measured in a wide range of incidence angles and Reynolds numbers, relevant for the operation of a small to medium size wind turbine. A variety of passive flow control (passive porosity and surface roughness) and active flow control techniques (boundary layer suction, pulsed suction) were tested in order to evaluate their effects on the airfoil performance. The measured effects of flow control on the 2D airfoil are integrated into a modified version of a double‐multiple streamtube model in order to predict the effects on the performance and efficiency of the turbine. It was found that the improvement of 2D airfoil characteristics can be translated into improvement of total turbine performance. By the use of active flow control, it was possible to increase the VAWT maximum mechanical output. When active flow control is properly activated taking into account the azimuth and Reynolds number conditioning, the effects could be greatly increased while consuming less energy, increasing the net efficiency of the entire system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of stator vanes on power coefficients of a zephyr vertical axis wind turbine

In this paper, numerical and experimental studies are presented to determine the operating performance and power output from a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). A k-? turbulence model is used to perform the transient simulations. The 3-D numerical predictions are based on the time averaged Spalart-Allmaras equations. A case study is performed for varying VAWT stator vane (tab) geometries of a Zephyr vertical axis wind turbine. The mean velocity is used to predict the time averaged variations of the power coefficient and power output. Power coefficients predicted by the numerical models are compared for different turbine geometries. The predictive capabilities of the numerical model are verified by past experimental data, as well as wind tunnel experiments in the current paper, to compare two particular geometric designs. The numerical results examine the turbine's performance at constant and variable rotor velocities. The effects of stator vanes on the turbine's power output are presented and discussed.     

垂直轴风力机动态流场及其气动性能分析

垂直轴风力机气动性能研究是风力机设计、实验的重要部分,对其运动状态下的流场进行分析是观测垂直轴风力机性能重要环节.基于NACA0012对称翼型,建立二维几何模型并进行模拟计算.采用k-ωSST湍流模型及滑移网格技术,通过CFD软件数值计算得到达里厄型直叶片垂直轴风力机运行时周边流场分布情况.通过比较不同方位角下流场涡量以及升、阻力系数得出:在方位角为105°附近时,翼型下表面产生流动分离,并导致失速;下风区翼型运行的流场由于受到上风区尾流的影响,翼型周围没有产生明显的流动分离.     

兆瓦级H型垂直轴风力发电机气动设计方案的数值模拟研究

为解决兆瓦级H型垂直轴风力发电机气动设计过程中实验和数值模拟方面耗费巨大的问题,基于升力线模拟方法完成了兆瓦级H型垂直轴风力发电机的气动设计,并利用该方法研究不同垂直轴风力机翼型设计方案对整机气动性能的影响,研究结果表明:基元翼型选用NACA0015和NACA0018对称翼型能够获得更高的风能利用率;整机叶片造型方案中,前掠翼型性能优于直叶片,前掠翼型方案的最大风能利用率随掠角增大而小幅上升,完整旋转周期内的风能利用率则随掠角增加先增大后减小,且在掠角3°时可取到整体最大风能利用率;后掠翼型性能差于直叶片,风能利用系数随掠角增大而减小;前掠与后掠组合翼型方案性能稍好于直叶片,但不如前掠叶片;不同方案之间存在性能差异的原因可能在于不同翼型的叶片分离涡在竖直方向上的旋涡脱落顺序方面存在差异,其中上部较早脱落的前掠方案有助于风能利用系数提升,下部较早脱落的后掠方案则会对风能利用系数产生负面影响。     

Power correlation for vertical axis wind turbines with varying geometries

In this paper, a new predictive model that can forecast the performance of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is presented. The new model includes four primary variables (rotor velocity, wind velocity, air density, and turbine power output) as well as five geometrical variables (rotor radius, turbine height, turbine width, stator spacing, and stator angle). These variables are reduced to include the power coefficient (C_p) and tip speed ratio (TSR). A power coefficient correlation for a novel VAWT (called a Zephyr Vertical axis Wind Turbine (ZVWT)) is developed. The turbine is an adaptation of the Savonius design. The new correlation can predict the turbine's performance for altered stator geometry and varying operating conditions. Numerical simulations with a rotating reference frame are used to predict the operating performance for various turbine geometries. The case study includes 16 different geometries for three different wind directions. The resulting 48 data points provide detailed insight into the turbine performance to develop a general correlation. The model was able to predict the power coefficient with changes in TSR, rotor length, stator spacing, and stator angle, to within 4.4% of the numerical prediction. Furthermore, the power coefficient was predicted with changes in rotor length, stator spacing, and stator angle, to within 3.0% of the numerical simulations. This correlation provides a useful new design tool for improving the ZVWT in the specific conditions and operating requirements specific to this type of wind turbine. Also, the new model can be extended to other conditions that include different VAWT designs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

垂直轴风力机两种翼型气动性能比较研究

叶片是风力机最重要的组成部分,在不同的风能资源情况下,翼型的选择对垂直轴风力机气动特性有着重要的影响。文章分别以NACA0018翼型(对称翼型)和NACA4418翼型(非对称翼型)建立3叶片H型垂直轴风力机二维仿真模型。应用数值模拟的研究方法,从功率系数、单个叶片切向力系数等方面比较两种风力机模型在不同叶尖速比下的气动特性,并采用风洞实验数据验证了流场计算的准确性。CFD计算结果表明:在低叶尖速比下,NACA4418翼型风力机气动特性优于NACA0018翼型风力机,适用于低风速区域;在高叶尖速比下,NACA0018翼型风力机气动特性较好,适用于高风速地区。而且在高叶尖速比时,NACA0018翼型在上风区时,切向力系数平均值要高于NACA4418翼型,在下风区时,NACA418翼型切向力系数平均值高。该研究可为小型垂直轴风力机翼型的选择提供参考。     

A Review of UK Wind Energy Activities

Wind energy activities in the UK have so far concentrated on comprehensive studies of system integration aspects and a detailed assessment of offshore wind energy systems. There is particular interest in offshore systems, which could provide a significant proportion of Britain's electricity needs. Many small wind turbines have been built and tested, but the design and construction of large wind turbines has proceeded more slowly. However, two industrial groups are developing large wind turbines, one horizontal axis and one a novel vertical axis design, with Department of Energy support. The first UK multi-megawatt wind turbine (3 MW rated, 60-metres diameter, horizontal axis) will be operational in 1984/85, with several medium-sized wind turbines (20–25-metres diameter), due for completion in 1982 and 1983. Electricity utilities in the UK are showing considerable interest in the use of wind energy and are participating actively in developments.     

垂直轴风力机概述及发展优势剖析

本文简要介绍了垂直轴风力机的各种类型及其原理特点,然后对垂直轴风力机与水平轴风力机在结构设计、空气动力学性能、环境的影响等多方面进行了比较,体现了垂直轴风力机的独有优势,并得出垂直轴风力机发展前景广阔的结论。     

一种水平轴风轮叶片的气动设计方法

发展了两种先进的水平轴风轮叶片气动计算和设计方法－PROPGA和PROPID,PROPGA是基于最优化方法的遗传算法,用于最初的叶片选择和几何设计;PROPID是一种基于反问题的叶片气动设计方法,用于最后的叶片造型和性能预估。给出了两个实例,一个是以基础科学研究为目的实验探索用全新风轮,另一个则是用于商业生产的小型风轮。在实际风轮设计中的成功使用证明,PROPID和PROPGA是一种强有力的设计工具,两者的结合使用可以得到最佳的风力涡轮气动性能。     

USST高性能水平轴风力机翼型族

结合层流翼型与钝尾缘的特性,通过Hicks-Henne型函数对翼型参数化修型,基于多岛遗传算法及Xfoil气动分析,针对大型水平轴风力机翼型进行多目标函数、多设计工况、多约束条件下的优化设计,得到适用于大型风力机的高性能翼型族（USST翼型族）。其升阻比在大多数攻角下均高于同厚度的FFA、DU系列等现有风力机翼型族,且在同样的升力系数下具有更大的升阻比。最后为考核优化设计得到的翼型族,采用数值模拟方法对优化结果进行验证,证明设计得到的新型风力机翼型族具有优越的气动性能。     

格尼襟翼垂直轴风力机风场研究

为研究垂直轴风力机风场中机组气动性能受格尼襟翼的影响,采用TSST湍流模型对直线翼垂直轴风力机进行数值模拟研究.结果表明:风场上游风力机组尖速比越大,机组间流体加速效果越显著,使风力机组气动性能高于单风力机;在中低尖速比时,格尼襟翼可有效提升单个风力机气动效率,在尖速比较高时,提升效果并不明显;在风力机组中安装格尼襟翼...     

Performance evaluation of a downwind diffuser on vertical axis wind turbine

Research has proven that the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWTs) can be increased significantly by the application of a diffuser. It serves as a power augmented feature to draw higher wind flow toward the HAWT. However, research on integrating a diffuser onto vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) is scant, where most of the available power augmentation devices used for VAWTs are the convergent duct, deflector plate, shroud, and guide vanes which are placed in a proper configuration at the upwind. In this paper, laboratory tests and computational simulations have been carried out to study the impacts of a downwind diffuser on the performance of a VAWT. The diffuser is designed with the absence of a concentrator or flange and is placed downwind of the VAWT. Parametric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies were carried out for the downwind diffuser length and semi-opening angle. A five-bladed H-rotor was selected as the testing wind turbine, whereas the diffuser used was made up of flat plates. Both simulations and experiment results are consistent. From the experiments, it was found that a downwind diffuser increases the VAWT performance remarkably. The diffuser-augmented VAWT produced an increment in the maximum coefficient of power of 31.42% at the TSR 0.65 to 0.75. Moreover, the diffuser induced a better self-start ability on the VAWT. The simulation showed that the flow field at the diffuser promotes a flow expansion which created a lower-pressure region at downstream that accelerates the wind toward the VAWT, hence increasing the turbine performance significantly.     

Effect of blade number on performance of drag type vertical axis wind turbine

The effect of blade number on performance of drag type vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is studied by Ansys numerical simulation, it involves 3-blade, 5-blade and 6-blade VAWTs. The optimized width of blade for each VAWT at maximum power efficiency is obtained, and simulation for the wind turbine with different number of blade is conducted for the VAWTs with turbine radius of 2 m at the inlet wind speed 8 m/s. By simulations, it gets the evolution curve of torque with respect to time, and the cyclical characteristics for these wind turbines. The results show that the maximum power efficiency and the stability of the wind turbine increase with the number of blade of the wind turbine, however the optimal d/D decreases with the number of blade of the wind turbine. The maximum power efficiencies are 20.44, 24.30 and 26.82% for 3-blade, 5-blade and 6-blade wind turbines, and the correspondingly optimal d/D are 0.66, 0.40 and 0.35, respectively. While the optimal rotational rate of turbine decreases with blade number.     

基于复合形法的垂直轴风力机翼型优化设计

针对低速航空翼型不完全适合垂直轴风力机的问题,采用复合形法对小型垂直轴风力机常用的NACA0015翼型进行了优化设计。在复合形法优化设计过程中,选取翼型的弯度和厚度作为设计变量,以翼型最大切向力系数Ctmax和失速攻角αs的加权和作为目标函数。将XFOIL程序与Viterna-Corrignan失速后模型相结合,计算出优化前后翼型气动性能参数。结果表明,与NACAOO15翼型相比,新翼型的气动性能有了较大提高,最大升力系数增大了33.5%,失速攻角提高了3°,最大切向力系数增大了43.5%。     

On the wake deflection of vertical axis wind turbines by pitched blades

Wake losses are a critical consideration in wind farm design. The ability to steer and deform wakes can result in increased wind farm power density and reduced energy costs and can be used to optimize wind farm designs. This study investigates the wake deflection of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) experimentally, emphasizing the effect of different load distributions on the wake convection and mixing. A trailing vortex system responsible for the wake topology is hypothesized based on a simplified vorticity equation that describes the relationship between load distribution and its vortex generation; the proposed vorticity system and the resulting wake topology are experimentally validated in the wind tunnel via stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow field at several wake cross-sections. Variations in load distribution are accomplished by a set of fixed blade pitches. The experimental results not only validate the predicted vorticity system but also highlight the critical role of the streamwise vorticity component in the deflection and deformation of the wake, thus affecting the momentum and energy recoveries. The evaluation of the various loading cases demonstrates the significant effect of the wake deflection on the wind power available to a downwind turbine, even when the distance between the two turbines is only three diameters.     

Airfoil optimisation for vertical‐axis wind turbines with variable pitch

To advance the design of a multimegawatt vertical‐axis wind turbine (VAWT), application‐specific airfoils need to be developed. In this research, airfoils are tailored for a VAWT with variable pitch. A genetic algorithm is used to optimise the airfoil shape considering a balance between the aerodynamic and structural performance of airfoils. At rotor scale, the aerodynamic objective aims to create the required optimal loading while minimising losses. The structural objective focusses on maximising the bending stiffness. Three airfoils from the Pareto front are selected and analysed using the actuator cylinder model and a prescribed‐wake vortex code. The optimal pitch schedule is determined, and the loadings and power performance are studied for different tip‐speed ratios and solidities. The comparison of the optimised airfoils with similar airfoils from the first generation shows a significant improvement in performance, and this proves the necessity to properly select the airfoil shape.     

Analysis of aerodynamic load on straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine

This paper presents a wind tunnel experiment for the evaluation of energy performance and aerodynamic forces acting on a small straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) depending on several values of tip speed ratio. In the present study, the wind turbine is a four-bladed VAWT. The test airfoil of blade is symmetry airfoil (NACA0021) with 32 pressure ports used for the pressure measurements on blade surface. Based on the pressure distributions which are acted on the surface of rotor blade measured during rotation by multiport pressure-scanner mounted on a hub, the power, tangential force, lift and drag coefficients which are obtained by pressure distribution are discussed as a function of azimuthally position. And then, the loads which are applied to the entire wind turbine are compared with the experiment data of pressure distribution. As a result, it is clarified that aerodynamic forces take maximum value when the blade is moving to upstream side, and become small and smooth at downstream side. The power and torque coefficients which are based on the pressure distribution are larger than that by torque meter.